Anders Sjöberg: The Public Sauna in Novgorod 1611-1615 125
A N D E R S SJO B E R G :
The Public Sauna in Novgorod 1611-1615
0. The National Swedish Record Office in Stockholm (Riksarkivet) con­
tains a large and unique collection of Russian documents which is now
known as  The Novgorod Occupation Archive 1611-1617 . This collection
has been presented earlier in Scando-Slavica by Henrik Birnbaum (1964).
The value of these materials as a source of information on the cultural,
social, economical and not least linguistic situation in Novgorod of the
early 17th century is indisputable. The size of the collection, however,
- some 30.000 pages of text which are still far from satisfactorily cata­
logued, - makes it difficult for the researcher to obtain any comprehensive
picture of life in Novgorod during the Swedish occupation. Such a picture
will probably not finally come within reach until a number of more limited
studies have been made. The present article is intended as such a special
study, and in it I shall attempt to elucidate the significance of one social
institution in Novgorod at that time, namely the public sauna or steam
bath. At the same time, I shall discuss certain linguistic phenomena as
these appear in the account books of the establishment.
1. The materials on which the present article is based consist of 7 account
books kept at the public sauna in Novgorod during the years 7120-7123,
that is, from 1/9 1611 to 31/8 1615. There exists a record of receipts and
a record of expenditures for each year except 7122, for which only the book
of receipts could be found in the archive.
1.1. Each book is introduced by a title page indicating the representatives
(F5;>20;=8:8) responsible for the accounts of the current year, as can be
seen from the following text in the book of expenditures for 7121:   VB0
7@:0 3>4C !5=BO1@O 2  4=L =838 @>AE>4=K5 10==KE F5;>20;=8:>2
20=0 B>@>G5H=8:0 $54>@>20 A=0 A 0@5F:>8 C;8FK 40 20=0 8:C;8=0
A +;L8=K C;8FK 40 5B@0 >3>@>4=8:0 A @CA:>8 C;8FK 40 0A8;O
@B5<L520 >2G8==8:0 A 8:8B8=K C;8FK HB> 2 @>AE>45 34@2KE 10=­
=KE 45=53 2KH;> =0 4@>20 8 =0 2V=8:8 8 =0 A2VG8 8 =0 ;CG8=C 8 =0
2AO:CN 10==CN :C?:C 8 B><C :=838 .
The expenditure records note the date, size and purpose of each expendi­
ture. The books of receipts note for each day the sauna was open the fees
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126 Scando-Slavica -Tomus 22
collected during the day, and the income of the week is summed up every
Sunday.
1.2. We see from the books, then, that the operation of the bath was
entrusted to four celovalniki appointed for a term of one year. These repre­
sentatives, occasionally two at a time, worked at the pay-desk of the bath
in week-long periods, and their duties included collecting the entrance-fees
and making all necessary purchases. This work was performed in a special
room inside or near the sauna:  :C?;5= 70<>G8: : GN;0=C E :075==><C
(1611-10-16). "> help them they had a scribe (4LO:) who kept the books
which are the object of our study:  40=> 4LOG:C 8:8B5 70 ?8A<> 70
B@8 <F0 70 A5=BO1@L 40 70 >:BO1@L 40 70 =>O1@L 45AOBL 0;BK=J (1611
11-26). The only other member of the staff at the bath mentioned in con­
nection with wages was a water-ladler (2>4>;V9) but there were other
persons who had their place of employment there. Thus, two persons rented
a place at the sauna to guard the clothes of the visitors. Their lease is
recorded in the 7120 book of receipts:
 !5=BO1@O 2 :3 4=L A84V; $@0;5=B59 :8A5;=8: 2 ?>=54V;=8: =0=O;
AB>@>6 20= H0?>G=8: 2 10=5 <VAB> AB5@5G8 ?;0BO A =K=5H=53> AB>-
420BF0B>3> 3>4C A5=BO1@O A 42045AOB B@5BO3> G8A;0 =0 3>4 4> <VA5F0
A5=BO1@O ?> ?5@2>5 G8A;> AB>420F0B?5@203> 3>4C 0 27OB> C =53> 45=53
70 ?>;3>40 420 @C1;8 45A5B 0;BK= A ?>;C3@82=>N 0 4>AB0; 833> 20=:>
=5 4>40; 420F0B 0;BK= A ?>;C3@82=>N B V 45=38 4>?;0G820;8 @8H0
>30=:0 40 $@>;5=B59 :8A5;=8: F5;>20;=8:8. 0 =0=O; 4@C3>9 AB>@>6
2 10=5 4@C3>5 < VAB> ?;0BO AB5@5G8 $54>@ =K=5H=53>65 AB>420BF0B>3>
3>4C A5=BO1@O 2 420F0B3@5BO3> G8A;0 4> <VA5F0 A5=BO1@O6 ?> ?5@2>5
G8A;> AB>420F0B ?5@203> 3>4C 0 45=53 C =53> 27OB> 70 ?>;3>40 ?>;B>@0
@C1;8 0 4>AB0; HB> $5=:> =5 4>?;0B8; ?>;CB>@C @C1;8 8 B V 45=38
4>?;0B820;8 @8H0 65 >30=:0 40 $@>;5=B59 :8A5;=8:. A blood-
letter (@C4><5B) also rented a place at the bath for his work, so that notes
such as the following occur regularly in the books of receipts:  27OB> C
@C4><5B0 C 20=:0 @C1;L 70 45A5B =545;L 2 ?5@54 (1612-06-08). There
is a single notation of rent collected from a kvas-seller:  40 C :20A=8:0
27O;8 3@>H 70 4 2 V =4;8 (1612-04-18). Temporary helpers were employed
as needed:  0; @83>@59 ?;>B=8:C HB> C 425@59 ?OBC ?@84V;0; C
65=A:>3> GC;0=0 4 2 V 45=L38 (1612-07-25).  070:0 =0=O; :0<5=O
=>A8BL, :0<5=I8:C 40=> HB> C ?5G8 4C38 4V;0; ... G5BK@5 45=38
(1612-07-06),  08<8BC 40; ...2 >A< L <>A:>2>: (1612-07-25),  7
70@5GO ?OB=0F0B >10;>: ?@8257;8 @5:>N : 10=5 ?5@52>I8:>< 40;L
?OBL 0;BK=J (1612-03-15).
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Anders Sjöberg: The Public Sauna in Novgorod 1611-1615 127
1.3. The sauna was open four days a week - Monday, Tuesday, Thursday
and Saturday - with the exception of certain holidays, when it was either
closed or open half the day:  0 ?>A;5 >1V40 10=8 =5 B>?8;8 4;O ?@07=8:0
?0B8520 4=8 (1612-11-16),  4> >1 V40 10=8 =5 B>?8;8 4;O 3>@520
4=8, ?>A;5 >1V40 A>1@0=> 45=53 ?OB=0F0B 0;BK= (1612-11-28).
It seems that the sauna was heated only once on a Wednesday:  ">?8;8
10=N 4;O 6>=>:, A>1@0;8 45=53 425=0F0B 0;BK= ?OBL 45=53 (1615
01 Just why this occurred one Wednesday  4;O 6>=>: is not indi­
11).
cated in the documents. It may have had to do with the fact that the bath
had been closed three months for rebuilding and had then resumed service
on 5 January 1615. The fact that there was a special  65=A:89 GC;0=
(1612-07-25) tells us that the old sauna was open to women on ordinary
bathdays.
Minor repairs and rebuilding sometimes curtailed the operation of the
sauna. During the winter of 1613-14 bathing was also restricted due to
a shortage of wood and birch-whisks:  0=8 =5 B>?8;8 70 4@>20<8 =5
4>1K;8 :C?8BL (1613-12-27);  0=8 =5 B>?8;8 70 2V=8:0<8 (1614­
05-16). For these reasons the bath was closed on Mondays during the spring
of 1614.
1.4. In the books of receipts it was carefully recorded how much money
had been received each day in the form of entrance-fees. Since the fee
appears to have been 1 denga per person, for which sum the bather also
received a whisk,  0 1@0;8 A G;:0 ?> <>A:>2:5 , we can easily calculate
the number of visitors to the bath during the four years covered by the
accounts. The public bath was probably used above all by that part of
the population which did not own their own sauna or live in a house that
had one (Vahros 1966, 13-49). Even if it is impossible to establish the
number of visits made by each individual, the number of bathers must be
described as surprisingly high, indicating that the Novgorodians of the time
set great store by personal cleanliness. It seems that bath attendant Fedor
was the most avid bather, for the book of receipts notes the following:
 B>3>6 4=8 @83>@59 >30=:0 A B>20@KI8 27O; C 10==>2> AB>@>60 C
$54:8 ?@840B>G=KE 45=53 @C1;L 70 4@C3CN ?>;3>40 HB> > = V A ;5:A58-
:>< ?5@5:C?0;8AL (1612-08-23). Since one ruble was equivalent to 200
denga, this means that Fedor and Aleksejko bathed every day the sauna
was open from March to August, 1612, i.e. four times a week.
A compilation of the receipts of the bath month by month reckoned in
denga, assuming that each bather paid one denga, results in the following
assessment of the number of visitors per month during these four years.
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128 Scando-Slavica -Tomus 22
Table. Number o f bathers 7120
7123.
7120 7121 7122 7123
Sept 1069 794 904 582
-
Oct 1627 2996 2058
-
Nov 2620 2618 1333
-
Dec 2021 2258 1318
Jan 2312 1316 1645
2346
Febr
2619 2285 1726 1364
March 3284 2691 2277 1211
Apr 2577 2851 1844 1186
May 4098 3165 2308 1413
June 5311 2780 2196 1751
July 5249 2845 2643 1734
Aug 4308 2677 2277 1363
37129 30272 22244 12249
The figures for September are too low throughout, due to the fact that
the new representatives seem not to have taken over the operation of the
bath until the latter half of the month. Their book-keeping begins with
the net balance brought forward for the period from 1 September up to
the takeover:  *B0 7@:2 A5=BO1@O : 4=L ?>=545;=8: A84&;8 "8<>D59
?@>728I5 >B@>E 40 /:>2 @K1=8: A>1@0=> 45=53 ?OB=0F0B 0;BK=
27O;8 C AB0@KE F5;>20;=8:>2 34@2KE 10==KE 45=53 GB> >=* A>1@0;8
A5=BO1@O A ?5@2>3> G8A;0 ?> 452OBK9 =0 45AOB 45=L @C1;L H5AB=0F0B
0;BK= G5BK@5 45=38 (1613-09-20).
From October to December, 7123 a new bath was under construction,
so the sauna was out of operation during this period:  10=8 =5 B>?8;8
70 B5< HB> AB5=0 8 C3;K @>7@CH8;>AO (1614-10-03).
Following this the book of receipts contains the following notation:
 :BO1@O A B@5BO3> G8A;0 40 35=20@O ?> ?OB>5 G8A;> 10=8 =5 1K;>
AB0@0O 10=O @>720;8;0AL 8 >:BO1@O A 4 G8A;0 35=20@O ?> ?OB>5 G8A;>
AB02;5=0 10=O =>20O 0 AB02;5=0 10=O =>20O B8E> ?>B><C GB> ?OB8:>-
=5F:85 AB0@>ABK 8@8;> >;>4>6=8: A B>20@8I8 45=30<8 =0 10==>5
4*;> 7045@60;8 .
In the book of expenditures for the same year we find a detailed de­
scription of the outlays for the new sauna:  0 ?> ?@8:07C 1>O@8=0 8
2>52>4K =7O 20=0 8:8B8G0 >;LH>3> 4>52A:>3> 40 4LO:0 !5<5=0
CB>E8=0 ?>AB02;5=0 10=O =>20O 0 27OB =0 BC 10=: 0=10@ C !02K C
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Anders Sjöberg: The Public Sauna in Novgorod 1611-1615 129
>;>4>6=8:0 2 =B>=>25 0 45=53 70 B> 0=10@ 40=> 425=0BF0B @C1;52
?@>2>7C >B >=10@0 87 =B>=>20 420 @C1;8 :070:>< >B AB0@K5 10=8 >B
@>ABG8AB:8 >B <VAB0 3 @C1;8 <EC :C?;5=> =0 =>2CN 10=N =0 @C1;L
=0 17 0;BK=L ?;>B=8:C >B 4V;0 >B 10=8 8 >B ABV=5=8 >B 2>4>;V9 >B
?>4V;:8 ?OBL @C1;52 :0<5=I8:0< AB0@FC 0@0A8<C 40 "><8;:C 40
>A5=>2C 70 3;8=C 8 70 42VAB8 :8@?8G59 GB> 27OB =0 4C38 8 >B ?5G8
>B 4V; 0 4 @C1;8 872>I8:C >B A?>@=>2> :0<5=8O GB> 27OB> =0 A?>@=8:8
2 ?5G A <5;=8FK 2 10=N 8 >B 4>A>: ?@>2>7C 18 0;BK=  2A53> AB0;0
=>20O 10=O 2 28 @C1;52 2 45A5B 45=53 0 45=53 =0 B> 10==>5 4 V; > 27OB>
1K;> C ?OB8:>=5F:8E AB0@>ABL C 8@8;K >;>4>6=8:0 A B>20@8IK
22 @C1;8 8 A B V< GB> 27O; ?>4LOG59 40= 0^8<>2 2 @C1;8 10 0;BK=
8 B V 45=38 22 @C1;8 ?OB8:>=5F:8< AB0@>AB0< 8@8;C >;>4>6=8:C
A B>20@8IK >B40==K 87 10==K5 ?@81K;8 :0: CG0;8 B>?8B8 =>2CN 10=N
8 ?@81K; 105==CN 718@0B8 7 35=20@O 0 4>AB0; 45=53 70 105==>5 4V; >
40 4020=> 87 105==KE ?@81K;59 0 ?8A0=K B V 45=38 2 A58 6 AB0B5 2KH5
A53> 2 10==>< @>AE>45 .
The greatest number of visitors for any one week, 1466 persons, is noted
for June 22-27, 1612 (7120). Saturday 27 June of that year has the highest
figure for any one day, 550 persons. The decline in number of visitors
during the four years undoubtedly reflects the general trend of events in
Novgorod during the Swedish occupation. The population decreased due
to war and disease. In 7122 it was very difficult to find wood and whisks
for the sauna. It can be seen from the book of expenditures for 7123 that
whisks were practically impossible to come by. The price rose to 1 denga
apiece, and the supply fell far short of the bathers demand. The books of
expenditure show that the price of whisks varied from purchase to purchase
during the four year, seemingly between 0.2 and 0.7 denga. Throughout
1612, however, the price remained fairly stable at around 0.2 denga each.
In July, 1612 a purchase was made of 7301 whisks for a total of 6 rubles
27 altyns and 2 denga, making an average price of 0.19 denga apiece.
1.5. The political events in Novgorod during this period are indirectly
reflected only a few times in the account books of the bath. The Swedish
commander-in-chief, Jacob Pontusson De la Gardie is mentioned in a note
in November, 1613. On 1 November it is noted in the book of receipts
that the sauna is being repaired:  10=8 =5 B>?8;8 2 10=5 ?5G 4V;0;8
and on 2 November we read:  10=8 =5 B>?8;8 70 :0<5=I8:>< 27O;8
:0<5=I8:0 2 3>@>4 =0 /:>20 C=B>A>28G0 0 ?5G 70 B V< 1K;0 =54V;0=0 .
Another notation has its source in Swedish military operations. On Sun­
day 26 June 1614 only the one bath attendant was able to pay his rent:
 0 4@C3>2> AB>@>60 CE20B8;8 =0 @>==8GC =5<FK 2 3@51FK . The
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130 Scando-Slavica -Tomus 22
situation reflected in this note was that the Russian colonel Trubeckoj had
occupied Bronnicy. Due to the marshes surrounding Bronnicy the Swedes
were unable to counterattack by land with infantry and cavalry. De la
Gardie then decided to collect all available boats in the area and transport
his troops by water:  And since it was impossible to attack him (the
enemy) by horse, Herr Jacob ordered that enough boats be assembled to
make it possible to cross the lake (Widekindi 1671, 590).
All available men in Novgorod were mobilized as rowers, and, as we
have seen, one of the bath attendants was among them.
2.0. From a linguistic point of view our materials, the account books,
may at first glance seem rather monotonous and devoid of any particular
interest. This is especially true of the books of receipts and their constant
repetitions, day by day, of  A>1@0=> 45=53. . In the books of expendi­
tures, however, we find a more varied linguistic usage.
2.1. The most frequent expression in the books of expenditures, of course,
is  to pay for . According to Lomtev (1956, 434-35), there were four pos­
sibilities in Old Russian:
1) 2J -f* locative   2J :=068 B82C=, ( = 70 :=O6O B82C=0) 80 3@8-
25=J ;
2) AJ 4- genitive   =5 2AE>G5BL >482>=J 1KB8 C <>55 65=K 8 >=J
40ABJ AJ A>1O ( = 70 A51O) <>59 65=-,... H5ABL
@C1;52J ;
3) =0 + locative  0G0 5;4N7L 40OB8 =0 A>1* ( = 70 A51O) 7;0B> 8
A@51@> ;
4) 70 + accusative  I5 =5 1C45BL :B> <LABO B> 40 3@825=J 70 3>;>2C .
Our materials reflect three possibilities, of which only one is among those
indicated by Lomtev, namely 70 + accusative.
 0=> 4LOG:C 8:8B5 70 ?8A<> 70 B@8 <F0 ... 10 0;BK= (1611 26);
11
 @83>@59 ... 40 $@>;5=B59 ... 40;8 AB0@>3> 4>;3C 70 4@>20 40 70 :0­
<5=5 AB0@><C F5;>20;=8:C... 4 @C1;8 (1612-03-01);
 70 10==>5 ?8A<> 40;8 4LOG:C 16 0;BK= 4 45=38 (1613-08-27);
 0<5=I8:0< AB0@FC 0@0A8<C 40 "><8;:C 40 >A5=>2C 70 3;8=C 8
70 42*AB8 :8@?8G59......... 4 @C1;8 (1614-09-28).
Another possibility seems to be to employ =0 + accusative:
 =0 ;CG8=C 40=> 4 45=38 (1611-10-15);
 40=> =0 ;CG8=C 40 =0 A2*G8 4 45=38 (1611-10-19);
 0 ;CG8=C 40 =0 A2*G8 40=> 2 45=38 (1611-10-26).
With this we can compare the introductions to the books of expenditures,
where we find:
Anders Sjöberg: The Public Sauna in Novgorod 1611-1615 131
 GB> 2KH;> 34@2KE 10==KE 45=53 =0 ?>:C?:C =0 4@>20 8 =0 2V=8:8
8 =0 10==CN ?>4V;:C (1611).
The third and most common construction, however, is >B + genitive.
B + genitive together with a verb meaning  to pay occurs in OR
(Lomtev 1956, 436) in a distributive meaning:
  A5 >C@>:J <>ABL=8:>2J 0I5 ?><>AB82H5 <>ABL 27OB8 >BL 4V;0
=>30B0 0 >B 3>@>4=8F8 =>30B0. . . :. A?. 73.
(cf. modern Polish: placic od strony / od wiersza /).
According to Sreznevskij (1895 II, 771) >B occurs in OR in expressions
denoting payment for = 70. He gives three examples of this construction,
of which one appears to be of special interest:  O4 <>9 >B ?8AL<5=8
27OB8 7 A>@>:>2J.......70 B5;OB8=K 65 A>@>G5: 0 6 >B ?8AL<5=8 (0?.
?@8 =. 2. GB. XIV 2.) (quoted from Sreznevskij (1864), which contains
the complete text). Here it is interesting to note that the writer used >B
to denote payment for labor  ?8AL<5=8 , but 70 to denote payment for
materials  B5;OB8=K .
The same difference between labor and concrete objects seems to exist
in the Novgorod usage as reflected in our materials. The special use of the
repetition of prepositions that can be noted in the following materials
(and that will be considered in 2.2.), however, causes >B to occur with
concrete objects as well.
2.1.1. The most common expression is  40BL >BL 4 V; 0  , pay for work,
 40=> >B 4 V; 0 6 0;BK= (1611-10-15);
 >B 4V;0 40=> 420 @C1;8 (1611-10-07);
 B 4V; 0 :070:>< 40; 0;BK=0 4 2 V 45=38 (1612-03-29);
 >B 4V; 0 >B ?5G8 :0<5=I8:0< 40=> A>@>: 0;BK= 45A5B 45=53 (1611
12- 21);
 ?;>B=8:C >B 4V; 0 >B 10=8 8 >B ABV=5=8 >B 2>4>;V9 >B ?>4V;:8 ?OBL
@C1;52 (1614-09-28);
 >B 4 V; 0 >B :0<5=8FK 40=> =08<8B>< B@8 0;BK=0 42 V 45=38 (1613
03-06).
2.1.2. In many cases the nature of the work is indicated, usually by means
of a verbal substantive. (A number of examples are presented here arranged
alphabetically according to verbal substantive.)
 >B <OBLO >B 3;8=K 40;8 6 45=53 (1615-04-17);
 AC4=> =08<>20;8 ?> :0<5=5 >B =09<C >B AC4=0 40;8 4 0;BK=0 2 45=38
(1615-03-20);
 >B =>H5=O 2 10=N >B 3;8=K 40=> 2>A<L 45=53 (1611-12-06);
 40; @83>@59 :070:>< >B :0<5=O 7 15@53C =>A8;8 : 10=5 2 ?@8?5@5B>:
>B =>H5=O 40; H5ABL 0;BK=J (1612-03-20);
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132 Scando-Slavica -Tomus 22
 :0: ?5G @>7@CH0;0AL =08<8B>< 40;8 >B =>H5=O 2>= =>A8;8 AB0@>9
:8@?8G 8 :0<5=L5 8 0;BK=L (1615-04-17);
 87 70@5GO >B ?@>2>7C >B G5BK@5E >10;>: 40; 2>A<L :>?55: : 10=5
?@8257;8 (1612-02-14);
 >B ?@>2>7C >B 1@525= H5ABL 0;BK=J B@8 45=38 >B B@5E=0F0B8 (1611
12- 12).
There are a couple of variants in the construction with the word ?@>2>7
which complicate analysis. In the following four examples the preposition
is not repeated. Instead, it seems that we have to do with a normal ob­
jective genitive relation:
 >B B,E65 4@>2 ?@>2>7C 40=> ?OBL 0;BK=L (1612-10-06);
 >B B,E65 1@525= ?@>2>7C 40; B@8 0;BK=0 42* 45=38 (1611-12-31);
 >B ?>;C?OB0AB0 2*=8:>2 ?@>2>7C 40=> H5ABL 45=53 (1612 22);
01
 >B 4>A>: ?@>2>7C (1614-09-28).
In these cases >B can be related to ?@>2>7C, the genitive attribute oc­
curring between the preposition and its head word. In the following three
examples >B cannot be related to ?@>2>7C, but instead refers to its genitive
attribute:
 ?@>2>7C >B >=10@0 87 =B>=>20 420 @C1;8 (1614-09-28);
 ?@>2>7C >B B,E65 4@>2 40=> ?OBL 0;BK=L (1612-11-01);
 ?@>2>7C >B 25=8:>2 40=> H5ABL 45=53 (1611-11-26).
Here one gets the impression that a contamination of two constructions
has occurred - that ?@>2>7C was interpreted as  transport costs and is
thus a genitive partitive of the same type as that in example 1612 01
03
above under 70:
 40;8 AB0@>3> 4>;3C 70 4@>20 40 70 :0<5=5........ 4 @C1;8 .
The following examples are of the same type:
  2 B, ?>@K 10==K5 4>A:8 @>A?;K;8 ?> 2>4, :070:>< 40; ?5@5<C >B
4>A>: G5BK@5 0;BK=K (1612-04-23).
5@55< here means  reward, salvage money (cf. Dal' 1912: 3, 123.)
 A ?02>A:0 4@>20 :070:8 A*:;8 =09<C 40;8 G5BK@5 0;BK=0 (1612
06-22).
Some examples were presented above of the preposition 70 with the head
word ?8A<>. With this word as well, however, the more common pre­
position is >B: ·
 >B ?8A<0 40=> H5ABL 45=53 (1612-08-07);
 2 4@C3>9 @O4 ?>4020;8 G5;>18B=CN HB> =>2CN 10=N ?>AB028BL >B
?8A<0 40=> 3@>H (1612-10-13);
 ?>4020; G5;>18B=CN 1>O@>< >B ?8A<0 40; B@8 45=38 (1612-04-18);
 >B B@5E G5;>18B=KE >B ?8A<0 40;8 H5ABL 45=53 (1614-09-28).
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The word ?8A<>, however, is the only word in our materials with which
both 70 and >B occur.
 40=> :070:>< >B @>71>@C 40 8 A>1@0BL :0<5=5 ?5G=>5 40 8 ?;8B0
=>A8BL >B 704>@>38 @C1;L ?OBL 0;BK= (1611-12-21);
 070:>< >B 4,;0 :0<5==8FC @>7>1@0BL 40 8 >?OBL A:;0ABL 40=> A>@>:
0;BK= 157 3@82=K (1612-10-24);
 08<8B>< >B :0<58=8FK @>7>1@0BL 40 8 A>1@0BL 40=> A>@>: B@8
0;BK=0 42* 45=38 (1613-05-11).
These last three examples display three different possibilities of con­
structing syntactical relations when the prepositional expression contains
a series of actions wholly or partially expressed by means of infinitives
with adjuncts. Naturally, the infinitive cannot be governed by the pre­
position. This is avoided in the first example by replacing an infinitive
with a verbal substantive, in the second by introducing the verbal sub­
stantive 4,;>, and in the third example by letting the object of the infinitive
be governed by the preposition instead of by the infinitive.
 070:>< >B AB0@K5 10=8 >B @>ABG8AB:8 >B <*AB0 3 @C1;O (1614-09-28);
 >B A,G5=8O :070:C 40; 45A5B 45=53 (1612-02-09);
 >B 4@>2 >B A*G5=O 40=> G5BK@5 0;BK=0 (1612-05-15);
 B>3>6 4=8 >B A,G5=LO >B 4@>2 >B 420F0B 284>2 40;8 :070:>< =09<C
A5<=0F0B 0;BK= (1612-06-22);
 >;>457L ?>G8I0;8 HB> 2 10=N 2>4C, ;LNB >B G8I5=O 40=> A5<
0;BK=J (1612-10-13).
2.1.3. In certain cases the verbal substantive is not expressed, but it is
clearly understood, which would seem to motivate the use of >B:
 =08<>20;8 25@52:C 1@525= 2>;>G8BL 87 2>4K =0 10==CN ?>4,;:C >B
25@52:8 40;8 2>A<L 45=53 (1612-03-08);
 >B G5;>18B=>9 40=> 42* 45=38 (1612-10-08).
2.1.4. The materials from the account books of the Novgorod public bath,
then, support the assumption that the prepositions 70 and >B with the verb
40BL (27OBL) in the meaning  pay for ( receive payment for ) had distinct
fields of application, 40BL 70 GB> was used in expressions involving the
purchase of concrete objects and the acquisition of rights of ownership,
whereas 40BL >B G53> was used to express the payment of debts contracted
for performed labor. This specialization of the two constructions agrees
completely with what could be observed in the example cited by Sreznevskij
from a Novgorod manuscript:
 O4 <>9 >B ?8AL<5=8 27OB8 7 A>@>:>2J... 70 B5;OB8=K 65 A>@>G5: 0
6 >B ?8AL<5=8 .
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134 Scando-Slavica -Tomus 22
The distinction appears equally clearly in one of the examples in our
materials (1614-09-28):
 70 3;8=C 8 70 42VAB8 :8@?8G59 GB> 27OB =0 4C38 8 >B ?5G8 >B 4V; 0
4 @C1;8 .
If we now consider the example cited by Lomtev:
 27OB8 >BL 4 V; 0 =>30B0 0 >B 3>@>4=8F8 =>30B0 we can question whether
 27OB8 >BJ 4 V; 0  should be interpreted as being distributive ( = for each
piece of work). In the comments to Pravda Russkaja II (1947,235) it is
obvious that the translators of the text did not interpret >3L 4 V; 0 to be
distributive, >BL 4 V; 0 = 70 @01>BC corresponds entirely to the usage in
the account books of the bath. The paragraph quoted from Pravda
Russkaja, it should be noted, is considered to have been written in Novgorod.
2.2. The odd use of repeated prepositions  >B <OBLO >B 3;8=K does not
appear to have been common in Old Russian. Borkovskij (1949), whose
work contains a detailed discussion of the construction in OR, does not
mention any such case. In our Novgorod materials (see above 2.1.), all
examples contain an objective genitive relation, so that one would expect
constructions like >B <OBLO 3;8=K or >B AVG5=LO 4@>2. Our materials
contain no objective genitives whatsoever (except, perhaps, in the four
examples with the word ?@>2>7 presented in 2.1.2. above), so that it can­
not be determined whether such constructions are consciously avoided, (i.e.
even in cases where the head word is not governed by a preposition), or
whether the rule applies only where a repetition of prepositions is possible.
Replacement of an objective genitive by a prepositional construction does
not appear to be restricted to the examples with the preposition >B given
here. An example such as  .. .GB> 2KH;> 34@2KE 10==KE 45=53 =0 ?>:C?:C
=0 4@>20 8 =0 2V=8:8... can also be interpreted as a tendency to avoid
the genitive construction.
2.3. Among other specifically North-Russian features in these account
books can be mentioned the occurence of feminine substantives in -a in
object position with an infinitive. This phenomenon has recently been dis­
cussed in detail; a thorough investigation will be found in Filin (1972,
476-491). Below are presented all examples from our materials:
 C?;5=> 2 10=N G5BK@5 < VE0 B@C10 70:@K20BL (1611-11-26);
 OBL < VE>2 A>;O=KE :C?;5=> 2 10=5 B@C10 70:@K20BL (1612-06-22);
 0=> :070:C^>B @>71>@C 40 8 A>1@0BL :0<5=5 ?5G=>5 40 8 ?;8B0 =>A8BL
>B 704>@>38 @C1;L ?OBL 0;BK= (1611-12-21);
 (VABL :C?;5= 2 10=N 2>40 ;8BL (1612-09-28);
 C?;5=>... 25@52:C 40;8 B@8 45=38 2 10=N 2>40 ;8B8 (1612-11-20);
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Anders Sjöberg: The Public Sauna in Novgorod 1611-1615
135
 C?8;8... 25@52:C 40;8 B@8 45=38 2>40 ;8BL (1613-01-09);
 C?;5=> 2 10=N <EC G>;>= 10=O 70BK:0BL (1612-11-22).
One example in a similar context, however, has the normal accusative
form in -8:
 C?;5=> B5;*30 <EC 10=N <H8BL (1611-10-05).
2.4. As is already apparent from our materials, sentences with a passive
participle in -nj-t as predicate are very common. In the account books
they have approximately the same frequency as active constructions with
a participle in which results in a great number of identical sentences
differing only in choice of predicate form 40;8/40=>, 27O;8/27OB>, :C?8;8/
:C?;5=>, etc. , .
All construction variants with the -n participle can be illustrated through
examples of the usage of the participle :C?;5=/0/>; (for the development
of these variants in Russian cf. Filin (1972, 491-501)).
a) sentences with congruence between subject and predicate:
 :C?;5= 4>I0= 2 10=N =0 2>4C 2 6>;>10 Micro (1615-02-13);
 :C?;5= 70<>G8: : GN;0=C E :075==><C (1611-10-16);
 :C?;5=0 ?,H=O 40=> H5ABL 45=53 (1611-11-26).
b) sentences with imperfect congruence between subject and predicate;
only unquestionable examples of feminine substantives with the nomi­
native -a: %
 :C?;5=> B5;*30 <EC 10=N <H8BL (1611-10-05);
 :C?;5=> 4@>2 :>AB5@=8F0 (1611-10-19);
 :C?;5=> ;>4O :0<5=O =0 10==CN ?5G (1611-11-05).
c) impersonal sentences with an accusative object; only unquestionable
examples of feminine substantives with the accusative -8:
 :C?;5=> 2 10=N >:>=G8=C A;C4O=CN (1612-11-20);
 ;>4LN :0<5=O :C?;5=> 1>;LH>3> 8 <5;:>2> (1613-03-28).
d) uncertain cases where the nominative and accusative of the substantive
are identical, making positive classification impossible: either a subject with
imperfect congruence or an object in an impersonal sentence:
 :C?;5=> 2 10=N <EC G>;>= 10=O 70BK:0BL (1612-11-22);
 1C<038 45ABL :C?;5=> =0 10==>9 @>AE>4 (1612-11-11);
 :C?;5=> 2 10=N 2*4@> (1612-11-22);
 :C?;5=> 2 10=N =0 ?5G ?;8BK (1611-12-21).
2.5. On the lexical plane the following seems noteworthy.
2.5.1. One typical feature is a high frequency of possessive adjectives
derived from names of holidays which were originally verbal substantives
in -;/5: 4;O ?@07=8:0 ?@5>1@065=8520 4=8 - 4;O ?@07=8:0 ?@>8AE>645-
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Scando-Slavica -Tomus 22
136
=8520 4=8 - 4;O ?@07=8:0 CA?5=520 4=8 - 4;O ?@07=8:0 2>7=5A5=520
4=8 EA20, 2 ?@5>1@065=852 45=L etc.
2.5.2. The word 10=O is naturally very frequent in these texts, but on
several occasions we find the variant 108=O (Sanskij 1965,1:, 36).
 ?>4,;K20;8 C 108=8 >?5G>: (1612-03-21);
 ?>E>4=8 C 108=8 4,;0;= (1612-03-29);
 AB>;1 2 108=5 C ?5G8 C 704>@>38 (1612-04-24);
 45;0;8 2 108=5 (1611-12-26);
 :C?;5=> 2 109=N 2>4>;,8=>5 2*4@> (1612-07-28);
 :C?;5=> Tpt H08:8 2 108=N (1612-07-14).
The adjective 105==K9 occurs three times, all in the account of the
building of the new sauna (see above 1.4.).
2.5.3.  70 25@52:8 40=> 0A:5 C7<8=C 2>@52>G=8:C........ 6 0;BK=J 4
45=38 (1615-07-03). I have not been able to find the divergent spelling
2>@52>G=8: anywhere else.
2.5.4. Finally, we can note as a curiosity that a type of word formation
that occurs in modern Swedish but is considered substandard, namely, an
adjective attribute attached to the first element of a compound (Wellander
1939, 580; Akermalm 1967, 62), had a linguistic predecessor in Novgorod:
/:>2, A2*659 @K1=8: 87 !;02=0 served in 7122 as a celovalnik and was
succeeded in the following year by /:8< 20=>2 AK=, ?@>A>;=>9 @K1=8:.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Unpublished sources:
Riksarkivet, Stockholm: Ockupationsarkivet frân Novgorod 1611-1617. Serie 1, nris 77,
64, 31, 78.
Other sources:
Birnbaum 1964 = Birnbaum, H.,  Novgorodiana Stockholmiensia. I. Zur Bedeutung und
Geschichte der Novgoroder Akten des Stockholmer Reicharchivs , Scando-Slavica X,
1964.
Borkovskij 1949 = Borkovskij, V. I., Sintaksis drevnerusskich gramot, Lvov 1949.
Dal' 1912 = Dal', V., Tolkovyj slovar' iivogo velikorusskogo jazyka, 4-e izd, S. Peterburg
- Moskva 1912.
Filin 1972 = Filin, F. P., Proischoidenie russkogo, ukrairukogo i belorusskogo jazykov,
Leningrad 1972.
Lomtev 1956 = Lomtev, T. P., Oierki po istoriieskomu sintaksisu russkogo jazyka, Mo­
skva 1956.
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Anders Sjöberg: The Public Sauna in Novgorod 1611-1615 137
Pravda Russkaja 1947 = Pravda Russkaja. II. Kommentarii. Pod red. B. D. Grekova,
Moskva-Leningrad 1947.
`
anskij 1965 = `
anskij, N. M., 
timologi%0Å„eskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, Tom I, vyp. 2,
Moskva 1965.
Sreznevskij 1864 = Sreznevskij, 1. 1., Drevnie russkie knigi, S. Peterburg 1864.
Sreznevskij 1895 = Sreznevskij, 1.1., Materialy dlja slovarja drevnerusskogo jazyka /-///,
S. Peterburg 1893-1912.
Vahros 1966 = Vahros, I., Zur Geschichte und Folklore der grossrussischen Sauna (= FF
Communications No 197), Helsingfors 1966.
Wellander 1939 = Wellander, E., Riktig svenska, Stockholm 1939.
Widekindi 1671 = Widekindi, J., Det swenska i Ryssland Tijo áhrs Krijgs-Historie, Stock­
holm 1671.
Akermalm 1967 = Akermalm, Á., Modern svenska, Stockholm 1967.
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