Basic Grammar and conversation
Aat Eska Fahmadi
Parts of speech
" Kinds of part of speech
o Noun
o Pronoun
o Verb
o Adjective
o Adverb
o Preposition
o Conjunction
o interjection
1.Noun
" Noun : is a word used as the name of
anything-a person,an animal, an object,
a situation , a quality or an idea.
" Example:
o Take your book, please!
o Rizky is listening to the radio.
o They saw tiger in the zoo
o I met a man yesterday
o Jakarta is the capital city of indonesia.
2. verb
" Verb is a word that tells of an action or
state of being and the time of when it si
" Example
o Alfian studies grammar
o We are walking to school
o The rain drenched us
o Starts appear at night
o They look tired
Transitive and intransitive verb
Aktif transitif : Kalimat aktif yang
predikatnya (P) membutuhkan obyek (O)
Aktif intransitif : Kalimat aktif intransitif
adalah kalimat yang predikatnya (P) tidak
membutuhkan obyek (O)
Transitive verb intransitive verb
I read news paper I travel to bali
He drinks water Ali goes to school
You take my book You will sleep
I kicked the ball She runs
I write the letter I cried last night
Reguler and irregular verb
Reguler irregular verb
Study  studied  studied Sleep  slept  slept
Play  played  played See  saw  seen
Work  worked  worked Think  thought  thought
Walk  walked  walked Teach  tought - tought
Action and lingking verb
Action verb lingking verb
Betty looked at the melon The melon looked ripe
Budy felt the melon The night grew cold
Peter grows tomatoes The boy seems/feels/looks happy
Ari smells the dirt The man appears/becomes the
leader
The food looks/tastes/smells good
another lingking verb are: get, sound
How to read past participle in
regular verb
1. Past morpheme will be pronounced  T when
it s last word ended with voiceless
consonants.
" Ex. Walked, passed,stopped,called, locked,
killed, helped,discussed, talked, jumped,
kicked,dropped,shoped,advised, wiped,
smoked,reached,pulled,worked,washed,
lighted, fixed, settled.knocked,fainted,glowed
2. Past morpheme will be pronounced  D
when it s last word ended with voiced
consonants.
" Ex. Played, combed, robbed, claimbed,
whispered, begged, digged, cried, stayed,
3. Past morpheme will be pronounced
 ID when its last wore are T and D in
consonants.
" Ex: waited, avoided, pointed, visited,
limited, wanted, painted,added,updated
admitted, edited, formated, dissapointed
started, imported,
complicated,accepted,broadcasted,blen
ded,
folded,snaped,aquainted,affronted,lifted,
directed tc.
3. Adjective
" An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun
or pronoun
Comparisson degree
Positive comparative superlative
High Higher Highest
Short Shorter Shortest
Small Smaller smallest
Great greater Greatest
Weak Weaker Weakest
Clever Cleverer/more clever Cleverest/most clever
Narrow Narrower/more narrow Narrowest/most clever
Bitter Bitterer/more bitter Bitterest/most bitter
Happy Happier Happiest
Heavy Havier Heaviest
Expensive More expensive Most expensive
Important More important Most important
valuable More valuable Most valuable
4. Pronoun
" A Pronoun is a word used as a
subtitute for a noun. It is divided into
some kinds:
a. Personal pronoun
b. Possessive pronoun
c. Possessive adjective
d. Reflexive pronoun
e. Relative pronoun
f. Indefinite pronoun
Personal Possessive Possessiv Reflexife Relative
pronoun pronoun e adjective pronoun pronoun
subject object
I Me Mine My Myself Who
You You Yours Your Yourself Which
We us ours Our Ourselves That
They them theirs Their Themselves Whom
He him his His Himself whose
She her hers Her Herself
It It its its itself
The example of relative pronoun in
a sentence
" I like the person who is diligent
" We saw film which was very amusing
" Something that i dont like is to lie
" This is the person whom i talked to you
about him
" We comforted the women whose
savings was lost in fire
Indifinite
" Indefinite pronouns are pronouns
which refer very generally to persons or
things
Indifinite pronoun of persons Indifinite pronoun of quantitiy
and things
Someone A lot of
Somebody All
Something Another
Anyone Any
Anything Both
No one Each
Nobody Either
Nothing More
Everyone Most
Everybody Much
etc etc
5. Adverb
" An Adverb is a word, which modivies a verb, an
adjective or another adverb, it could used also to
tell time (when), place(where)
,reason(why),manner(how),degree(how much),to
what extent and frequency(how often)
" Example
a. They will leave soon (time)
b. He will wait here (place)
c. Therefore he was punished (why)
d. The boys played well (manner)
e. They were quite satisfied (degree)
f. She is always late (frequency)
Forming adverb
" Many adverb are formed from adjectives, with
the addition of the suffix ly
adjective adverb
Busy Busily
Great Greatly
Happy Happily
Quiet Quietly
Slow Slowly
Soft Softly
Brave Bravely
Accurete Accuretely
Gradual Gradually
Expert Expertly
Attentive Attentively
Generous Generously
Impatient Impatiently
quick quickly
6. Prepositions
" A preposition is a word placed before a noun or
pronoun to show its reletionship to some other words
in a sentence
" Examples:
o The children played behind the house
o We are leaving on Sunday
o We shall meet at three o clock
Here is a list of some of the more common
prepositions: of ,in, on, up, at, to, into, for, with, by,
from, till, after, before, near, against, across, behind,
below, beneath, above, over, about, between,
through, under, inside, around, outside, upon.
7. Conjunctions
" Conjunctions are words used to
connect one word to another word or
one sentence to another sentence
" Three kinds of conjuntions
a. Coordinating conjunctions
b. Subordinating conjunctions
c. Correlatives conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
" Coordinating conjunctions is conjunctions
which join words or groups of words of equal
importance
" Example
o He teaches physics and math in this school
o He is tired and wants to rest
o He is intelligent but lazy
o You must hurry up or you will left behind
Subordinating conjunctions
" Subordinating conjunctions is conjunctions that join
one important element to another of lesser
importance
" Example
o He is tired because he has been working hard
o You will succeed if you are diligent
" The most comon Subordinating conjunctions are :
becouse, if, since, when ,where,although, as, as if,
unless, that, before, after
Correlatives conjunctions
" Correlatives conjunctions are ussually used on pairs,
they include: both....and, either ....or, neither...nor,
not only...but also
" Example
o Both marry and john are students in this school.
o Neither he nor his brother is trustworthy
o You must either contribute some useful idea or keep
quiet
o He is not only stubborn but also lazy
8. Interjection
" An Interjection is an exclamatory word or
phrase to express a sudden feeling of mind
or emotion
" Example :
o Oh my god, protect me!
o Bah, he isnt actor
o Well you must go now!
o Uh, dont think over this problem too seriously
o Oh look at the time!
o Hurrah! We have won!
o Alas! He realized his folly too late
Verb tense overview with examples
Tense Simple Continuoes Perfect Perfect
Continuous
I study English I am studying I have studied I have been
Present
everday English now english in studying
some English for five
countries years
Two years ago, i I was studying I had studied I had been
Past
studied English in english When English before studying
England you called i moved to the English for five
yesterday U.S years before i
moved to U.S
I will help you I will be I will have I will have
Future
study English. studying studied been studying
I am going to English when english by the english for two
study english you arrive time i finish hours by the
next year. tonight this course time u arrive
Marry said that He would be I should have I should have
Past
she would study studying at 10 studied this been studying
future
at unissula the this morning lesson English for 6
next day yesterday months, last
month
The simple present tense
" Usage : it is used to describe habitual actions
or those, which take place fairly regularly, it is
often used with adverbs such as: always,
never, occasionally, often, sometimes,
usually, everyday, etc
Afirmative: -( i- you-we- they) work everday
Subject + verb 1 form -(he- she  it) works everday
Negative : -( i-you-we- they)do not work everyday
Subject +do/does not + verb 1 form -(he- she  it) does not work everyday
Interrogative : Do ( i-you-we- they) work everyday ?
Do/Does +Subject +Verb 1 form Does (he- she  it) work everyday ?
Negative introgative: - Do+not( i-you-we- they) work ?
do/does +subject+ verb 1 form -does+not (he- she  it) work ?
The present continuous tense
" Usage : it is used to express an action
or event ,which is taking place at the
present moment.
Afirmative:
Subject + is am are + verb-ing they are working
Negative :
Subject + is am are + not+ verb-ing They are not working
Interrogative :
Is am are +Subject +Verb-ing Are they working ?
Negative introgative:
Is am are+not +subject+ verb-ing Are not they working ?
The present perfect tense
" Usage: it is used to refer to an action or event
that began some time in the past and the
result or the impact can still be felt until now
Afirmative: We have known him since 1990
Subject + has/have+ verb3 (meaning : we got to know him in
1990 and we still know him)
Negative :
Subject +has/have+ not+ verb 3 We have not known him
He has not eaten all apples
Interrogative :
Has/have +Subject +Verb 3 Have we known him?
Negative introgative:
Has/have +not+subject+ verb3 Have not we know him?
The present perfect continuous tense
" Usage: it is describes an action that began in
the past and has continued up to the present
Afirmative:
Subject +has/have+ been+verb-ing I have been waiting
Negative :
Subject +has/have+ not+been+verb- I have not been waiting
ing
Interrogative :
Has/have +Subject +been+verb-ing Have you been waiting
Negative introgative:
Has/have +not+subject+ been+verb- Have not you been waiting
ing
The simple past tense
" Usage : it is used to describe an action that
took place in the past and already finish.
Afirmative: Nominal sentence: she was a teacher in
Subject + verb 2 form 1957.
Verbal sentence :i ate rice last night
Negative : Nominal sentence: she wasn t a teacher in
Subject +did + not+verb 1 1957.
Verbal sentence :i did not eat rice last night
Interrogative : Nominal sentence: was she a teacher in
Did +Subject +Verb 1 1957?
Verbal sentence: Did you eat last night
Negative introgative:
did/ +not+subject+ verb 1 form Did not you eat last night?
The past continuous tense
" Usage : it is used to describe that somebody
was in the middle of doing something at the
certain time in the past
Afirmative: last year, i was living in australia
Subject + was/were + verb-ing
Negative : last year, i was not living in australia
Subject + was/were + not+ verb-ing
Interrogative : Were you living in australia last year?
Was/were +Subject +Verb-ing
Negative introgative: Were not you living in australia last
Was/were+not +subject+ verb-ing year?
" The past simple and the past continuous are
often used togather to say that samething
happened in the middle of something else
" Example:
A. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking
the dinner
B. I saw you in the park yesterday, you were
sitting on the grass and reading the book.
C. While i was in the garden, i hurt my back.
The past perfect tense
" The past perfect tense is used to describe an
action that took place in the past before
another past action
Affirmative:
Subject + had + verb3 i had carried a bag of gold
Negative :
Subject +had+ not+ verb 3 i had not carried a bag of gold
Interrogative :
Had +Subject +Verb 3 Had you carried a bag of gold?
Negative introgative: Had not you carried a bag of gold?
Had+not+subject+ verb3
Using the past perfect and the present
perfect
Present perfect Past perfect
Have done Had done
Past Now past now future
Who is the woman? I didn t know who she was,
I have never seen her before I had never seen her before
We are not hungry. We were not hungry,
We have just had lunch We had just had lunch
The house is dirty, The house was dirty,
They have not cleaned it for weeks They had not cleaned it fo weeks
The past perfect continuous
tense
" Usage: it is used to express an action which
began at a certain time in the past and was
still continuing or had just finished at another
point of time in the past.
Afirmative: I had been living in this little city
Subject + had+been+ verb-ing for ten years before i moved to
malang,east java
Negative : I had not been living in this little
Subject +had+ not+been+verb-ing city for ten years before i moved to
malang,east java
Interrogative : Had you been living .......?
had +Subject +been+Verb-ing
Negative introgative: Had not you been living.....?
Had+not+subject+been+ verb+ing
Another Example
" James had been working at the pluit hospital
for fifteen years(james telah sedang bekerja
dirumah sakit pluit selama 15 tahun) before
he died(sebelum dia mninggal)
" Thomas had been traveling to west
kalimantan for a week before she went back
to jakarta( thomas telah sedang bepergian ke
kalimantan barat selama seminggu sebelum
dia kembali kejakarta)
The future tense
" Usage: it is used to describe an actions
that will happen in the future
Afirmative: i will sing a song
Subject + will+ verb 1 form
Negative :
Subject +will+ not + verb 1 form i will not sing a song
Introgative :
will +Subject +Verb 1 form Will you sing a song ?
Negative introgative:
will +subject+ verb 1 form Will not you sing a song?
The future continuous tense
" Usage : it is used to describe that somebody
is in the middle of doing something at the
certain time in the future
Afirmative:
Subject + will+be + verb-ing He will be studying tomorrow
Negative :
Subject + will + not+ verb-ing He will not be studying tomorrow
Interrogative :
Will+Subject+ be +Verb-ing will he be studying tomorrow?
Negative introgative:
Will +not+be +subject+ verb-ing will not he be studying tomorrow?
The future perfect tense
" Usage : it refers to an action, which will have
been completed at a particular point of time in
the future. It is always used with a time
expression.
Afirmative: He will have graduated from
Subject + will/shall+have+ verb3 Unissula by the end of this year
Negative : He will not have graduated from
Subject +will/shall+not+have+ verb Unissula by the end of this year
3
Interrogative : will he have graduated from
Will/shall+have +Subject +Verb 3 Unissula by the end of this year
Negative introgative:
will/shall+not+have +subject+ verb3 Will not he have graduated ,,,,,?
Another Example
" I will have passed my examination by
the end of this month.
" Lucia will have got merried to robbin by
june.
" A mechanic will have checked the
enggine before the pilot flies the plane.
The future perfect continuous tense
" Usage: it is used to describe an action
that is happening before another action
in the future
Afirmative: I will have been sleeping for two
Subject + will+have+been+ verb- hours at that time before my wife
ing gets home
Negative : I will not have been sleeping for two
Subject +will+not+have+been+verb- hours at that time before my wife
ing gets home
Interrogative : Will you have been sleeping.........?
Will+ Subject +have+been +Verb-ing
Negative introgative: Will not you have been sleeping.....?
Will +not+have+been+subject+
verb+ing
Another example
" The firefighters will have been fighting
against the fire for five hours by seven
o clock
" My child will have been playing for three
hours by the time i get home.
" Mr. Black will have been teaching here
for fifteen years at that time
Passive voice overview with example
Tense Subject To be (Auxiliary) Past particle
Singuler Plural
Present The car/cars Is Are designed
Present The car/cars Has been Have been designed
perfect
past The car/cars was were designed
Past perfect The car/cars Had been Had been designed
future The car/cars Will be Will be designed
Future The car/cars Will have Will have designed
perfect been been
Present The car/cars Is being Are being designed
continuous
Past The car/cars Was being Were being designed
continuous
Passive voice
" Usage: it shows that the subject is
receiving the action of the verb
(a) Active : Ali mails the package. (a) And (b) have the same meaning
(b) passive : the package is
mailed by Ali
(c) Ali mails the package. In (c) the object of an active
s v o sentence becomes the subject of a
passive sentence
The package is mailed by Ali
s v by-phrase
(d) Ali mails the package. (d) The subject of an active
s v o sentence is the subject of by in
the by-phrase in passive sentence
The package is mailed by Ali
s v by-phrase
Tense forms of passive voice
(Simple present,Past,Present perfect and Future)
Be + past pasrticiple
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple The news surprises me I am surprised by the news
present The news surprises sam Sam is surprised by the news
The news surprises us We are surprised by the news
Simpe past The news surprised me I was surprised by the news
The news surprised us We ware surprised by the
news
Present Ali has mailed the letter The letter has been mailed by
perfect ali
i have mailed the letter The letters have been mailed
by me
Future Ali will mail the letter The letter will be mailed by ali
Ali is going to mail the The letter is going to be
letter mailed by ali
Passive Modal Auxiliaries
" Modal auxiliaries are often used in the
passive.
Modal +Be+Past participle
" Form:
Passive Modal Auxiliaries
Active Modal Auxiliaries
(Modal +Be+Past participle)
Budi will mail it It will be mailed by budi
Budi can mail it It can be mailed by budi
Budi could mail it It could bemailed by budi
Budi should mail it It should be mailed by budi
Budi ought to mail it It ought to be mailed by budi
Budi must mail it It must be mailed by budi
Budi has to mail it It has to be mailed by budi
Budi may mail it It may be mailed by budi
Budi might mail it It might be mailed by budi
Wh+how questions
Question Meaning Examples
words
Who Person Who s that?
Where Place Where do you live?
Why Reason Why do you sleep early?
When Time When do you go to work?
How Manner How do you go?
What Object, action What do yo do
Which Choice Which one do you prefer?
Whose Possession Whose is this book?
Whom Object of verb Whom did you meet?
What kind Description What kind of music do you like?
What time Time What time did you come home?
How many Quantity(coun How many students are there?
table)
How much Amount,price How much did you buy the sugar?
(uncountable)
Wh+how questions
Question word Meaning Examples
How long Duration,length How long did you stay in the hotel?
How often Frequency How often do you go to the gym
How far Distance How far is your school ?
How old Age How old are you?
How come Reason How come i didn t see you at the
party
The rules of some and any
" Some : Espeacially used in affirmative
sentence, some is used for both
countable and uncountable noun.
" Examples:
" I have some friends
" I would like some water
" Would you like some bread?(offer)
" Can i have some
water,please?(request)
" Any : Espeacially used in negative
sentence, any is used for both
countable and uncountable noun
" Example
" I dont have any friends
" He has not any cheese
" Have you got any idea?
" Do you have any keys?
The rules of much,many, a lot
" Much :it is used for uncountable noun.
" Example:
" I have much money
" We need much water
" Many : it is used for countable noun.
" Example:
" There are many students
" She has many friends
" A lot of : it might be used both countable
or uncaountable noun.
" Example:
" There are a lot of books
" There are lots of books
" I ve gotten a lot of money
" I ve gotten lots of money
The rules of little and a few
" Little : it is used for uncountable noun.
" Example: i have gotten little money
" A few: it is used for countable noun
" Example : i have gotten a few friends
Writing Exercise
" Make your own recount text related with
your past experiance about holidays
" Consider these following instrutions:
1. Attend to the generic structure
(orientation, event, re-orientation).
2. Use the passive voice,at least 3.
3. include the kinds of part of speech.
4. The text no exceed than 150 words
gerund
" Gerund is a form of verb that functions
as noun and ends in  ing.
1. As the Subject : Whwn an action is
being considered in a general sense.
Example :
a. Reading French is easier than
speaking it.
b. Swimming is good sport.
2. as the object of verbs
" Example:
" 2. As the object of verbs
Example:
a. He admitted stealing the money.
b. She advised waiting until tommorow.
c. He avoided answering my question.
d. He quits smoking
" 3. in short prohibition
Example:
A. No smoking
B. No parkinng
" 4. after preposition
a. We use this pot for brewing herb tae
b. What can you do beside typing?
c. After swimming, i felt cold
d. He coached them in swimming
e. What about leaving it her and collecting
it letar?
f. Touch you toes without bending your
knees.