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David Liyingstone y/as the greatest explorer, who as firs European crossed the Kalahari Dessert and reached ZAMBEZ. He also diIcovered the biggest waterfall in Africa and called it Victoria Falls. After disappearing, he was found by (Staniej another British explorer.

[1874 - The Sues Canal jtvas built - it was the shortest way to India.

British ECON OMY:

In the last 25 years of 19^th Century, Britain madę some mistakes in economy. Ali money from loans were invested into colonies and into developing new branches of industry (cars, Chemicals etc.) instcad of typical (cotton, shipping etc.), which were underiiwested. {British market was flooded with cheap corn from USA. Foreigners who took loans in Britain invested them in their own countries. } Because of this, the difference was created between brunches of industry and Britain lost position of leader

- coukhft folio w Germany or America, which developed faster. _    _____

Later Disraeli borrowed money from banker Rotschild and bought all shares of Sues Channel.

British started controlling Middle East and Africa.

Britain conąuered: ** Manjuria ** Somalia ** Kenya ** Tanganyika ** areas near rivcr Lampopo.

Cccii Rhodes became Govemor General and took Cape Province (South Africa). He funded a special company to conąuer morę lands, created a country - ** RHÓDESIA. Also wanted to build Trans Africa Railwayjto comiect Egypt with Cape Town. Unfortunately, Boers, who had gold and diamonds, rebelled against British occupation (1899 - 1902). British army couldift cope with them, as Boers were using guerrilla tactics - they knew the land, environment - invaders didn't. British army - 150 000 soldiers - started loosing, so British started burning houses slaughtering the cattle and sending people to the f concentration canips, wherc they died of hunger or diseases.

In 1902 British had to sign a piece treaty - Boers defeated them, but they still controlled the regions.

LANDS:

*    Sudan raised against British occupation - the leader was Mahdi.    __

*In the last 15 years of the 19^tl1 Century, the Śalvation Army was funded by Booths in London (a bit military organisation, they wore uniforms. Aim was to provide food and shelter to unemployed).

*Fabian Society (J. B. Shaw) - tried to postulate gradual social reforms based on socialistic system. Peaceful society.

*    Wildly printed press, like “The Daily Telegraph”, “The Daily Mail” (conservative), “The Daily Chronicie” (liberał),

“The Times”, “Daily Mirror” etc.

1884 - the Third Ballot Act -

*    Each man, the family’s head, had right to vote (it enlarged number of voters to 9 millions)

*    MP’s from 658-670

1892 - In the election for the first time 3 workers were chosen as MP’s

1893 - The Independent Labom Party

1899-1900 - Labour Representation was found. In 1905 was turned into Labour Party; 1905 - Labom Party - supported by majority.

* IRELAND-

19^th Century - Fighting with British for their HOME RULE of IRELAND.

2^nd half of the 19^,h:

Charles Stuart|- MP, tried to find Home Rule (autonomy) for Ireland, favoured peaceful methods. Established IrishlLam

League,; which aim was: * To Fight with constantly increasing rents for Irish (250 000 members)

* To conduct some agrarian reforms

It brought no results; tenor appeared and Irish started destroying crops, burning houses and slaughtering cattle of British landowners in Ireland. British cabinet reacted, giving them immunity. Cabinet wanted to bring a new reform. Obstruction (making endless speeches on subject).

James Connoil^ created Irish socialist party. The party was for creating independent Republic.

1882 - Irish killed L. Cavendish - British secretary of State for Ireland.

English secretary for Ireland.

Ćeltic League}- reviving Irish language, culture, and tradition (real aim - fight for independence)

1912 - John Asguithtbecamc the Prime Minister, put forward some proposals c omieć te d with provisions for the home rule for Ireland, but parTiament rejected.

Leader - {Arthur Griffith^ one of organisers of Shinn Fein Twe ourselyes) - illegal, fighting for independence 1911-Irish used acts of terror fighting SQUAD]against Irish members of Sinn Fein.

British foreign policy beforc 1 world war:

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