14. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ITS DISEASES
EXERCISE 1 Label the picture with the following terms.
nose right bronchus brionchiole larynx (voice box)
lung pharynx (throat) left bronchus diaphragm
trachea (windpipe) alveolus, pl. alveoli (air sacs) mouth
EXERCISE 2 Fill in the spaces with the following words:
for, through, through, through, into, into, into, about, again, to, with, of, out of, out of,
across
The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood & & & & & & & & & & . (1)
oxygen in order& & & & & ....& .... (2) the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.
The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen
and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system s means
& & & & & & & ....... (3) getting oxygen to the blood.
Respiration is achieved & & & ........& & & & (4) the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and
diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The
oxygen then passes & & ........& & & & & & (5) the larynx (where speech sounds are produced)
and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the
trachea splits ......& & & & & & & & & . (6) two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus
then divides & & & .....& & & & & & .. (7) forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead
directly & & .....& & & & & ...... (8) the lungs where they divide & & .........& & & .. (9) many
smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adult s lungs contain
& .....& & & & & .. (10) 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by
capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses & ...& & & & & .. (11)
the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins
releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path
& & .....& & & & & (12) the lungs when you exhale.
The diaphragm's job is & & ....& & & & & .. (13) help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs
and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies
& & & .....& & & & & (14) the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and
relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the
lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped & & & & ......& & .. (15) the
lungs.
EXERCISE 3 Complete the paragraph using the active and passive voice. Remember to use
the correct tense.
When air 1 (take) ________________ into the lungs, it 2 (call) ____________ inspiration.
Another word for inspiration is inhalation. Inspiration 3 (control) _______________ by the
brain. The brain 4 (send) _______________ nerve impulses that stimulate the diaphragm,
the large muscle that 5 (separate) _______________ the abdominal cavity from the
thoracic cavity, to contract. At the same taime the diaphragm 6 (stimulate)
______________ , other nerve impulses also stimulate the intercostal muscles (the muscles
between the ribs) to contarct, and the rib cage goes up and out. Both of these muscle
contractions 7 (cause) _________________ the thoracic cavity to expand. Because the
lungs 8 (attach) ________________ to the wall of the thoracic cavity and 9 (move)
_______________ with it, the lungs also 10 (expand) ________________ .
EXERCISE 4 Put the words in the correct form.
Common 1) DIAGNOSIS ____________________ tools for diagnosing respiratory disease
include chest x-ray, pulmonary function test and CT scan. A bronchoscopy is performed by
inserting a bronchoscope into the airways  usually through the nose or mouth  to
examine for bleeding, tumors, inflammation or other 2) NORMAL __________________ .
Diseases and conditions of the respiratory system can be caused by the 3) INHALE
____________________ of foreign bodies such as cigarette smoke, chemicals, allergens
and other irritants. Not all people will develop respiratory ailments as a result of
4) ENVIRONMENT ____________________ factors, as genetics also play a role in the
development of respiratory diseases.
Asthma causes breathing difficulties due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, this
causes a 5) RESTRICT ____________________ in the airflow into the alveoli. Air
pollution, tobacco smoke, factory fumes, cleaning solvents, infections, pollens, foods, cold
air, exercise, chemicals and medications are some common asthma triggers.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the intersection of three related
conditions  chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and emphysema. It is a 6) PROGRESS
___________________ disease that makes in increasingly difficult for sufferers to
breath.
Lung cancer is often associated with smoking, but the disease can affect non-smokers as
well. Like all cancers, lung cancer is caused by the 7) CONTROL _________________
growth of abnormal cells.
Some other ailments involving the respiratory system are respiratory 8) INFECTIOUS
______________________ , including tuberculosis, pneumonia and influenza.
LISTENING You will hear five people talking about their attitude towards and behaviour
with money. For questions 1-5, choose from the list A-F the sentence that best
summarozes each speaker s attitude or behaviour.
A I am lucky with money. SPEAKER 1
B I try not to spend it. SPEAKER 2
C It gives me pleasure to spend it. SPEAKER 3
D I like to keep track of it. SPEAKER 4
E I use it carefully. SPEAKER 5
F I am indifferent to it.
SPEAKING Money
1) Does money make the world go round?
2) Does money talk?
3) What does the expression,  money doesn t grow on trees mean? What would life be
like if it did?
4) Who and why might someone ask,  Do you think I m made of money Have you ever
asked this?
5) How would the world be different if all the money in the world was shared out equally
among all people?
6) Have you ever raised money for charity? Do you ever give money to charity?
7) Is money really the root of all evil?
8) Do you agree with the idiom that  a fool and his money are easily parted ?
9) Why are poor people in many cases more generous than rich people?
10) How do you usually spend your money? What do you usually buy?
GRAMMAR EXERCISE 1 Complete eaAh sentenAe, using would or us5d to and the verb
in braAk5ts. More than on5 answ5r may b5 possibl5.
a) JaAk (hav5) ___________________ a b5ard but h5 shav5d it off.
b) My moth5r (r5ad) _____________________ to m5 5v5ry night.
c) In th5 holidays w5 (m55t) ___________________ at th5 b5aAh 5v5ry morning.
d) I (not lik5) ____________________ spinaAh, but now I do.
5) 5l5n (writ5) ___________________ to m5 oft5n, but now sh5 phon5s.
f) Tina (liv5) ___________________ in th5 hous5 opposit5.
g) Wh5n I was young, th5 summ5rs (b5) ____________________ warm5r.
h) Wh5n5v53 our t5aAh5r l5t us l5av5 5arly, w5 _________________ (Ah55r)!
EXERCISE 2 For 5aAh question, Aomplete the seAond s5ntenAe so that it means the sam5 as
the first, using no more than thr55 words.
a) iAha5l took a d55p br5ath and div5d into th5 wat5r.
After MiAhael ____________________________________, h5 div5d into th5 wat5r.
b) T5rry was fatt5r.
T5rry ____________________________________ to b5 so thin.
A) Gary Was sur5 his keys W5r5 not in his poAk5t.
Gary was sur5 ____________________________________ his k5ys.
d) Wh5n he was young5r David play5d t5nnis.
David ____________________________________ t5nnis wh5n h5 was young5r.
5) Last summ5r Julia got up 5arly 5v5ry morning.
Last summ5r, Julia us5d to ____________________________________ early 5v5ry morning.
f) W5 miss5d th5 bus so w5 took a taxi.
W5 took a taxi b5Aaus5 _____________________________________ th5 bus.
g) In thos5 days, w5 sp5nt th5 summ5r in th5 mountains.
In thos5 days, w5 ______________________________ th5 summ5r in th5 mountains.
EXERCISE 3 Complete 5aAh sent5nAe with a time word or phras5 from the box.
yet for since often never ever
already so far just always
a) Luis has liv5d in th5 Aity A5ntr5 ______________1996.
b) Thanks for th5 pr5s5nt! I v5 ______________ want5d a p5t goldfish!
A) Hav5 you ______________ drunk pin5appl5 juiA5? It s fantastiA!
d) I v5 ______________ h5ard som5 fantastiA n5ws! I v5 pass5d my 5xams!
5) Hurry up! Hav5n t you finish5d ______________? You r5 so slow!
f) Nina has work5d in this Aompany ______________ fiv5 y5ars.
g) I v5 ______________ b55n on a big ship b5for5. It s an int5r5sting 5xp5ri5nA5!
h) W5 r5 v5ry busy today. ______________w5 v5 sold ov5r a hundr5d bik5s.
i) I v5 ______________ pass5d this building, but this is the first tim5 I v5 b55n insid5.
i) !an I hav5 a diff5r5nt book? I v5 ______________ read this on5.
EXERCISE 4 For eaAh qu5stion, Aom@l5te th5 seAond sentenAe so that it m5ans th5 sam5 as
th5 first using no more than three words.
a) W5 start5d working h5r5 thr55 y5ars ago.
We ______________________________________ for thr55 y5ars.
b) This is th5 first tim5 I v5 b55n on a plan5.
I ______________________________________ on a plan5 b5for5.
A) That s strang5! y p5n isn t h5r5!
That s strang5! ______________________________________ disapp5ar5d!
d) NiAky and Jan ar5n t at this sAho>l any mor5.
NiAky 0nd Jan ______________________________________ this sAhool.
5) I saw a fri5nd of yours a f5w mom5nts ago.
I ______________________________________ a fri5nd of yours.
f) I m still writing my l5tt5rs.
I ______________________________________ writing my l5tt5rs y5t.
g) Is this your first visit to South Am5riAa?
Hav5 ______________________________________ to South Am5riAa b5for5?
h) Oh no! y wall5t is still in th5 Aar.
Oh no! I ______________________________________ my wall5t in th5 Aar.
i) It s a long tim5 sinA5 w5 spok5 to your sist5r.
W5 ______________________________________ to your sist5r for a long time.
i) Is Anna still asl55p?
Has ______________________________________ up y5t?