6.  The Hope of Tomorrow and Today, Chicago Defender (Week of 8 14 October
1960).
7.  Kennedy Is Our Choice, editorial in the Chicago Defender (Week of 22 28
October 1960): 1-2.
8. Ibid., 7.
9.  Mahalia Jackson Believes in Kennedy, Chicago Defender (Week of 29 October
4 November 1960): 12.
10. See: www.stanford.edu/~tommyz/1960s/NAACP.htm
11. Watkins (1999): 495 503.
12. Catholic churches in America are associated with bingo nights as fundraising
events.
13. Dick Gregory,  Commentary on Affairs Political, Chicago Playboy Club, 1961;
issued on Colpix LP 417.
14. Wolf von Eckhardt,  Oral History Interview with August Heckscher, New York:
Kennedy Papers (10 December 1965): 14 15.
15. Murray (1987): 419 20.
16. Memphis Slim,  The Big Race, Chicago, November 1960; issued on Folkways LP
(5)3536. (The standard discography gives October 1960, but election day was on
8 November 1960.)
17. Chafe (1991): 197.
18. Wills (1981): 223.
19. Champion Jack Dupree,  President Kennedy Blues (composer credit: Champion
Jack Dupree), Copenhagen, Denmark, 4 October 1961; issued on Sonet LP 614.
20. In 1965 a freedom song recorded in Selma, Alabama, used the Berlin Wall as a met-
aphor:  We re gonna break this Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall, We re gonna
break this Berlin Wall in Selma, Alabama.  Berlin Wall, 15 March 1965; issued on
Freedom Songs: Selma, Alabama, Folkways FHLP 5594.
The Sons of Blues, with vocalist Billy Branch, sang another song entitled  Berlin
Wall in public at a Berlin Festival and recorded it for Alligator Records in 1978.
The Sons of the Blues (vocalist: Billy Branch),  Berlin Wall (composer credit:
B. Branch L. Barner), Chicago, 1978; issued on Alligator LP 7703; reissued on Sonet
SNTF LP 786.
21. Sorensen (1965): 627.
22. Dick Gregory,  At the Blue Angel, New York City, 15 September 1961; issued on
Colpix LP 420.
23. Norbert Hess,  Wilbert Harrison: Sein  Kansas City wurde zum Welt-Hit, Blues
Forum 10 (Second quarter of 1983): 6.
24. Wilbert Harrison,  Drafted (composer credit: Wilbert Harrison), New York City,
1961; issued on Fury 1055; reissued on Agram ABCD 2019.
25. Lightning Hopkins and His Guitar,  War Is Starting Again (composer credit:
Hopkins-Semiens), Houston, 10 March 1961, Ivory 91272; reissued on Vee-Jay LP
1044 and Joy LP 115.
26. Sonny Martin,  Air Force U.S. Navy (composer credit: S. Martin J. West), Crowley,
LA, 1961; issued on Excello 2207; reissued on Flyright FLYLP 608.
27. For transcription and analysis see Roosevelt s Blues (1997): 142 43.
Notes to Pages 21 31 [ 177 ]