Puritan poetry
Meter and rhyme - mnemonic aid
Alliteration and word-play, esp. puns - also common
The Puritans had the habit of regarding every object or event as an emblem, type, or analogy of something in the invisible world.
Poetry characterised by verbal resourcefulness, a metaphorical habit of mind
Elegies and epitaphs were common (the death of an eminent and worthy person was both an occasion for pious reflection and an opportunity to point to an example for emulation).
Anagrams and acrostics were popular, as they expressed the Puritan sense of things criptic in, or adumbrated by, the superficial and literal circumstances of life.
Puritan poets
Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)
Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)
Edward Taylor (1645-1729)
Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)
born in Northampton, England
daughter of Thomas Dudley, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
in 1628 married Simon Bradstreet, who later became governor of the colony
a housewife with eight children
Anne Bradstreet
the first important poet in the American colonies
her poems were published in 1650 as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (generally considered the first book of original poetry written in colonial America)
some of Bradstreet's verse is conventional, but much of it is direct and shows sensitivity to beauty
many poems contain vivid and effective passages, and a few are well-sustained and finished compositions
most admired for her lyric and descriptive passages
In Memory Of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being A Year And Half Old
by Anne Bradstreet
1
Farewell dear babe, my heart's too much content,
Farewell sweet babe, the pleasure of mine eye,
Farewell fair flower that for a space was lent,
Then ta'en away unto eternity.
Blest babe, why should I once bewail thy fate,
Or sigh thy days so soon were terminate,
Sith thou art settled in an everlasting state.
2
By nature trees do rot when they are grown,
And plums and apples thoroughly ripe do fall,
And corn and grass are in their season mown,
And time brings down what is both strong and tall.
But plants new set to be eradicate,
And buds new blown to have so short a date,
Is by His hand alone that guides nature and fate.
1678
Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)
American clergyman, poet, and physician.
Emigrated with his family to America at the age of seven and was educated at Harvard College.
A Congregational minister in Malden, Massachusetts.
Day of Doom
Day of Doom (1662), a long theological poem in ballad meter recounting in great detail the eternal punishments awaiting sinners.
Written to instruct his congregation, the work achieved wide popularity.
From The Day of Doom
1
Still was the night, serene and bright,
when all men sleeping lay;
Calm was the season, and carnal reason
thought so 'twould last for ay.
Soul, take thine ease, let sorrow cease,
much good thou hast in store:
This was their song, their cups among,
the evening before.
2
Wallowing in all kind of sin,
vile wretches lay secure:
The best of men had scarcely then
their lamps kept in good ure.
Virgins unwise, who through disguise
amongst the best were number'd,
Had clos'd their eyes; yea, and the wise
through sloth and frailty slumber'd.
Another popular poem:
Meat Out of the Eater or Meditations Concerning the Necessity, End, and Usefulness of Afflictions Unto God's Children (1669).
Edward Taylor (1642?-1729)
The finest verse writer of the colonial period.
Attended Harvard College and, after his graduation in 1671, moved to Westfield, Massachusetts.
Lived in Westfield, serving as the town's minister, until his death.
1939 - The Poetical Works of Edward Taylor
Most important works:
“Preparatory Meditations” -- a collection of more than 200 poems discussing several religious themes.
“God's Determinations Touching His Elect”
“Blessed theantropy,” the perfect union of the human and the divine in Christ.
“God's Determinations”, a dramatic poem that celebrates God's power in the triumph of good over evil in the human soul.
Most of Taylor's poetry is in the metaphysical tradition.
Extravagant rhetorical devices.
Taylor's poetry was one of the major literary discoveries of the 20th century, and since the publication of his work Taylor's reputation has steadily increased.
From Huswifery
Make me, O Lord, thy spinning wheel complete.
Thy Holy Word my distaff make for me.
Make mine affections thy swift flyers neat,
And make my soul thy holy spool to be.
My conversation make to be thy reel,
And reel the yarn thereon spun of thy wheel.