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GRAMMAR

PAST PERFECT

Past perfect: had + past participle

Positive and negative

I had seen the film before.

I hadn't seen the film before.

He/she/it hadn't seen the film before.

We/you/they had seen the film before.

Questions

Had I seen the film before?

Had he/she/they seen the film before?

We use past perfect to express an action in the past which happened before another action in the past:

She bought me a film. I hadn't seen the film before (before she bought it for me)

My hand was tired. I had written ten letters. (before my hand got tired)

When I arrived at the party, everyone had left. (before I arrived)

UWAGA 1 Different past tenses:

When I arrived at the party, everyone left: (they left because they didn't like me)

When I arrived at the party, everyone had left (they left before I arrived)

Hermann had been an engineer for two years (in the past; no connection with now)

Hermann has been an engineer for two years (until now)

UWAGA 2 Past simple or past perfect?

We can sometimes use past simple in the same way as past perfect if it is clear when something happened:

I was sick after I ate the soup (it is clear when I was sick: after the soup)

I was sick after I had eaten the soup (also correct)

We use past simple for parts of a simple story:

I bought a cake, I ate it and then I felt sick NOT I had bought a cake, I had eaten it ...

BUT

I was sick because I had eaten a cake (I ate the cake before I was sick)

I recognised him because we'd met before (we met before I recognised him)

Practice 1

Complete the sentences with past simple, present perfect or past perfect:

1. When I saw my friend in the street, I ......................... (shout) to him.

2. John was sad when his dog ................................... (die).

3. Hermann .............................. (live) here since 1997. He likes this city very much.

4. John's skin was very brown because he .............................. (be) on holiday.

5. I ........................ (go) to the cinema and .......................(see) a great film.

6. She ...................... (never, be) to a zoo before and she was very excited.

7. ...............................you ......................(ever, travel) on a plane before?

8. I was late for the concert and it ............................ (finish) when I arrived.

9. When I won the lottery, I ........................... (jump) in the air and screamed.

10. I ................................ (meet) Hermann for the first time in 1997.

Practice 2

Complete the paragraph with a suitable past tense:

When I .............. (be) younger my family ............... (be) very poor. I ................ (eat) only dry bread and ............... (drink) only water. My father ................. (be) a miner when he was younger but later he .............. (stop) working. My mother .............. (work) in a shop. I remember once, when I .................. (eat) some bread, my tooth ............. (fall) out because I ...................... (have, not) enough vitamins! Fortunately, my life .................... (improve) improved since then. I ................... (get) married in 1973 and I ..................... (teach) at the university since 1990.

Revision: Perfect tenses

Use present perfect (simple or continuous) to complete the sentences:

1. Professor Jones ................................ (teach) here for many years. The students love him.

2. John ........................... (not, read) it yet, so he'd like to borrow it after you finish it.

3. I ................................... (wait) here for three hours! Why are you so late?

4. Hermann ................................ (never, see) snow. He's from Africa.

5. How long .................................... (live) in Japan?

VOCABULARY

LEARNING ENGLISH - USEFUL PHRASES

What does ................. mean?

How do you spell .......................?

What is the difference between .......... and ................?

How do you pronounce/say this word/it?

Can you give me an example?

Did I say/pronounce it right?

Could you say that/it again more slowly, please?

Sorry, I don't understand.

How do you say ................... in English?

Could you write it/that for me?

Dialogue 1:

Hermann: What does exhausted mean?

Teacher: It means 'very tired.'

Hermann: How do you spell it?

Teacher: E-X-H-A-U-S-T-E-D.

Hermann: Could you give me an example?

Teacher: OK. "After running the marathon, I was exhausted."

Hermann: Hmm. Exhausted. Did I pronounce it right?

Teacher. Yes, very good.

Dialogue 2:

Englishman: Hey, do you know where the library is?

Hermann: Sorry, I don't understand. Could you say that again?

Englishman: Do you know where the library is?

Hermann: Yes, it's near the poczta ... er, how do you say that in English?

Englishman: Poshta? Do you mean Post Office?

Hermann: That's it. The library is near the post office.

Vocabulary from the unit:

air - powietrze

exhausted - wyczerpany

marathon - maraton

pronounce - wymawiać, wymówić

recognise - rozpoznać

scream - wrzeszczeć, krzyczeć

shout - krzyczeć

LESSON 20 - answer key

GRAMMAR

Practice 1

1. When I saw my friend in the street, I shouted (shout) to him.

2. John was sad when his dog died (die).

3. Hermann has lived/has been living (live) here since 1997. He likes this city very much.

4. John's skin was very brown because he had been (be) on holiday.

5. I went (go) to the cinema and saw (see) a great film.

6. She had never been (never, be) to a zoo before and she was very excited.

7. Have/Had you ever travelled (ever, travel) on a plane before?

8. I was late for the concert and it had finished (finish) when I arrived.

9. When I won the lottery, I jumped (jump) in the air and screamed.

10. I met (meet) Hermann for the first time in 1997.

Practice 2

When I was (be) younger my family was (be) very poor. I ate (eat) only dry bread and drank (drink) only water. My father was (be) a miner when he was younger but later he stopped (stop) working. My mother worked (work) in a shop. I remember once, when I was eating (eat) some bread, my tooth fell (fall) out because I hadn't had (have, not) enough vitamins! Fortunately, my life has improved (improve) improved since then. I got (get) married in 1973 and I have been teaching (teach) at the university since 1990.

Revision: Perfect tenses

1. Professor Jones has been teaching (teach) here for many years. The students love him.

2. John hasn't read (not, read) it yet, so he'd like to borrow it after you finish it.

3. I have been waiting (wait) here for three hours! Why are you so late?

4. Hermann has never seen (never, see) snow. He's from Africa.

5. How long have you lived / have you been living (live) in Japan?

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