Obraz5

Responses of Effector Organs to Autonomie Nerve Impulses (Continued)

	RECEPTOR	Adrenergic Impulses^1 RESPONSES^2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11	Cholinergic Impulses^1RESPONSES^2
Effector Organs	TYPE^12
Uterus	<*i; Pi	Pregnant: contraction (ai); relaxation (fc)-Nonpregnant: rclaxation (fc)	Variable^m
Sex Organs, Małe Skin	ot1	Ejaculation + +	Erection + + +
Pilomolor muscles	<X\	Contraction + +	—
Sweal glarnls	<X\	I.ocalizcd secretion" +	Generalized secrei::;r: -r -r -r
Spleen Capside	<*r. Pi	Contraction + + +; relaxation +	—
Adrenal Medulla			Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine (primarily nicotinic and secondarily muscarinic)
Skeletal Muscle	Pi	Increased contractility; glycogenolysis; K^+ uptake	—
Liver Pancreas	<*■; Pi	Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis^12 + + +
Acini	a	Decreased secretion +	Secretion + +
Islcis (/3 cells)	ot 2	Decreased secretion + + +	—
	ih	Increased secretion +	—
Fal Cells	<*2-, /3| (/3j)	Lipolysis^12 + + — (thermogenesis)	—
Salmtry Glands	ai	K^+ and water secretion +	K~ and water
	p	Amylase secretion +	secretion + + +
Lacrimal Glands	a	Secretion +	Secretion + + +
Nasopharyngeal Glands		—	Secretion + +
Pineal Gland	p	Melatonin synthesis	—
Posterior Pituitary	P\	Antidiuretic hormone secretion	—

1

   The anatomical classcs of adrcncrgic and cholincrgic nerve fibers are depicted in Figurę 6-1 in red and blue, rcspectively. A dash signifies no known

functional innervation. Subtypes of muscarinic cholinergic receptors are not indicated: most glands and smooth muscles appear to contain multi-plc subtypes, while the hcart largely contains M;-cholincrgic receptors.

2

   Responses arc designated 1 + to 3+ to providc an approximate indication of the importance of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve activity in the con-

trol of the various organs and functions listed.

3

   Although it had been thought that fi\-adrenergic receptors predominate in the human heart, recent evidence indicates some involvement of /3:-adrcn-

4

ergic receptors.

5

•^s Dilatation predominates in situ due to metabolic autoregulatory phenomena. ^h Cholinergic vasodilatation at these sites is of questionable physiological significance.

6

Ovcr the usual concentration rangę of physiologically released, circulating epinephrine, /3-receptor responsc (vasodilatation) predominates in blood vcsscls of skelctal musclc and livcr; a-receptor response (vasoconstriction), in blood vessels of other abdominal viscera. The renal and mesenteric vcsscls also contain specific dopaminergic receptors, activation of which causes dilatation (see review by Goldberg et ai, 1978).

7

^H Sympathetic cholinergic system causcs va$odilatation in skeletal muscle, but this is not involved in most physiological responses.

8

   It has becn proposcd that adrenergic fibers termmatc at inhibitory fi receptors on smooth muscle fibers and at inhibitor}' a receptors on ...............

Ihelic cholinergic (excitatory) ganglion cells of Auerbach\s plexus.

9

   Uterine responses depend on stage of menstrual cyclc, amount of circulating estrogen and progesterone, and other factors.

10

   Palmsof hands and some other sites (“adrenergic sweating”).

11

Thcrc is significant variation among species in the type of receptor that mediates certain metabolic responses: a and /3 responses have r. •: r ; :r. j: termined in human beings. A receptor has been cloned and may ntediate lipolysis and/or thermogenesis in fat cells in some species.

12

   Where a designation of subtype is not provided. the naturę of the subtypc has not becn determined unequivocally.