Capital Punishment
	There is one question that has always brought about controversy.  
Should capital punishment be used as a way of disciplining criminals?  Over 
the past twenty years, there has been an enormous increase in violent crimes.  
It seems logical that a person is less likely to commit a given act if by doing so 
he will suffer swift and certain punishment of a horrible kind.  As most 
Americans agree, death is the only appropriate punishment for such crimes.
	In ancient times' executions were not uncommon.  Even the Bible teaches 
capital punishment.  It states, "Who so sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his 
blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man" (Bible). In ancient times 
a set of laws were written which specified many crimes punishable by capital 
punishment.  These laws were the Code of Hammurabi.  Some of the 
punishable crimes mentioned included adultery, robbery witchcraft, and 
murder. During the Middle Ages, the Church assumed the responsibility of 
administering punishments.  During the late 1700's the death penalty steadily 
grew in acceptance.  Over 200 crimes were punishable by death at the 
beginning of the 1800's.  There were just as many methods used to execute 
wrong-doers as there were crimes.  Some of the techniques used included 
beheading, stoning, drowning, hanging, crucifying, and burying people alive.  
Also used were many nontraditional forms of execution.  One type of execution 
utilized elephants to crush the criminal's head on a stone block.
	As times changed, so did the death penalty.  Laws aimed at abolishing 
the death penalty began to evolve at the turn of the century.  Even with the 
changes made, the effectiveness of capital punishment stayed right on track.  
The crimes punishable by death became more specific, while some were 
eradicated completely.  For example, there are different types of capital 
murder that have been specifically defined, but vary from one jurisdiction to 
another.  These include murder carried out during the commission of another 
felony, murder of a peace officer, corrections employee, or firefighter engaged 
in the performance of official duties, murder by an inmate serving a life 
sentence, and murder for hire (Contract Murder).  Other crimes worthy of 
death include espionage by a member of the Armed Forces (communication of 
information to a foreign government), tampering where death results by a 
witness, and death resulting from aircraft hijacking.  While hangings and 
firing squads remained in use, many forms of execution were done away with.  
Methods such as electrocution, lethal gas, and lethal injection soon replaced the 
annulled ones.  As with almost everything, there were exceptions made.  Some 
states the prohibited the execution of anyone mentally retarded.
In 1901, Colorado made it a law that capital punishment would not be used if 
the accused was convicted only on circumstantial evidence. 
	The American public has long been favorably disposed toward capital 
punishment for convicted murderers, and that support continues to grow.  In a 
1981 Gallup Poll, two-thirds of Americans voiced general approval of the 
death penalty.  That support rose to 72 percent in 1985, to 76 percent in 1991, 
and to 80 percent in 1994 (Moore, 1994:5).  Although these poll results need to 
be interpreted with extreme caution, it is clear that there are few issues on 
which more Americans agree: in at least some circumstances, death is seen as 
a justifiable punishment for the worst sorts of criminal homicides.
	On the other hand, much of the public and political support
for capital punishment rests on its presumed value as a general deterrent: we 
need the death penalty to encourage potential murderers to avoid engaging in 
criminal homicide.  Unlike the issue of retribution, empirical studies can 
answer questions about the death penalty's general deterrent effects.
	To supporters of capital punishment, the statistics are pleasing. In the 
past seventy years there have been 4,002 executions carried out in the United 
States.  Approximately three-fifths of the executions were in the South.  A ten 
year interim began in 1967.  The states as well as many advocates waited 
anxiously as the Supreme Court resolved the issue of the constitution versus 
capital punishment.  There have been 143 executions since its end in Utah.  
Statistics show that criminals convicted of murder make up 87% of the those 
executed.
After the Oklahoma City bombing of a federal building, a poll was taken which 
asked the question, "Do you think the persons responsible for the bombing 
should receive the death penalty if caught?"  The CNN USA Today Poll 
reported that  86% of the people replied YES (CNN USA Today Poll, 1994).  
These findings have stayed constant with previous polls.  The statistics for 
Texas are quite interesting.  Currently, Texas holds the second highest number 
of executions.  Of some 4000 deaths in the USA, 334 have been in Texas.  
	Whether or not the threat or use of the death penalty is,
has been, or could be a deterrent to homicide is an empirical question that 
cannot be answered on the basis of gut feelings or on moral or political 
grounds.  It is a question that scores of researchers, dating back to a young 
Edwin Sutherland (Sutherland, 1925), have examined.
	Some research has asked the general public whether the death penalty 
acts as a deterrent to murder.  Such a question is regularly asked to national 
samples in Gallup Polls (Gallup, 1985; 1986; 1991).  In the mid-1980's, just 
over 60 percent of the respondents in Gallup polls said they believed the death 
penalty was a deterrent.  Furthermore, these polls show that the deterrence 
idea is important to death penalty justification.  In 1986, 70 percent of the 
respondents supported the death penalty, but only a bare majority -- 53 
percent-supported it when the alternative was life without parole.  Gallup 
further asked if the respondents would still support the death penalty "if new 
evidence proved that the death penalty does not act as a deterrent to murder."  
Support for capital punishment then dropped to 43 percent (Gallup Report, 
1986).
	There are many examples of cases from which to choose from.  Without 
a doubt, the most famous execution was the crucifixion of Jesus Christ!  
Another well-known case was the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.  They 
were put to death in 1953 after being accused and convicted of spying.  On 
December 7, 1982, Charlie Brooks was the first man to die by lethal injection.  
Along with being the first person to be executed since 1962, Margie Velma 
Barfield was the first woman killed by lethal injection. The execution of the 
first man in the electric chair, William Kemmler, on August 6, 1890, attracted 
almost as much attention as the presidential election.
 

Moore, David W.
1994	Majority advocates death penalty for teenage killers.
          	The Gallup Poll Monthly 348 (Sept.): 2-6.

Sutherland, Edwin H.
1925    Murder and the death penalty. Journal of Criminal Law
          	and Criminology  15:522-36.

Gallup Report
1985	Support for the death penalty highest in half-century.
         	Gallup Report 232-233 (Jan./Feb.): 3-10.
1986	The death penalty.  Gallup Report 244-245 (Jan.-Feb.):
	10-16.
1991    Death penalty support remains strong.  Gallup Report
        	309 (June): 40-45.