Wood for Carvers - Printable http://www.woodcraft.com/articleprint.aspx?ArticleID=237
Wood for Carvers
From: Woodcraft
The ideal carver's wood might be as soft as white pine, with mahogany's straight grain, totally without knots or difficult grain, and able to hold detail as
well as persimmon. But the next carver in line may well prefer working with very hard woods that dull tools quickly, with difficult grain including knots
acting as designed in pieces to add to the attractiveness of the finished carving.
Here we'll take a look at the first set of features, those that make carving easier to do, but we'll also do a sideways check of some difficult-to-carve woods
that provide extra satisfaction for a great many woodworkers.
Notes On Wood Preparation Because wood dries slowly when air dried, tensions are released slowly: fast drying in kilns, if not well monitored,
can actually create tensions within the wood, adding to stresses that are there from the growing years. For this reason, air dried wood is usually best for
carving. But it is well to remember that air dried wood dries only down to the ambient humidity of the surrounding air. For use in a shop environment,
you need to move that wood into the shop for at least eight weeks to allow it to condition itself to that area's humidity. The thicker the wood, the longer
the period of adaptation.
For the most part, avoid buying wood with obvious problems that will interfere with carving--this includes loose knots, large knots, shake, wane, cup,
twist and any kind of warping, as well as fungi and any stains. Look at the lie of the grain--rub your hand over the planed board. The direction in which it
feels smoothest is the direction in which it cuts most easily, and the direction that produces the smoothest, shiniest cuts. Straight grain wood is nice.
Twisted grain and interlocked grain are usually things the woodcarver wants to avoid, unless the carver is looking to enhance the carving with such
features of the wood.
For small carvings, get a mildly grained (figured) wood. Otherwise, the grain will dominate the carving detail. For larger works, stand-out grain is fine,
often enhancing the look of the finished carving. Close grained woods also take and hold detail better--look for wood listed as easy or moderate to work.
Keep an eye on color changes within the wood, too. Too great variation can create an unintended look.
Some American Wood Species We're not covering all the woods available in the United States and Canada here--and we're covering a couple that
are not too easy to find here--but these are generally all considered moderately good or better carving woods for the reasons listed.
Basswood (Tilia Americana) is easy to work, Europeans sometimes call it American lime because it bears
some carving similarities to European lime (Tilia vulgaris). Basswood is an off-white, almost cream
colored, tending towards very light brown. The grain is straight, and texture is even. It holds carving
detail very well. The wood has no characteristic odor or taste. It seldom warps after seasoning, making it
close to ideal for larger pieces, as well as great for smaller carvings. Cost is moderate, usually 25 to 50
cents under the oaks.
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) is also called white walnut. Though it is much softer than black walnut, it is
related, and figure and grain patterns are very much alike. The narrow sapwood is almost dead white, but
the heartwood is a very light brown, possibly with some pink tones and the occasional dark brown
streak& the streaks can make for very effective carvings if handled well. The wood is lightweight, and the
texture is coarse. It works easily and holds detail well. It is a fine carving wood.
Cherry (Prunus serotina) is not as easy to work as the
above two woods. It classes as moderately difficult, in fact,
but the reddish brown color and gentle figures make it an
attractive wood to carve. Cherry shrinks a lot in drying, but
is very stable afterwards. Power tools can burn cherry, but
hand carving tools won't. Appearance is great, it holds
detail well, and is currently one of the highest priced
American woods because of its popularity for general woodworking. Cherry also darkens as it ages, with color over the years becoming almost as dark as
black walnut (which, oddly enough, lightens as it gets older).
Maple (Acer saccharum [hard] and Acer rubrum and others [soft]) are carving woods that present some
challenges. The grain patterns are not as straight as in some other woods, especially in hard maple, and
create a tendency to blotch when finished that also shows up as varying density when you're carving the
wood. More careful planning of cuts may be needed here. There are numerous special grain names for
maple, including birdseye, curly, fiddleback and tiger, which can create great special effects in your
carving (and make you work for every compliment as the wilder the grain the harder the carving). Holds
detail well and finishes to a high shine.
Red Oak (Quercus rubra, et al) is a group of oaks that are all porous (open pores run long distances, so that it
is possible to use a 5-6" long piece of red oak to blow bubbles in water, as if you were using a straw).
Quartersawn red oak has many attractive rays. Grain is sometimes difficult for carvers, but it takes decent
detail (not as good at really fine detail as basswood, cherry, and some others, but pretty good--and it lasts
nicely, as evidenced by my house's red oak newel posts that were carved and set in place around 1915). Keep
the tools super sharp for this one.
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) is a semi-forgotten wood that is useful for a ton of things, is best used quartersawn (it's not particularly stable in its flat
sawn form), and has a really lovely lacey ray pattern when quartersawn. The wood is a silvery white to reddish brown and is a moderate item: it is
moderately heavy, moderately strong, moderately stiff, moderately hard and has good shock resistance. It holds detail quite well, probably a little better
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Wood for Carvers - Printable http://www.woodcraft.com/articleprint.aspx?ArticleID=237
than red oak, and finishes nicely. Carving can be fairly difficult, but it rewards the work.
Walnut, American Black (Juglans nigra) has heartwood that varies in color from very light brown to
almost purple. It is usually straight-grained and easily worked, as well as being heavy, hard and stiff, with
good shock resistance. It is a moderately open pored wood that takes natural finishes well (and needs a
filler to reach a really high sheen). It is difficult to say enough about the good qualities of this wood, but it
is a very, very good carver's wood as well as being a very, very good, and attractive, general use wood.
Demand has recently been down a bit, as the lighter colored woods are currently more popular, but the
price is still fairly high.
A Few World Woods Most of these woods are not commercially grown U.S. and Canada woods, but some may still be available as local woods in
some areas.
Lime (Tilia vulgaris) is an excellent starter wood for carvers because it is so small grained and easy to carve that it is very forgiving of many mistakes
that might ruin carvings in other woods. The grain is tiny and not particularly distinctive. The wood is straw colored, or lighter. This may be found as a
decorative planting in America. Sharp tools give the best finish (but when isn't this true?).
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is also known as Honduras mahogany, with most now coming out of
Central America. Heartwood color varies from light to a dark reddish-brown, right on to a deep, rich red.
Grain is usually straight, but may be interlocked. Texture is medium to coarse. Mahogany has low
stiffness and resistance to shock loads, but dries nicely, without distortion, and is stable in use. It works
easily with sharp tools, and has been for a long time one of the premier furniture and decorative woods of
the world.
Pear (Pyrus avium) is difficult to work, close-grained and very hard, but works nicely in small carvings. Strong and tough, but may distort, and has a
tendency to split. It is very stable once dried, and is widely used for fancy turnings, as well as carving. A challenge to work, but again a rewarding wood
that holds detail exceptionally well.
Tupelo is also known as black gum, which is slightly odd name for a wood that is very light in color, with
a pale brownish heartwood, sometimes tending to gray, and fading into a wide band of lighter colored
sapwood. Tupelo resists splitting, is uniform in texture and has interlocked grain. The grain makes it hard
to work, but it is rewarding for power carvers. Tupelo stains nicely, and can be finished well, is heavy and
moderately strong, and holds detail very nicely.
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