TERMS
Abhorrers - the name given in 1679 to the persons who expressed their abhorrence at the action of those who had signed petitions urging King Charles II of England to assemble Parliament.
Angevin Empire - the empire ruled by Henry Plantagenet and his sons. At its largest extent, the Angevin Empire consisted of the Kingdom of England, the Lordship of Ireland, the duchies of Normandy, Gascony, and Aquitaine (also called Guyenne)[14] as well as of the Counties of Anjou, Poitou, Maine, Touraine, Saintonge, Marche, Périgord, Limousin, Nantes, and Quercy.
Angles - Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Anglican Church - officially established Christian Church of England whose head is the Archibishop of Canterbury
Antonine Wall - a barrier built in 142 on the north to separate “Roman” Britain and “barbarian” Britain. Built north from the Hadrian's Wall
Auld Alliance - an alliance between France and Scotland against England during the Hundred Years' War - 1295
Authorized version of Bible - 1611 - English translation the only outcome of the Millenary Petition and the Hampton Court Conference.
Babington Plot (1586) - conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth I, liberate Mary, rally support among English Roman Catholics for a Spanish invasion force.
Barons - a title of nobility
Barrows - communal graves in the eastern areas of Britain (Neolithic Period)
Bastard feudalism - feudalism in the Late Middle Ages, primarily in England. Its main characteristic is military, political, legal, or domestic service in return for money, office, and/or influence. The gentry began to think of themselves as the men of their lord rather than of the king.
Beaker people - arrived to Britain in Bronze Age, brought a metal-working technology, buried their dead in individual graves (tumuli) in pottery jars - beakers. Their arrival marked the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age
Bishops' Wars - 1638 - Charles I and Archbishop Laud tried to make the Scottish Church like the English Church (a mixture of Protestant and Catholic). The Scots had a Presbyterian Church . The Scots revolted, and the troops that Charles had sent to put down the rebellion rebelled as well.
Black Death - an epidemic of bubonic plague in Europe that started in 1348. The bacteria was carried by fleas and transferred to humans through contact with rats. The patient normally dies after a few days. Due to the plague the population in Europe drastically decreased.
Book of Common Prayer - introduced in 1549 by the First Act of Uniformity, the only legal service book. Revised by the Second Act of Uniformity in 1552.
Borough - in the Middle Ages, boroughs were settlements in England that were granted some self-government
Bretwalda - the supreme ruler of all Britain (since 7th century - Heptarchy)
Britons - the Celts who had adopted Roman ways
Burgh - fortified towns established by king Alfred the Great.
CABAL - a group of ministers of King Charles II of England (Sir Thomas Clifford, Lord Arlington, the Duke of Buckingham, Lord Ashley, and Lord Lauderdale), whose initial letters coincidentally spelled CABAL, and who were the signers of the public Treaty of Dover that allied England to France in a prospective war against the Dutch.[3] It must be said, however, that the so-called Cabal Ministry can hardly be seen as such — the Scot Lauderdale was not much involved in English governance at all; while the Catholic ministers of the Cabal, Clifford and Arlington, were never much in sympathy with the Protestants, Buckingham and Ashley, nor did Buckingham and Ashley get on very well with each other. Thus, the "Cabal Ministry," never really unified in its members' aims and sympathies, fell apart by 1672
Cavaliers - the Royalists (Civil War), supported king against the Parliament.
Celtic Church - existed by the early 4th century. Monastic nature - lack of dioceses - abbots were the leaders, not bishops, due to tribal structure of Celtic lands. It stressed conversion of ordinary people. Established by St Patrick.
Celts - People that arrived to Britain around 700 BC from southern Europe, originated from the Alps, the first group of Indo-European speakers. Social system: 1. king, 2. warrior aristocracy, 3. freemen farmers. River names: Thames, Mersey, Severn, Avon, Esk, Ouse. City names: Leeds, London, Dover.
Charters of freedom - granted by Henry I in 1100, Church- all the vacant sees and benefices will be filled up, barons - all oppressive feudal laws will be abolished, the pope- the laws of Edward the Confessor will be restored.
Chartism - as a movement for political and social reform in the United Kingdom during the mid-19th century between 1838 and 1850. Suffrage voting for all men age 18 and over, equal-sized electoral districts, voting by secret ballot, an end to the need for a property qualification for Parliament, pay for Members of Parliament, annual election of Parliament
Church of England - rose during the reign of Henry VIII who wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon. The Roman Church didn't allow it so Henry with a support of Lutherans' movement became the head of the Church in England refusal of institution of papacy etc.
Civil Wars (1642-49) - Irish rebellion against the English Protestant Parliament, Charles I tried to raise the money but Parliament didn't agree. He was supported by House of Lords and some Commons (Cavaliers). By 1645 the Royalist army was unpaid and rebelled. They were defeated in1645 at Naseby. Charles was captured and beheaded on 31.01.1649. Cromwell became the Protector and England became Republic.
Clans - group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by actual or perceived descent from a common ancestor. In Scotland! Of highlanders.
Common law - emerged thanks to the reforms of Henry Plantagenet, replacing the disparate customs of feudal and county courts.
Commonwealth - The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England (after the English Civil War) under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son and successor Richard from 1649 to 1660. It formed the first republic in the English-speaking world, though this quickly devolved into a de facto monarchy. The Cromwellian Commonwealth is sometimes referred to as the Old Commonwealth in a British context.
Conservative Party
Convention Parliament - The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments, of 1399, 1660 and 1689. The definition of the term convention parliament is generally taken to be: A parliament which does not derive its authority or legitimacy from an existing or previously enacted parliamentary action or process.
Court of Star Chamber - a court of law use by Henry VII to curb the disorder that continued after the conclusion of the Wars of the Roses.
Curia Regis - Norman institution that replaced Witan
Dail
Danegeld - money paid by the English to Danes to buy peace, started by Ethelred the Unready
Demesne - in the feudal system, all the land, not necessarily all contiguous to the manor house, that was retained by a lord for his own use - as distinguished from land "alienated" or granted to others as freehold tenants.
Dissolution of the monasteries - in 1534 Cromwell initiated a Visitation of the Monasteries, in fact - to value their assets with a view to expropriation. Commissioners claimed to have discovered sexual immorality and financial impropriety among monks. Reasons: the Church owed 1/5-1/3 of the land in all England. Cromwell wanted to bind nobility to Royal Supremacy by selling lands to them. The Pilgrimage of Grace - rebellion that spread throughout Yorkshire.
Divine Right of Kings - belief, that the monarch derives his right to rule directly from the will of God, not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including the church. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute heresy.
Doomsday Book - a survey in 1086 recording everything, it reflected the feudal system, land divisions, acres of land, flock, ploughs, churches, priests etc. Ordered by William the Conqueror.
Druids - Celtic priests and political leaders, recruited from families of the warrior clans but of a higher rank, Celtic origin, “oak knowledge”
Earl - referring especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a king's stead. It became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced with duke; in later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count
Enclosures - when a farming land was changed into land for keeping sheep and closed from the general use.
Episcopalians
Excommunication - a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community, imposed on John the Lackland in 1209.
Fealty - feudal term, an oath of the loyalty sworn by a vassal to his lord on the Bible or sacred relicts.
Fee - fief
Feudalism - political system that consisted of 4 groups: vassals who provided military service and food on demand for knights; knights who bestowed land on his many vassals and provided military service and protection on demand to the nobility; nobility that bestowed land on his many knights and provided military service and protection on demand of the king; and the king that provided money, army on demand, bestowed land on his many nobles.
Fidei Defensor - Defender of the Faith - a title given to Henry VIII by Pope Leo X.
Fief - in feudalism, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord, generally to a vassal, in return for a form of allegiance.
Fire of London - The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666.
Franchise - generally means a right or privilege. It may refer to: Suffrage, the civil right to vote.
Fyrd - the Anglo-Saxon army
Glorious Revolution (1688) - political results of the events of 1688. Parliament invited William of Orange (husband of Mary Stuart) to invade England in order to prevent James II to retain the Crown. Parliament crowned William showing that it has greater power than the king.
Great Exhibition (1851) -organised by Queen Victoria in the Crystal Palace
Great Plague (1665) - of London, killed 68.000 ppl.
Guilds - an association of craftsmen in a particular trade.
Gunpowder Plot - The plot intended to kill the king, his family and most of the Protestant aristocracy quite literally in a single blow, by blowing up the Houses of Parliament during the State Opening on 5 November 1605. Robert Catesby - the leader, Guy Fawkes.
Handrian Wall - a clear barrier between “Roman” Britain and the “barbarian” Britain north (73 niles long) - encouraged by Emperor Handrian in 122.
Henges - a nearly circular or oval-shaped flat area over 20 metres in diameter that is enclosed and delimited by a boundary earthwork that usually comprises a ditch with an external bank.
High treason - is criminal disloyalty to one's country.
Homage - feudal term, the act of submission made by a feudal tenant to his lord.
House of Commons - Parliament divided by Edward III
House of Lords
Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453) - war between France and England that broke out because of rival pretensions to the French throne. Started during the reign of Edward II and ended during the reign of Henry VI. With changeable luck, eventually England lost all its possessions except for Calais.
Imposition is a term used in the printing industry. Print operators will print books using large sheets of paper which will be folded later. This allows for faster printing, simplified binding, and lower production costs. Imposition is the process of arranging pages correctly prior to printing so that they fold in the correct order.
Independents
Indian mutiny (1857)- rebellion in India against unfair treatment by the English soldiers, became a national movement against foreign rule.
Industrial Revolution - a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power, resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry.
Interdict - in 1208 pope Innocent III imposed it on England as a result of his disagreements with King John the Lackland.
Investiture - feudal term, an act in which the lord gave to the vassal a piece of earth to symbolise the transfer to of the fief to the vassal.
Invincible Armada - fleet of Spanish vessels that attacked English fleet when England moved from cold war to open war against Spain. Why? Philip II's ambition to destroy Protestantism and revenge Mary Stuart; English assistance in the Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands against the Catholic Spain; Devastation and plundering of Spanish ships and possessions by English pirates (`sea dogges'); Destruction of Spanish ships in Cadiz by Drake 1587. Chief commander-the Duke de Medina-Sidonia. During the reign of Elizabeth I.
Ironsides - a cavalry trooper in the army formed by Oliver Cromwell.
Jacobites - the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart. Jacobitism was a response to the deposition of James II and VII in 1688 when he was replaced by his daughter Mary II.
Jury system - a legal proceeding in which juries are first for giving evidence in cases involving property and are responsible for judging the evidence. Introduced by Henry II.
Jutes - a Germanic people who, according to Bede, were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time.
Labour Party
Levellers - (after Civil Wars and dissolution of Parliament) a group of ppl who wanted the Parliament to meet every 2 years, they also wanted to complete the religious freedom.
Liberals
Lollards - lollardy - a movement deriving from the writings of John Wycliffe who stressed the primacy of Scripture.
Long Parliament - November1640 -desperate Charles summons Parliament not legally dissolved for twenty years. Majority of the Commons are Puritans in religion. Laud and Wentworth are impeached (Wentworth executed).
Longbow - a type of bow that is tall (roughly equal to the height of a person who uses it), used to great effect against the French in the Hundred Years' War.
Lord Protector - when a king is to young to rule, the authority is exercised by lord protector. Edward VI was too young when he succeeded, lord protector - Edward Seymour.
- title held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653-September 1658) and his son and designated successor Richard Cromwell (September 1658-May 1659) during what is now known as The Protectorate.
Lords Spiritual - also called Spiritual Peers, are the 26 bishops of the established Church of England who serve in the House of Lords along with the Lords Temporal.
Lords Temporal - secular members of the House of Lords
Manor - of the baron, the land held by a tenant-in-chief of the king, the basic economic unit during the feudalism.
Mayflower - the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts (which would become the capital of Plymouth Colony), in 1620
Merchant Adventurers - an association of London cloth exporters. By 1485 - they controlled the London-Antwerp market, by 1496 - already a chartered organization with a legal monopoly of the woollen cloth trade.
Methodism - a new religious movement in XVIII c which offered hope and self-respect to the new proletariat. It dealt only with heavenly matters.
Model Parliament - 1295, (in time of Edward I) representation of all classes with political rights (their approval for taxation required), dealt with judiciary, legislation, taxation, possibility of impeachment for state dignitaries, monarchy and parliament are in equal position. The first Parliament.
Monopolies
New Model Army - was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration. It differed from other armies in the same conflict in that it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country, rather than being tied to a single area or garrison.
Nonconformists - at the time of James II - Puritans.
Normans - the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. They descended from Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of mostly Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock.
Ordeal - a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task.
Outlawry- state of being outside the law.
Peasants' Revolt -revolt against the Prayer Book in Devonshire in 1381 led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw.
Peerage - a system of titles of nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. The ranks of the English peerage are Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron.
Peter's Pence - an annual contribution made by Roman Catholics to support the Papal see
Picts -tribes that later became eastern and northern Scotland from before the Roman conquest until the 10th century.
Pilgrim fathers - a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts
Pilgrimage of Grace - revolt that spread through Yorkshire during the dissolution of monasteries. The promises made by the Dyke of Norfolk to the rebels, were ignored by the king, who ordered Norfolk to put the rebellion down execution of rebels.
Presbyterians - Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Bible and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ.
Privateers - a pirate operating on behalf of a government
Privy Council - a body that advises the head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government.
Protectorate - republican administration of England (Cromwell)
Protestantism
Puritans - desired to established a purer form of worship (beginning of Stuarts). In 1603 they presented the Millenary Petition: abolition of certain ceremonies, simpler ritual than Elizabeth had required, new translation of the Bible.
Quakers - a sect that became popular for its reforming social work in XVIII c
Recusants - in the history of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or State religion, the Church of England.
Reformation - the English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
Regency - the Regency period in the United Kingdom is the era between 1811 and 1820, when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son, later George IV, was instated to be his proxy as Prince Regent.
Roman Church - the date of the introduction of Christianity to Britain is not known; in 664 - synod in Whitby - differences between the Celtic and Roman churches resolved in favour of Rome. Establishment of dioceses, parochial system and monasteries. Development of a parish system in England, the churches attracted tradesmen, craftsmen and servants communities towns. RC contributed to the power of kings of England. St Augustine - the first Archbishop of Canterbury VIc
Rotten boroughs - the term "rotten" or "decayed" borough referred to a parliamentary borough or constituency in the United Kingdom which had a very small population and was used by a patron to exercise undue and unrepresentative influence within parliament.
Roundheads - the Parliament soldiers in Civil War.
Rump - The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.
Salic law - French law of male succession
Salisbury Oath - Salisbury, oath of, 1086. In August 1086 William I summoned `landowning men of any account' to attend at Salisbury and swear allegiance to him and to be faithful against all other men. The oath was demanded at a time of crisis when the Conqueror was facing revolt and invasion. There seems little doubt that it was intended as a practical assurance and reminder rather than as a constitutional statement.
Sanctuary
Saxons - a confederation of Old Germanic tribes.
Scutage - monetary payments that replaced military service (Legal Reforms), introduced during the reign of Henry II.
Serf - status of unfree peasants under feudalism.
Sheriff - a legal official with responsibility for a county.
Ship money - Originally-coastal towns had given kings ships for the Royal Navy; later -they gave the kings money to build the ships. Charles stated that since the Royal Navy was for the defense of the entire country, all towns should pay this ship money. The tax was levied from 1634 to 1636-it led to the growth of opposition. A direct attempt to eliminate Parliament -> a form of taxation without representation. Irish rebellion Charles tries to arrest 5 MP's The Civil War.
Shire - Anglo-Saxon administration, counties that England was divided into, ruled by the ealdorman, sheriffs and bishops.
Short Parliament - 1640 -Charles had to summon Parliament to get funds. It is dissolved after 3 weeks. The King did not obtain the money.
Squire - descendents of the older Tudor gentry, the ruling class of countryside.
Stonehenge - a construction built out of stones in three stages betweend around 3100 and 2000BC in Salisbury Plain
Stuarts - from James I (VI in Scotland) to Anne Stuart.
Suffragettes - the more radical and militant members of the late-19th and early-20th century movement for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom, in particular members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). However, after former and then active members of the movement began to reclaim the word, the term became a label without negative connotations. It derives from the word "suffrage", meaning the right to vote.
Tenant-in-chief - or barons, men who held the land directly from the king, they divide up the land among other ppl who then owed services to t-i-c. Started during the reign of William the Conqueror.
Theng (or thane) - the followers of the king that led the scattered bands of the Anglo-Saxons during the invasion.
Tithes - is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a (usually) voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a Christian religious organization
Tories - an Irish name for thieves, political group opposed to the Whigs. They upheld the authority of the Crown and the Church.
Trial by battle - one of the two types of trials, where 2 parties in dispute fought in a single combat. The winner was proclaimed to be right.
Trial by ordeal - one of the two types of trials, where guilt was determined by subjecting of the accused to a painful task. If he/she survived, they were considered innocent.
Tudors - a dynasty of kings of England. The first - Henry VII, the last - Elizabeth I.
Uniformity
Vassal - in feudalism, they rented land from their lords and in exchange they paid services to them.
Vikings - the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants and pirates, they raided and colonized wide areas of Europe thanks to their longships, also they raided on Britain.
Villa
Villein - a medieval peasant, a class frequently mentioned in the Domsday book, they cultivated land in the village fields in return for labour services in the manorial farm.
Wardship
Wars of the Roses - a major factor in the weakening of the feudal power of the nobles, fought over the throne of England between branches of the Plantagenet royal house: of Lancaster (Red Rose) - support from the north and the west; and of York (White Rose) - support from the south and the east. It started with overthrowing of King Richard II by Henry Bolingbroke. 1455-85 - the principal period of armed conflict in the Wars. Who should be the next king: the Duke of York or Edward, the son of Henry VI and Margaret. It finally led to Henry Tudor's coronation. Henry became the king and married Elizabeth of York joining the two houses.
Wergild - (man-payment) the money that the murderer paid to the victim's family to free the himself from the vengeance of the victim's family
Whigs - a group of MPs against the Catholic Church and monarchy, believed strongly in religious freedom, undecided who they wanted to be the next king (Charles II - no children). They believed the authority was up to the Parliament.
Witan - an informal gr. of advisers made up of ealdormen, thegns, bishops, summoned by the king to give advice and witness acts of royal administration.
Yeomen - farmers that took part in the revolution during the reign of Henry VII
PEOPLE
Adam Smith - a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy.
Admiral Horatio Nelson - the commander of the British fleet at the war with France at sea. Britain's greatest national hero at that time. He won at Trafalgar in 1805.
Alfred the Great - the king of Wessex, he reformed the country, introduced English to be a language of education and literature, improved scholarship, established the law, Royal Navy and burghs.
Anne Boleyn - Henry VIII's wife. To marry her, Henry divorced his previous wife and introduced reformation that ended in schism and creation of the Church of England. She couldn't produce a son. Falsely charged with adultery executed.
Archbishop William Laud - archbishop of Canterbury appointed by James I, he brought back many Catholic practices into the Anglican Church.
Bede Venerabilis - (673-735) monk at Jarrow, history of Christianity in England also pertaining to political events - historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (731)
Benjamin Disraeli
Black Prince - Edward the Prince of Wales, son of Edward III, popular, an exceptional military leader, died one year before his father and thus he never ruled as a king.
Boudicca/ Boadicea - she raised a rebellion throughout East Anglia against the Romans in 61 AD
Catherine of Aragon - the first wife of Henry VIII, previously married to his brother Arthur. She couldn't produce any male hair and Henry decided to divorce her. She has only one child - Marry.
Charles I - king of England (1625-49) unreliable and unwise, in constant conflict with Parliament over taxes, power and foreign policy, he kept asking Parliament for more money, when they refused, he started collecting taxes without their approval, tried raising money by borrowing from merchants, bankers and landowning gentry The Petition of Right (1628). He lost control over state money, the national budget and the law. Charles turned to Archbishop William Laud and Sir Thomas Wentworth. He introduced Ship Money. He gathered an inexperienced army against Scots. However, he agreed to all their freedoms and paid them money to persuade them to return home. He took the money from the Parliament became dependent on them. After Civil Wars he was captured by Cromwell, he encouraged Scots to rebel but they were defeated. Puritans wanted him executed. And he was in 1649.
Charles II - after his father's death he joined Scots against the English Parliament's army they were defeated he escaped to France. After Cromwell's death and the collapse of Protectorate, he became king. He was careful to make peace with his father's enemies. Believed in the divine right, admired king of France - Louis XIV. He wanted to make a religious peace, but the Parliament was strongly Anglican and wouldn't allow this. He himself was attracted to Catholic Church
Charlie Bonnie Prince - prince Charles Edward Stuart, persuaded many Scottish clans to join him to win back the throne. In Edinburgh his army of Highlanders defeated English, but they were defeated by British army at Culloden.
Christopher Wren - he rebuilt the churches and the cathedral of St. Paul after the Fire of London.
Cnute (Canute) - King of Denmark, begun the Danish dynasty in England (1016 - 1042), a wise an peaceful ruler, divided the country into earldoms (Northumbria, East Anglia, Mercia, Wessex).
Duke of Wellington - derived from Wellington in Somerset, is a hereditary title in the senior rank of the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first holder of the title was Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), the noted Irish-born career British Army officer and statesman, and unqualified references to the Duke of Wellington almost always refer to him.
Edward Coke - appointed by James as Chief Justice, he made decisions based on the law which limited the king's power. The king was not above the law, the king and his council could not make new laws. Laws could only be made by Act of Parliament.
Edward I - king of England (1272-1307) the ideal medieval king, a good fighter, his chivalric qualities were admired. Introduced Statues, system of distraint was operated. He began his reign with heavy debts, but his policies were successful and profitable. He expelled Jews from England in 1290. Reforms of the Parliament 1295 The Model Parliament. Wars with: Wales (2 wars both won), France (loss of Gascony) and Scotland (Auld Alliance in 1295 with France, it continued into the reign of Edward II).
Edward III - son of Edward II, king of England (1327-77), overthrew his mother (Isabella of France) in 1330/ Scottish throne - he supported Edward Balliol. Reforms: introduction English lg as the official lg of courts of law, division of the Parliament to the House of Commons and House of Lords (1332). He attempted to be the next heir to the throne of France Hundred Years' War.
Edward Somerset - lord protector of Edward VI. Due to his politics (changes in religion, overbearing conduct and unsuccessful war with Scotland) forced to resign from protectorship and executed for treason.
Edward the Confessor - king of England appointed in 1042 by Witan, more interested in the Church than in ruling, started a new church at Westminster.
Edward VI Tudor - king of England (1547-53)
Edward VII - 1841 - 1910
Egbert of Wessex - the first king of England (in 829). He united the Heptarchy into the Kingdom of England, started the House of Wessex.
Elizabeth I - queen of England (1558-1603), excellent choice of advisors; not reigned but governed England; left the country prosperous with national spirit; the age of maritime adventurers and beginning of overseas expansion, a wise compromise in religious matters: Catholic ceremony but Protestant theology, priests free to marry, Reform of coinage, Refraining from the military ventures, peace on England's northern boarder with Scotland, A revolution in reading and writing, overseas expansion. Crisis started because of: the queen's refusal to marry, the various plots to replace her with Mary of Scotland, the religious and economic clash with Spain. As a result of a sea war with Spain she had to sell her capital. During the crisis in 1590s there was an increasing parliamentary criticism of the queen's economic policies and political leadership.
Emmeline Pankhurst - was a political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement, which won women the right to vote
Francis Bacon - James I's Lord Chancellor, every scientific idea must be tested via experiment.
Francis Drake - admiral and explorer, organised buccaneering expeditions to the Spanish Main. 1587 -Drake sacked Cadiz -sinking of 30 Spanish ships and delaying the Spanish preparation the Armada.
George I - became king of England because after Queen Anne's death according to the Act of Settlement he was her closest Protestant relative. There were tires of deposing him. He spoke only German the government power increased.
George II - king of England, he exercised little control over policy in his early reign, the government instead being controlled by Sir Robert Walpole.
George III - king of England, in 1763 he made peace with France. He was a Hanovarian but he had no interest in Hanover.
George IV
George V - the first British monarch of the House of Windsor, which he created from the British branch of the German House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Guy Fawkes - he plotted against Charles I - the Gunpowder Plot - he tried to blow up the House of Parliament
Henry I - king of England, granted a Charter of Liberties in 1100, reformed royal treasury system, legal reforms, wars against France, invasions of Wales, establishing of the office of justiciar.
Henry II - Plantagenet (1154-1189) son of Matilda - daughter of Henry I. He created The Angevin Empire, introduced scutage, appointed St. Thomas Becked the Archbishop of Canterbury and then due their disagreements concerning land he ordered his followers to kill the archbishop. He died of a broken heart :P.
Henry III - (1216-1271) king of England, had little military ability and not always upheld national interests, incompetent ruler, his ineffectual government, financial mismanagement and dependence upon foreign favourites provoked baronial opposition 2nd Barons' War (1258-65). He allied himself with the Pope Louis IX, Peace of Paris in 1259 He abandons Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Poitou and recognises the French king's overloardship of the Duchy of Guyenne. In 1258 he was forced by Simon de Montfort to grant the Provisions of Oxford - executive power in the hands of the king and a council of 15
Henry IV - Bolingbroke, (1399-1413), son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster - new dynasty begins. Short reign - he's unable to finish his plans for campaigns in France.
Henry V - king of England, turned down an Armagnac offer to restore the 1369 frontiers in return for support demanding a return to the full territories of Henry II. He was to become the king of France but dies in 1422 leaving Henry VI as heir at war with France.
Henry VI - lost all the English holdings in France, suffered bouts of mental illness, the Wars of the Roses,
Henry VII - king of England (1485-1509). The first Tudor king of England, defeated and killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, by the time of his death he had amassed a personal fortune of Ł1.25 million. He pulled England out of difficult situation after the WoR. He married Elizabeth of York and thus joined 2 families. He combined 2 emblems of White and Red Roses into the Tudor Rose. During his reign the population sharply increased social and economic revolution, development of the woollen cloth trade, inflation. He controlled the finances, subjects were fined instead of executed, he confiscated the lands of the rebellious nobles, he had no interest in trying to regain French territories, he concluded the Anglo-French war. He subsidized shipbuilding.
Henry VIII - king of England, very intelligent and talented man, he married his dead brother's wife and then divorced her. He revolutionised the Church Church of England. First Act of succession 1534, The Act of Supremacy 1534, The Act of Six Articles 1539, dissolution of monasteries
James I of England - king of England (1603-1625) James VI of Scotland, highly educated, The first king of four countries of the British Isles, his policy was to govern without Parliament. He lacked dignity and force of Tudors, successful in ruling without Parliament between 1611 and 1621. Revenues: impositions, monopolies, instituting the title of baronet, he first successful colonies planted on the American mainland. Until his death in 1625 James was always quarrelling with Parliament Highly successful king, a theatre lover.
James II - became king of England after his brother's (Charles II) death in 1685. He tried to bring back the Catholic Church and allowed its existence beside the Anglican Church. He tried to get rid of Tories and Anglicans. Parliament eventually deprived him of the Crown when William of Orange invaded England. After being defeated by William he never returned to any of his kingdoms.
James Watt - in 1781 he produced an engine with a turning motion made of iron and steel.
Jane Seymour - 3rd wife of Henry VIII. She gave him a son (Edward VI), but died soon after.
John Cabot - Giovanni Caboto sailed in a search of northwest passage to China and landed in Newfoundland.
John de Balliol - after the death of King Alexander III of Scotland, he was designated king, forced to abdicate in 1296 (defeated at Dunbarand)
John Hawkins - slave trader from Africa to Spanish West Indies; weakening the Spanish Empire; later becoming English admiral, treasurer(1577), comptroller of the navy.
John Knox - a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination
John Locke - idely known as the Father of Liberalism,[2][3][4] was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. He postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa.
John Marlborough - was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs throughout the late 17th and early 18th centuries. When James became king in 1685, Churchill played a major role in crushing the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion; but just three years later, Churchill abandoned his Catholic king for the Protestant William of Orange.
John Milton - a puritan, religious writer.
John Pym - a leader of Puritans in the House of Commons, fought against the authoritarian rule of Charles I. He tried to introduce a new Prayer Book in Scotland failed.
John Wilkes - a Whig, didn't like government of George III. He believed that the politics should be an open discussion for everyone. He criticised George for the way he made peace with France (didn't inform Prussia). He was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London, but he won his case and was released. the age of public opinion arrived.
John Wycliffe - the fourteenth century Bible translator, “the prophet of the Reformation”, an Oxford scholar and priest, created the concept of dominium - the state might deprive unworthy clergy their property, brought to trial twice but his protector John of Gaunt was able to stop the trials. After writing a controversial treatise on the Eucharist - banished from Oxford. He translated the Bible into English to make it more accessible to more people. His doctrines were condemned on synod in 1382.
John, the Lackland - king John I of England (1199-1216), weak, cruel and cowardly. His reign started with the contest with Prince Arthur loss of Normandy in 1204. He was excommunicated by the Pope Innocent III in 1209, introduced extensive taxation of all classes First Barons' War introduced Magna Carta Libertatum (1215). In 1213 he reconciled with the papacy and surrendered England to the Pope, receiving it back as a fief. Shift farming, rentier system, wages of knights increased, England noted as a producer of very high quality woollen cloth, wool trade with Flanders, development of salt and coal mining, universities: Oxford (1168) and Cambridge (1209).
Kenneth MacAlpin - the first king of Scotland.
King Arthur - a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders in the early 6th century.
King Harold (Godwinson) - Harold II, was the last Anglo-Saxon King of England before the Norman Conquest. Harold reigned from 5 January 1066, until his death at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October of that same year, fighting the Norman invaders, led by William the Conqueror.
Lady Jane Grey - queen of England, after Mary being declared illegitimate.
Macbeth - Mac Bethad mac Findlaích "the Red King" (died 15 August 1057), was King of the Scots from 1040 until his death. He is best known as the subject of William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth and the many works it has inspired, although the play is historically inaccurate.
Mary Tudor - “bloody”, queen of England (1553-58), devout Roman Catholic, set about revising the Protestant tide in England, married Philip II of Spain. In 1554 the peasants of Kent rose against her policies, but the rebellion was crushed and about 300 ppl was burned (Sir Thomas Wyat's rebellion). Drawn by her marriage to war with France she lost Calais (last possessions in the Continent). Englishmen greeted the news of her death with ringing bells and bonfires.
Mary, Queen of Scots - Daughter of James V and Mary of Guise(grand niece of Henry VIII), Roman Catholic, married the heir to the French throne (Francis II), then married Lord Darnley, Mysterious plotting leading to the murder of Darnley, Mary married earl of Bothwell, believed to have been involved in the murder of Darnley, Mary imprisoned and forced to abdicate in favour of her son, escaped and fled to England, - prisoner in England ever since 1568, In Catholic eyes-Mary rightful queen of England. Mary involved herself in a series of schemes to unseat her cousin, finally executed.
Neville Chamberlain - was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940.
Old Pretender - James III of England
Oliver Cromwell - MP combatant of the Parliament's army in Civil Wars, he created a new model of army - educated men who wanted to fight for their beliefs. Along with his adviser he captured the king in 1645. When GB was a republic, he created a government far more severe than Charles's was. He got rid of monarchy. Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Queen Victoria - the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India of the British Raj from 1 May 1876, until her death. Her reign as the Queen lasted 63 years and 7 months, longer than that of any other British monarch before or since. The period centered on her reign is known as the Victorian era, a time of industrial, political, scientific and military progress within the United Kingdom.
Though Victoria ascended the throne at a time when the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice, she still served as a very important symbolic figure of her time. The Victorian era represented the height of the Industrial Revolution, a period of significant social, economic, and technological progress in the United Kingdom. Victoria's reign was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire; during this period it reached its zenith, becoming the foremost global power of the time.
Victoria, who was of almost entirely German descent, was the daughter of Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and granddaughter of George III and the niece of her predecessor William IV. She arranged marriages for her nine children and forty-two grandchildren across the continent, tying Europe together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover; her son King Edward VII belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In 1851 she opened the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace.
Richard I - the Lion Heart (1189-99) king of England, a renowned and skilful warrior. He spent only about 6 months of his 10-year reign in England, participated in the 3rd crusade, captured on his way home and handed to the emperor Henry VI, had to leave England for ever in 1194. Engaged in war with Philip II Augustus. He placed a heavy burden on England's finances, practiced scutage, carucage, general tax of a fourth revenues and chattels, a seizure of the wool crop of Cistercian and Gilbertine houses.
Richard II - after the death of Edward III, underaged he became King of England. He was deposed by his cousin Bolingbroke. The overthrowing triggered the Wars of the Roses.
Richard III - became the king of England thanks to the parliament's act the Titulus Regius, previously Duke of Gloucester, he captured young king Edward V in the Tower of London. He was defeated by Henry Tudor's forces at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 and lost the crown.
Robert Aske - the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, negotiated the restoration of 16/26 monasteries which had been dissolved.
Robert Bruce - after the death of King Alexander - candidate to the throne of Scotland. In 1306 he seized the Scottish throne and reopened the conflict with Edward I.
Robert Owen - a social reformer and one of the founders of socialism and the cooperative movement.
Robert Peel - a Prime Minister at the time of the Workers' Revolt. He weakened the Chartists movement and so it died.
Robert Walpole - during the reign of George I he was the greatest political leader at that time, considered 1st Prime Minister. Developed the idea of the Cabinet.
Simon de Montfort - brother-in-law of king Henry III, he put a pressure on the king and in 1258 Henry III forced to grant the Provisions of Oxford, defeated the king (the battle of Lewes - 1264), summoned parliament (1265) - the first elected parliament. He was defeated by Edward, Henry's son in the battle of Evesham.
St Anselm - a medieval abbot, and later canonised, originally a Lombard nobleman. He was the first abbot of Nonantula.
St Augustine - in 597 arrived in Kent and founded Counterbury.
St Columba - founded a monastery on the island of Iona in 563 - the centre of Celtic Church in Britain, then converted Scots and Picts in Scotland.
St Ninian - a Christian saint first mentioned in the eighth century as being an early missionary among the Pictish peoples of what is now Scotland
St Patrick - converted Ireland around 450, established monasteries, Ireland becomes a learning and religious centre of Europe.
St Thomas Becket - he was a friend of Henry II, who appointed him the archbishop of Canterbury. Due to disagreements between them he was convicted in a royal court on false charges and had to escape to the Continent. Killed by the followers of Henry II on 29th December 1170.
Thomas Cranmer - a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. He helped to build a favourable case for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon which resulted in the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.
Thomas More - was an English lawyer, He was beheaded in 1535 when he refused to sign the Act of Supremacy that declared King Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England.
Thomas Wyatt - he led a rebellion of the peasants of Kent against Mary I's Roman Catholic and Spanish policies in 1554. The rebellion was crushed.
Wat Tyler - he leader of the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381 .
William Caxton - printing, XVc.
William Cecil - principal secretary and the lord treasurer in 1572 of Queen Elisabeth.
William Gladstone - was a British statesman. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Liberal Prime Minister four non-consecutive times (1868-1874, 1880-1885, February-July 1886 and 1892-1894), more than any other person.
William of Orange - invaded England (invited by united Whigs, Anglicans and Tories) against James II. Appointed a king of England by the Parliament. He defeated James's army victory of Protestants. The Glorious Revolution of 1688.
William Pitt - the most important political enemy of Walpole, he believed that Britain must beat France in the race of an overseas trade empire.
William Pitt, the Younger - was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He became the youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24 (although at this period the term Prime Minister was not used). He left office in 1801, but was Prime Minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806. He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer throughout his premiership. He is known as "William Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who previously served as Prime Minister of Great Britain.
William, the Conqueror - King of England from late 1066 to his death. Domesday Book, Curia Regis, tenants-in-chief.
William Tyndale - 16th-century Protestant reformer and scholar who translated the Bible into the Early Modern English of his day.
William Wallace - he led a revolt against Edward I who attacked Scotland. Battle of Stirling Bridge - he wins but - Battle of Falkirk - he loses. In 1305 captured and executed in Edinburgh.
Young Pretender - Charles was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart who was in turn the son of James II and VII, who had been deposed in the Revolution of 1688. The Jacobite movement tried to restore the family to the throne. After his father's death, Charles was recognised as Charles III by his supporters; his opponents referred to him as The Young Pretender.
LANDS AND PLACES
Agincourt - battle of Agincourt (1415) - the greatest English victory at Hundred Years' War, similar to Crecy.
Bannockburn - battle of Bannockburn (1314) - glorious victory of The Scots, it's symbolic in Scottish tradition
Bosworth - the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) - Henry Tudor's forces defeated Richard III and Henry became king of England.
British Commonwealth
British Empire
Calais - in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War it fell and became English territory until 1558.
Crecy - the battle of Crecy in 1346 (Hundred Years' War) a huge English victory
Culloden - was the final confrontation of the 1745 Jacobite Rising. Taking place on 16 April 1746, the battle pitted the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart against an army commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, loyal to the British government. The Jacobite cause to overthrow the reigning House of Hanover and restore the House of Stuart to the British throne was dealt a decisive defeat at Culloden; Charles Stuart never mounted any further attempts to challenge Hanoverian power in Britain.
Dalriada - was a Gaelic overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern coasts of Ireland.
Danelaw - after dividing England into 2 parts during the Danish invasion, the northern and eastern part of the country that got under control of the Vikings.
Siege of Drogheda - a town in eastern Ireland, was besieged twice in the 1640s, during the Irish Confederate Wars - the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first siege occurred during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, when Phelim O'Neill and the insurgents failed to take the town. The second and more famous siege happened in 1649, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, when the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell took the town by storm and massacred its garrison.
Dublin
East Indies
Flodden Fields - fought in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. It ended in a victory for the English and a bloody defeat for the Scots and was the largest battle (in terms of numbers) fought between the two nations.
Hastings - 1066 invasion of William the Conqueror.
Heptarchy - seven kingdoms of Saxons, Anglians and Jutes after the Anglo-Saxon invasion: Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria.
Iona - an island on which St. Columba founded a monastery in 563. It had been the centre of Celtic Church in Britain.
Ireland
Kent - during the Anglo-Saxon invasion it became the Kingdom of Jutes, modern Caunterbury
Mercia - one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.
Naseby - 1645 - Royalists defeated during Civil War, Charles captured.
Normandy
Northumbria
Pale - the first English colony estabished around Dublin in 1170 by Richard de Clark of Pemborke.
Poitiers - the battle of Poitiers 1356 (Hundred Years' War) - French king taken prisoner.
Scone
Scotland
Solway Moss - a battle between Henry VIII and James V of Scotland. James refused to break from the Roman Catholic Church.
Stonehenge - a circle made of stone blocks around 3100 - 2000 BC in Salisbury Plain. It was made in 3 stages.
Trafalgar - admiral Nelson destroyed the French-Spanish fleet (1805)
Ulster - northern part of Ireland, inhabited by Scottish Lowland farmers, that Elizabeth I wanted to colonise.
Wales
Wessex
West Indies
Westminster
Wexford - and Drogheda - Irish towns in which British soldiers killed about 6000 ppl as a punishment for killing Protestants.
Whitby - in 664 - the Synod was summoned, the differences between the Celtic and Roman churches resolved in favour of Rome.
Winchester
Windsor
DOCUMENTS
Act of Settlement (1701) - only Protestants could inherit the Crown (not in Scotland)
Act of Supremacy (1534) - granted King Henry VIII who became the supreme head of Anglican Church.
Act of Union (1801) - between England and Ireland
Acts of Succession (1534)- the first stated that children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn are to succeed to the throne.
Acts of Uniformity (1549; 1552) - 1st - The English liturgy enforced-the First Book of Common Prayer(the only legal service book). English Mass, Prayers for the dead, Private confession, Extremeunction Commemorations of the saints. 2nd - revised Book of Common prayer.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - (891-1154) important annual records of Anglo-Saxon England, anonymous, written in few versions in monasteries, even after the Norman conquest.
Bayeux Tapestry - a strip cartoon sewn in wool on linen ordered by bishop Odo of Bayeux during the reign of William the Conqueror.
Beggars Acts - The Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1495 was an Act of Parliament passed during the reign of Henry VII. The Act stated that: "Vagabonds, idle and suspected persons shall be set in the stocks for three days and three nights and have none other sustenance but bread and water and then shall be put out of Town."
Bill of Rights (1689) - the bill concerning the rights of the King and the Parliament. King - unable to raise taxes or keep any army without Parliament's consent.
Corn Low (1815) - held the prices of corn at unnecessary high level
Declaration of Arbroath (1320) - written by Scottish barons to the Pope - Scotland officially recognized as and independent nation by the English and the papacy.
Declaration of Breda (1660) - Charles II of England made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England which he was to accept, or resume, later in the same year. The declaration cemented the terms of the English Restoration after the Commonwealth period.
Doomsday Book - is the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William I of England, or William the Conqueror. "While spending the Christmas of 1085 in Gloucester, William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire to find out what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth"
Great Reform Bill (1832) - many cities were represented in Parliament for the first time. It introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom.
Habeas Corpus Act (1679) - ustawa angielska z 1679 wydana za rządów króla Karola II (pełny tytuł: An Act for the better secureing the Liberty of the Subject and for Prevention of Imprisonments beyond the Seas czyli Ustawa w celu lepszego zabezpieczenia wolności obywatela i zapobieżenia uwięzieniom za morzami), zakazująca organom państwa aresztowania obywatela bez zezwolenia sądu
Magna Carta Libertatum (1215) - presented by king John to the barons. It aimed to provide protection for all freemen and guarantees against the sort of arbitrary disregard of feudal right. It deals with matters concerning inheritance and tenure, limits royal financial exactions, curtails the power of royal officials, guarantees lawful judgment, no sentence without a trial.
Millenary petition (1603) - Presented by the Puritans hoping for Reforms in religion: abolition of certain ceremonies, simpler ritual than Elizabeth had required, new translation of the Bible
Navigation Act (1551) -
People's Charter (1838) - union workers + radicals, wanted the vote for all adults, a man without property to be allowed to become an MP, voting in secret, Payment for MPs, election every year, House of Commons didn't agree.
Petition of Right (1628) - introduced by the Parliament as a reaction to Charles I actions concerning borrowing money without their consent. - No man is to be compelled to pay loan, benevolence, tax without consent of Parliament, no subject is to be imprisoned without cause shown, soldiers and sailors are not to be billeted in private houses, no person is to be tried by martial law.
Poor Law Amendment Act 1834- sometimes abbreviated to PLAA[1] was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed by the Whig government of Lord Melbourne that reformed the country's poverty relief system. It was an Amendment Act that completely replaced earlier legislation based on the Poor Law of 1601. With reference to this earlier Act the 1834 Act is also known as the New Poor Law
Provisions of Oxford (1258) - were installed in 1258 by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort,; as England's first written constitution. The provisions forced King Henry III to accept a new form of government in which power was placed in the hands of a council of 15 members who were to supervise ministerial appointments, local administration and the custody of royal castles. Parliament, would monitor the performance of this council, the English Crown was forced to recognize the rights and powers of Parliament. It made nonsense of a king's divine right..
Reform Bill (1831) - On 1 March 1831, Lord John Russell brought forward the Reform Bill in the House of Commons on the government's behalf. The bill disfranchised sixty of the smallest boroughs, and reduced the representation of forty-seven others. Some of the seats were completely abolished, while others were redistributed to the London suburbs, to large cities, to the counties, and to Scotland and Ireland. Furthermore, the bill standardized and expanded the borough franchise, increasing the size of the electorate (according to one estimate) by half a million voters.
Six Articles (1539) - “The Bloody Statue”, introduced during the reign of Henry VIII and his reformation. It approved: transubstation, clerical celibacy and the importance of confession to a priest and prescribed penalties of anyone denied them.
Test Act (1673) - introducing by the Parliament to prevent any Catholic from holding public office (Charles II)
Toleration Act (1689) - The Act granted freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had taken the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and formally rejected transubstantiation i.e., Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics or Quakers. It allowed Nonconformists their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers, subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance.
Union Act (1707) - the union of Scotland and England.
1