Stress placement:
1) metrical (in Polish second syllable from right, in English there is no such a rule),
4)pa3)no2)ra1)ma
1 – ultimate, 2 – penultimate, 3 – antepenultimate
2) quantity sensitive (in English, not in Polish)
a. cajole /kədʒ’əʊl/ - v and ‘v:
b. edit /’edit/ - ‘v and v
c. lament /lam’ent/ - v and ‘v
Outcome: long vowels have stress, because they are ‘heavier’ than short vowels. If a word ends with two consonants, last vowel is stressed.
3) lexical – some sound is always stressed, no matter of a counting
Extrametricality – a rule which you use to take away one final consonant in the word.
Xxx’xxx ‘xxx xxx’xx
kədʒ’əʊ<l ‘edi<t lam’en<t
xx (vv or vc) =/= x
If one skeletal position is attached to two letters (tʃ, dƷ), stress doesn’t appear, because it’s not heavier than one consonant.
1. X --- α
2. X
3. α
4. x α
2. x x x x x x x
/sen/ /snu/
3.car /ka:/ xxx x x x
car is / ka-r-ız/
Syllabification indicates stress, beginnings and ends of words. One vowel = one syllable.
Sonority <- loudness and opening of the vocal tract
Maximise onset -> /br/ is a good onset, considering sonority.
Phonotactics
C1 – C2
1st rule: The best clusters have steep difference in sonority slope.
2nd rule: homorganic clusters don’t exist (if C1 and C2 have the same place of articulation, they don’t exist)
3rd rule: s have special abilities that indicates syllable if ‘s’ is at the beginning of a word
Extrasyllabicity
R R R
O N C O N C O N C
x x x x x x x x x x x
/w a ı z/ /w a ı z d o m/
R – sonorant
T – obstruent
#CC #CCC #CCCC
English: TR STR impossible
SC
Polish: TR STR CCøCC
CøC TRøC drgnąć/ źdźbło
CøTR
CøSC