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286 The Origin of Civilisation

26.    8.Cohen, 1987, pp 140-Ul.

27.    R.McC.Adams & H.J.Nissen, 1972, p 91.

28.    Ibid, p 87,

29.    Ibid.

30.    Ibid, p 87.

31.    G.Daniel, 1968, p 69.

32.    S.N.Kramer, 1963, p 4.

33.    Ibid.

34.    S.Lloyd, 1978, p 51.

35.    Ibid, pp 59-60; S.N.Kramer, 1963, p 100 & p 290.

36.    S.N.Kramer, 1963, p 101.

37.    Ibid, p 4.

38.    Ibid, p 291.

39.    Ibid, p 290.

40.    Ibid, p 289.

41.    E.Chiera, (1938), 1966, Chapter 12, pp 147-64.

42.    Ibid, pp 289-90; G.Daniel, 1968, p 74; E.Chiera, (1938), 1966, pp 154-7. He makes the point that the sexagesimal system can be factored evenly by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, and 15, so that is is far morę adaptable and elastic than the decimal system which only factors exactly by 2, 5 and 10. The Sumer ians also had a highly developed algebra as well as geometry, (p 156).

43.    S.Lloyd, 1978; R.McC.Adams, 1966, pp 122-125.

44.    S.N.Kramer, 1963, pp 291-96; E.Chiera, 1966, chapter 10, pp 118-46; P.C.Craigie, 1983, 69, comments on th Ugaritic influences operating on biblical writers, as rewealed by recent decipherment of Ugaritic tablets on myths and legends which show close parallels with some biblical texts.

45.    S.N.Kramer, 1963, p 289.

46.    Ibid.

47.    C.G.Starr, 1962, p 190.

48.    Ibid, p 190.

49.    Ibid.

50.    H.lloyd-Jones, ed. 1962, p 29.

51.    Lord W.Taylour, (1964), p 45.

52.    M.P.Nilsson, 1950, 2nd edn.

53.    A.Andrewes, "The Growth of The City-State," in 'The Greek World,' 1965, p 52.

54.    J.Coli 18, 1984, p 106.

55.    C.G.Starr, 1962, pp 230-32.

56.    A.Andrewes, 1965, pp 36-9.

57.    M.I.Finley, 1970, pp 90-91.

58.    G.S.Kirk, "Greek Science," in 'The Greek World,' 1965, pp 117-29; C.Mosse, 1969.

59.    C.G.Starr, 1962, p 251.

60.    Ibid.

61.    L.Mumford, 1955, pp 110-11.

62.    D.Earl, 1968, p 14.

63.    M.Grant, 1978, p 145-7.

64.    Ibid, p 156-7.

65.    Ibid, p 174.

66.    Ibid.

67.    Ibid, pp 192-93.

68.    Ibid, p 187.

69.    Ibid, pp 193-94.

70.    S.Goodenough, 1979, p 37.

71.    M.Grant, 1978, pp 187-88.

72.    Ibid, p 197.

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Tb. S.Walker 4 A.Burnett, (1981), reprint 1984, use of portraits of Augustus for propaganda, p 17, propaganda use of coins, p 27.

74.    M.Grant, 1978, p 187.

75.    Ibid, p 198.

76.    Ibid, p 210.

77.    D.Earl, 1968, pp 193-94.

78.    R.Syme, (1939), reprint 1983, describes the transformation of the Roman state and society between 60 BC and AD 14 as a "Roman revolution.”

79.    W.W.Rostow, 1975, p 103. He writes, "It is not wholly an anachronism to assert that the preconditions of take-off were slowly being built from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, from London to St.Petersberg from Stockholm to Madrid."

80.    W.J.Durrant 1953, p uii.

81.    Ibid.

82.    Ibid.

83.    P.4 L.Murray, 1963, p 7.

84.    A.L.Rowse, 1971, p 5.

85.    P.4 L.Murray, 1963, p 7.

86.    W.J.Durrant, 1953, p 67.

87.    Ibid, p 68-9.

88.    A.L.Rowse, 1971, p 8.

89.    F.Braudel, 1984, Uol 111, p 175.

90.    W.J.Durrant, 1953, p 69.

91.    A.L.Rowse, 1971, pp 4-5.

92.    Ibid, p 5.

93.    J.Hicks, 1969, pp 72 4 77-8.

94.    See for example, H.Butterfield's reuiew of the Renaissance, 1958, pp 178-79.

95.    H.Kamen, 1984, pp 234-37; A.S.Guha, 1981, pp 76-7, sees the seuenteenth century crisis as the result of restrictiwe policies and an inelastic resource base afer the growth of population and demand for food, wool and timber during the Clizabethan era.

96.    H.Kamen, 1984, p 237.

97.    W.W.Rostow, 1975, p 147, records the origins of the Royal Society in the gatherings of men drawn to philosophy and the Sciences in London, around 1645, and then at 0xford from 1648. Regular meetings were later held at Gresham College, London, until the actual founding of the Society occurred. The first publication bearing this name appeared in 1661 and the following year the first charter of incorporation was formalised.

98.    M.Beloff, 1971.

99.    F.Braudel, 1984, Vol 111; H.Kamen, 1984, chapter 3, pp 67-92.

100.    Ibxd.

101.    H.Kamen, 1984, p 257.

102.    W.W.Rostow, 1978, pp 161-62.

103.    Ibid, p 203.

104.    N.Stone, 1983, pp 13-14.

105.    Ibid, pp 14-15.

106.    M.Levey, (1962), reprint 1974, p 286.

107.    Ibid, 1973, p 308.

108.    Ibid, pp 308-9.

109.    R.Tannahill, 1973, p 356.

110.    Ibid, 1973, p 356.

111.    Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1963 edn.

112.    Ibid.

113.    Ibid.

114.    N.Stone, 1983, p 116.

115.    A.J.P.Taylor, 1967, p 49.