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TABLE 3.2 Actions of muscles which may restrict movement at the elbow

MUSCLE	ACTION
Muscles of the upper arm Triceps brachii - long head	Extends at elbow. Adducts and extends at shoulder.
- medial/lateral heads	Extend at elbow.
Biceps brachii	Flexes at elbow. Supinates forearm. Long head abducts and medially rotates at shoulder; short head adducts and flexes at shoulder.
Brachialis	Flexes at elbow.
Muscles of the forearm Anconeus	Extends at elbow. Tightens joint capsule.
Brachioradialis	Flexes at elbow. Supinates forearm from pronated position. Pronates forearm from supinated position.
Extensor carpi radialis longus	Flexes at elbow. Supinates forearm. Dorsal and radial flexes at wrist.
Extensor carpi radialis brevis	Flexes at elbow. Supinates forearm. Dorsal flexes at wrist.
Extensor digitorum communis	Extends fingers. Flexes at elbow. Supinates forearm. Dorsal flexes at wrist.
Extensor indicis	Extends and ulnar deviates index finger. Supinates forearm. Dorsal flexes at wrist.
Extensor digiti minimi	Extends little finger. Flexes at elbow. Dorsal and ulnar flexes at wrist.
Supinator	Supinates forearm. Flexesat elbow.
Extensor carpi ulnaris	Dorsal and ulnar flexes at wrist. Flexes at elbow. Supinates forearm.
Flexor carpi ulnaris	Flexes at elbow. Pronates forearm. Volar and ulnar flexes at wrist.
Flexor carpi radialis	Flexes at elbow. Pronates forearm. Volar and radial flexes at wrist.
Flexor digitorum super-ficialis	Flexes fingers (including proximal interphalangeal joints). Flexes at elbow. Volar flexes at wrist.
Pronator teres, humerał head	Pronates forearm. Flexes at elbow.
ulnar head	Pronates forearm.
Pronator ąuadratus	Pronates forearm.
Palmaris longus	Flexes at elbow. Pronates forearm. Volar flexes at wrist.

NOTĘ:    Actions describes in terms most relevant to manuał therapy. Cross-reference to terms often used in anatomy texts:

Ulnar flexion:	towards ulna, corresponds to adduction (usually of hand)
Radial flexion: Volar flexion: Dorsal flexion:	towards radius, corresponds to abduction (usually of hand) towards palm, corresponds to flexion of hand towards back of hand, corresponds to extension of hand

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