Descriptive grammar Syntax


NOUNS

Case- only 2, Common Case & Saxon Genitive (with apostrophe)

Collective nouns- depends on the context, may connect with sing. or pl. form of V (eg. Team Countable C & Non-countable NC (only singular form)

are eating lunch & team has won the match)

Gender - masculine & feminine

Genitive marker- “apostrophe `s” indicates possession

Mass nouns- refer to invisible wholes, e.g. software

Proper nouns- name specific places & people, times & dates in calendar; usually zero article or sometimes “the”. Opposite- Common nouns

PRONOUNS (zaimki)

Demonstrative - this, that, these, those

Indefinite- prefix: any-, some-, no-, suffix: -one, -body, -thing

Interrogative (in questions)- who, what, why, where, when, whatever

Personal - refer to people (Subjective case: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they; Objective case: me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them)

Possessive - mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

Reciprocal - each other, one another

Reflexive - endings -self, -selves

Relative: that, which, whose, who, whom, where, when

NUMERALS - they are determiners when appear before noun - express quantity or sequence

Cardinal- nought, 5, two, a thousand

Ordinal- first, 2nd

DETERMINERS - never precede a pronoun!

Articles: definite (the), indefinite (a/an), zero

General Ordinals: last, latter, next, previous, subsequent

Other determiners: any, that, those, this, some, whatever, whichever, (quantity:) all, both, many, every, few, enough, no

Ordering of determiners:

Predeterminers: specify quantity on the noun which follows them, e.g. twice, double, half, all, both

Central: the, a, an, possessives: my, their, her, his, our; demonstratives this, these

Postdeterminers (they can co-occur): cardinal & ordinal numerals, general ordinals, other expressions: many, several, few

ADJECTIVES- describe attributes of nouns

Absolute form, Comparative f., Superlative f.

Attributive- occur before a noun,

Central- fulfill all these criteria: gradable, comparative and superlative form, occur attributively or predicatively, (without endings?)

Denominal adj: are derived from nouns, e.g. mathematical, wooden, German

Dynamic- denote attributes which are under control of the one who possesses them, can be used in imperatives & progressive constr., e.g. calm, friendly, patient, rude, suspicious, vain

Gradability- Gradable & Non-gradable (main, principal)

Inherent- adjective denotes an attribute or quality of a noun

Non-Inherent- metaphorical, refer less directly to the attribute of a noun: an old friend, distant relatives, a heavy smoker, complete idiot

Nominal adj.- share features of nouns and adjectives, denote a class by describing one of the attributes of the class (the old, the wealthy, the blind), nationalities: the French, the Japanese, other: the opposite, the good, Comp & Sup: the best, the elder

Participial adj.- adjectives with -ed or -ing ending, can be modified, used attr/pred. e.g. irritating, excited, talented; ADJECTICIVAL: Sb is terrified of losing job, disappointed to hear sth; VERBAL (Participles): Sb is terrified by his boss

Peripheral- do not fulfill all the criteria of central adjectives

Postpositive adj: adj which occur after a noun, e.g. institutional expressions: the Governor General, Princess Royal, times past; they may modify a pronoun: sth useful, everyone present; with superlatives (sometimes only): the shortest route possible

Predicative- occur after a noun, follow a verb

Stative- denote a state or condition, cannot be used in imperative or progressive constructions, e.g. big, red, small

Ordering of Adjectives:

1. AdjC (opinion) + AdjC (fact)

2. Central+ Colour+ Denominal

3. Central+ Participial+ Denominal

4. Non-gradable+ Central+ Colour+ Denominal

5. Comp/Superl+ ADJ

6. ADV (modifier)+ADJ+ ADJ …

VERBS

Agent- the one who performs an action in a sentence (in passive voice); Agentless Passive- eg. He was congratulated.

Aspect- how an event/action is to be viewed with respect to time:

1. Perfective aspect = perfective auxiliary (Sb has/had fallen in love)

2. Progressive aspect= progressive auxiliary (Sb is/was falling in love)

Concord- Agreement of subject & verb, correspondence between the pronoun or noun and the verb (I like, she likes)

Ellipsis- omission of a verb, e.g. Did you like it? Yes, I did.

Enclitic form = contraction, e.g. I've won!

Finite- verbs which have the past/present form

Nonfinite- verbs without tense (infinitive -ing, -ed)

Infinitive: To-Infinitive & Bare Infinitive

Inflections- endings -s or -ed, added to a Base form they provide a tense

Lexical verbs = main verbs, not auxiliaries

Participle forms: -ing participle form; -ed participle form (even without the ending -ed: known, bought, made) DO NOT CONFUSE WITH -ED INFLECTION!, preceded by auxiliary verb!

Tense- only present & past!

Voice- Active (aux may occur) & Passive (uses passive aux. be, main verb has -ed inflection),

Auxiliary verb- helping verbs, `helps' main verb which comes after it. Może być tylko 1 operator! Drugi czasownik posiłkowy = special auxiliary verb

Types:

1. Passive be: Sth is produced/was produced

2. Progressive be: Sb is writing/was writing sth

3. Perfective have: She has broken her leg

4. Modals (express permission, ability, obligation, prediction): You can have it, Paul will arrive late, I really should go

5. Dummy Do (in questions, negation, giving orders, emphasis): Do you like it? Do eat it!



Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
Descriptive Grammar lecture 6
Descriptive grammar3
descriptive grammar 29
descriptive grammar 1
Descriptive grammar
descriptive grammar 7
descriptive grammar 12
descriptive grammar 20
A course in descriptive grammar, presentation 1
descriptive grammar 4
descriptive grammar 8
descriptive grammar 26
sylabus gramatyka opisowa 1rok sem 1 i 2 2011 12 UTP, Year 1, Descriptive Grammar
descriptive grammar 5
Descriptive grammar 28 04 2014
descriptive grammar 3
descriptive grammar 23
descriptive grammar 10
Descriptive grammar lecture 7

więcej podobnych podstron