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Chapter 5_Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh 175
lower limbs by inspecting the standing patient from the front. When the patient is standing in a relaxed position, the feet should normally point outward approximately 10° to 20° from the straight-ahead position (Fig. 5-19). Deviation from this position while standing may be due to a rotational abnormality of the fcmur, the tibia, or the foot. Whatever the cause, rotational malalignment is usu-ally named by the resulting position of the foot. Thus, an abnormality that produces internal rotation of the lower limb is called in-toeing, and an abnormality that produces external rotation of the lower limb is called out-toeing. Asking the patient to walk directly toward the
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