SCAN0087 (2)

262 Introduction to the Pronunciation of English

	Unaccented	Accented
are	/a/ + consonant	M
	/ar, r/ + vowel	/ct:r/
as	M	/®z/
at	/at/	/aet/
be	/bi/([bi])	/bii/
been	/bin/	/bim/
but	/bat/	/bAt/
can (aux.)	/kan, kn/	/kaen/
could	/kad, kd/	/kod/
do (aux.)	/du, da, d/	/du:/
does (aux.)	/daz, z, s/	/dAz/
(e.g. What's{-	= does) he like? /'wDts	i: 'laik/,
When’s ( =	does) he arrive? /'wenz	i: a'raiv/)
for	/fa/ + consonant	/fa:/
	/far, fr/ + vowel	/fa:r/
from	/fram/	/from/
had (aux.)	/had, ad, d/^1	/haed/
has (aux.)	/haz, az, z, s/^1	/haez/
have (aux.)	/hav, av, y/^1	/haev/
he	/hi, i:, i/^1 ((hi])	/hi:/
her	/ha, 3i, a/^1	/ha:/
him	Am/	/him/
his	/IZ/^1	/hiz/
is	/s, Z/	/iz/
me	/mi/ ([mi])	/mi:/
must	/mast, mas/	/mAst/
not	/nt, n/	/not/
of	/av, v, a/	/dv/
Saint	/sant, snt, san, sn/	/seint/
shall	/J3l 11/	/J® 1/
she	/Ji/([Ji])	/fi:/
should	/Isd, Jd/	/Jud/
Sir	/sa/ + consonant	/ss:/
some	/sar/ + vowel	/s3:r/
(unspecified ąuantity)	/sam, sm/	/sAm/
than that (conj. and rei.	/óan, ón/ .	/Sasn/ (rare)
pron.)^2	/dat/	/5aet/ (rare)

'A weak form with /h/ would normally be used when unaccented but following a pause.

² That as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun is always accented, e.g. that man /'6at ‘mten/, thafs the one /'9aets ós 'wAn/.

Connected Speech 263

	Unaccented	Accented
the	/Si/ ([Si]) + vowel	/Si:/
	/Sa/ + consonant	99
them	/Sam, am, m/	/Sam/
there (indef. ady.)^1	/ Sa/ + consonant	. 8f:o (rare)
	/Sar/ + vowel	/Sear/ (rare)
to	/ta/ + consonant	/tu:/
	/tu/ + vowel	99
us	/as, s/	/as/
was	/waz/	/wozi
we	/wi/ ([wi])	/wi:/
were	/wa/ + consonant	/w3:/
	/war/ + vowel	/w3:r/
who	/hu, u:, u/ ([hu])^2	/hu:/
will	IV	/wil/
would	/wad, ad, d/	/wud/
you	•jo/([ju])	/ju:/

It should be noted that verb forms such as am, are, be, can, could, do, does, had, has, have, is, must, shall, was, were, will, would retain a strong form when they occur finally even though they are unaccented, e.g. Who’s coming? 'lam /asm/; Who'sgot it? 7have /hasv/.

Similarly, prepositions, e.g. to, from, at, for, apart from having a strong form when receiving a primary (nuclear, tonie) accent, also have a qualitative prominence when finał and unaccented, e.g. Where have they gone to? (/tu:/, also /tu/, but not /to/); Where’s he come from? (/from/ rather than /fram/); What are you laughing for, at? (/fa:, aet/). When a preposition occurs before an unaccented pronoun, either the strong or the weak form may be used for the preposition, e.g. 1 gave it to you (/ta/ or /tu:/); I’ve heard from him (/fram/ or /from/); I waitedfor you (/fa/ or /fa:/); I looked at her (/at/ or /aet/).

Notę, too, that certain form words, not normally possessing an alternative weak form for unaccented occurrences, may show such reductions in very rapid speech, e.g. / (/a/) dont know; Whafs your (/ja/) namefi I go by (/ba/) bus\ Do you know my (/ma/) brother?| for love nor (/na/) money; two or (/a/) three; ever so (/sa/) many. In the case of the disyllables any, many, a qualitative prominence may be retained on the first syllable under weak accent—/eni, meni/, but fully reduced, unaccented forms may be heard in rapid speech, e.g. Have any morę come? /'haevni 'ma: 'kAm/; How many do you want? /'hau mm dju: 'wDnt/. Other monosyllabic form words normally retain their strong vowels in relatively unaccented positions, e.g. on, when, then,

1

As a demonstrative adverb, there will be accented, e.g. there's thebook /'deszós ,bok/.

2

A weak form with /h/ would normally be used when unaccented but following a pause.