skanuj0003 (409)

10

ANDRZEJ KOWALCZYK

2005). It may be presumed that in many parts of the world the earliest form of the cultural tourism was the religious tourism as well as a long tradition of the health tourism.

New forms of tourism emerged along the civilizational progress with the process speeding remarkably in the 19^ and the 20“ centuiy. Entirely new forms of tourism originating in the 20“ century are difficult to be explicitly distinguished as generally their traces already appeared in tourists’ behaviors much earlier. However, the second half of the 20“ centuiy and the beginning of the 21^st century see the rapid growth of some tourism forms, which earlier were less popular or even marginal. “The entertainment tourism”, “the sex tourism”, “the new health tourism”, “the art tourism”, “the culinary tourism”, “the sport tourism”, “the martyrdom tourism”, “the war tourism”, “the historical and military tourism” or at last “the industrial tourism”, “the ethnographic tourism” or even “the esoteric tourism” may be found in this group. Therefore it may be assumed that the concept of the cultural tourism is so ambiguous, that it may comprise various and even remotely related forms.

Although the traces of the majority of the forms comprised by the broad definition of the cultural tourism may be found in the human behavior several dozens, hundreds or even thousands years ago, their popularity changed significantly with time. Pilgrimage may be considered the only form of the cultural tourism which has been freąuently madę in the antiquity as well as today, and that makes it a specific axis of the cultural tourism. The significance of this axis does not wither, however the pilgrimaging tourism may take different forms. The temporary cultural tourism may be divided, in an arbitrary way, into “the old cultural tourism” and “the new cultural tourism” according to the vast diversification of tourists’ motives and behaviors. The first category comprises the forms of the cultural tourism existing sińce a long period of time and not being submitted to discussion whether the definition applies to them or not. Meanwhile, the second category comprises the forms which may not actually rise questions “Is it still tourism?” or “Is it culture?”, but which has appeared so recently that the classical definitions of tourism and culture may not enclose them.

Key words: cultural tourism, cultural landscape, human needs, evolution of the cultural tourism, “the old cultural tourism”, “the new cultural tourism”