Gramatyka1

1 Used to has past simple only, and means past habits and States, usually no longer existing. It takes the infinitive. Questions and negativcs with did seem to be increasingly gaining favour. I used not to no is still fairly common for straight negatives, but did ąuestions are usual, and did is virtually essential in tags. Usedn’t you to .. . now appears formal.

Compare ivouid for past habit (e s). Notice that only used to (not would) is possible with reference to a past state: <She used to be slim.>

Used to is pronounced.-ju:st tu or ta/.

2		NP	optional tag
You are		London	arerTt you?
They got		pop musie	didn’t they?
They’11 get/be	used to	walking to work	won't they?
He’s never got		living in London	has he?
3 Don't break that knife — use a tin-opener. She aisliked tin-openers and never used one.

Used to no must be distinguished from two similar forms:

2 To 3EGKT used to something/DOiNC something, meaning ‘to be/get accustomed'. This can form complcx tenses and refcr to any time.

3 Ordinary verb use /ju:z/ju:zd/ + DO.

Stat\ve verbs

4.27

C Mcntal state; agree, beJieve feel |*thinkl. undcrstand], Contrast: noi

D Emotions

adore, care, j ma (ter, pre/e dislike, haie. Contrast: no:

A Being and having Relationships
appear, seem, sound;	He appears to be worried.
mean, equal;	What aoes 'stative’ mean?
own, possess, belong to;	The house once beJonged to Hcnry’s aunt.
consist of, comprise, contain, include, involve, hołd;	The bottle hoids 1 litre. (can take]
concern, depend on, apply to, deserve;	This new law concerns us all.
cost, owe, measure, weigh; resemble	These regulations don't apply to me.
Contrast non-stative:	Tom’s appearing in a play next month. Fve been meaning to write for ages. Henry and )ane were holding hands. I'm appJying for a new job.

Involuntary sensations

hear, notice, see; feel, smell, tasie

c &

Contrast: rion-stative:

Oh I (can) see Henry over there. This pudding smells/tastes of lemon. (inherent state)

I smell gas. [involuntary sensation)

It didn't feel like an ordinary parcel, [inherent)

Vm seeing Tom tomorrow. Imeeting) He was corcfully /eeling it when it exploded. (touching)

ADY

o	Bas
1	Goc
	Bies
2	The
	It

*11

Bi

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