CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR PRE-EXAM REVISION

LECTURE 1 – INTRODUCTION

TERMINOLOGY

Comparative Historical Linguistics – Comparative Typological Linguistics – Contrastive Linguistics

Analytic vs. synthetic languages (Polish? English?)

Linguistic Universals (Absolute – Tendencies; Implicational – Non-implicational)

ERROR ANALYSIS

The types of Negative Transfer (Interference) – label and short explanation

e.g. think pronounced as /fink/

inability to make the distinction between short and long vowels,

inability to use articles properly

LECTURE 2 – MORPHOLOGY

POLISH AND ENGLISH WF-PROCESSES (labeling and brief explanation)

biegacz, zrobić

goose – geese, proof – prove,

man – people, człowiek – ludzie

kluska – klucha

białogłowa

brunch, domofon

czołg

a must

PKP

LECTURE 3 – SEMANTICS

TERMINOLOGY:

synonymy, antonymy (+The types of antonymy [complementary, gradable, relational],

polysemy, hyponymy, connotative meaning - labelling and explanation on the basis of the examples from Polish or English

e.g. Ekonomiczny samochód, skąpy starzec, oszczędny gospodarz

LECTURES 4, 5, 6 – SYNTAX

4. BASIC SYNTACTIC CONTRASTS

Structural, categorial, functional; the analysis of a given example, and its comparison with English

Załadowano siano na wóz Hay has been loaded onto the cart

He lead the nation during the war. Przewodził narodowi w czasie wojny

She sings beautifully. Ona śpiewa pięknie

5. NP & VP

Number – comparison: door/doors -

drzwi The police go to work. - …

Gender – natural and grammatical

Adjectives - Stary niedźwiedź vs. Niedźwiedź brunatny (old bear – brown bear) – explain the rules concerning the word order of the adjective

Tenses – translate and specify the tense and aspect used in Polish.

I have lived here since 1950.

Aspect - Translate krzyczeć – krzyknąć; palić - zapalić

6. COMPLEX SENTENCES, THE PASSIVE

Distinguish between the types of complementizers (clausal, infinitive, gerunditive):

Jack said that John is brave. Jacek powiedział, że Janek jest odważny.

Mary wants to swim. Marysia chce pływać

-

Jim avoids coming here. Jim unika przychodzenia tutaj.

The analysis of Polish-English pairs of sentences (using the terms: gerunditive, infinitive, clausal)

His name is easy to remember. *Jego imię jest łatwe zapamiętać.

*His name is easy for remembering. Jego imię jest łatwe do zapamiętania

Complementizer deletion

- I know (that) he left. *Wiem on wyszedł.

"Stranding of prepositions"

*Pudełko, którego włożył swoje pieniądze do. The box he put his money into.

THE PASSIVE

The main differences between E and P.

Potentially: on the basis of the examples given; some translation may also be required

John was given a book by Tom. Janek był dany książkę przez Tomka.

Spodziewam się awansu. I expect a promotion

This bed has not been slept in since summer. (No one has slept in this bed...)

*To łóżko nie było spane w od lata. BUT: W tym łóżku nie spano od lata.

LECTURE 7 – PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY

General differences between P and E consonantal & vocalic systems and syllable structure.

Two major rules that frequently lead to problems with English pronunciation: Final Devocing and Voice Assimilation. Explanation on the basis of the examples, e.g. wildcat

LECTURE 8 – LANGUAGE & CULTURE

Study the examples and explain linguistic sexism or different terms of address.

Krzysztof, co ty zrobiłeś? vs Krzysztofie, co ty zrobiłeś?

stewardess, fireman,

ten(m) sympatyczny(m) chłopina(f) vs. ten(m) stary(m) babsztyl(m)