Obraz16 (5)

BMMaHHBSLAH b boac;⁶² cocAMHHTeAbHafl TKaHb pa3ÓyxaAi h pacnaAaAacb. no

HCTCHeHMH nOAOHCeHHOTO CpOKa (aO AByX HeACAb) por BblKHMaAH, npOCyillHBaAH h nccTynMBa* no BeMy ocbo6o2Kaaah poroByio oóoAomcy ot kocthoto crepHc-hh. B iiacTOBigee BpeMH aab ocboóojkachmh porosoH oóoaohkh por ichiijitht npH 70—80°, «rro a Ha hmtc AbHo coKpamaeT npoijecc oópaóoTKH. B Hoaropo-AC 6mam naHACHb! KycKH nepenHAeHHbix nonepen kocthhmx CTepJKHeii pora. Bobmojkho, sto b H€K0T0pwx CAynaHX kocthmh cTepaceHb BUKHMaAH nocAe pacrrHAa pora Ha KycKH, h TorAa h3ahiuhc 6mao npmóeraTb k Bbiman hb^ hh 10 h pacnapHBajufio. Kocu* motam oTABAirrb ot oóoaohkh seM-HHÓyAb ocTpbiM. He-

H3BCCTHO, KAKOH CIIOCOÓ yAaACHHH KOCTHOrO CTCp?KHfl HdIOAb300aAH CAaBBHC, HO OHH BTO ACAAAH BCCbMa HCKyCHO, W TO BHAHO IIO 3HaMeHHTbIM HepHHrOBCKHM

TypbHM poran.⁶⁴

3HawreAbifo pe«e ynoTpeÓAHAH aah iioacaok MopraoByio KocTb. HocKOAb-k y oh a oÓAAAaer óoamdoh TBCpAocrbio, oópaóoTKa ee npeACTaBAner H3Beci*Hyio TpyAHOCTb. Htoóm oÓAerwHTb paóoTy, ocoóeHHO npH pe3b6e cao5khłix h3aoahh, peSHHKH OÓblMHO pa3MHTHaAH MOpJKOByiO KOCTb, H BTO ACABAOCb MaigC, ROM npH paóore Ha npocroH kocth. y HeKoropuz HapoAOB ceBepo-BocroHHDH A3hh (kophkob, HyKHCH, xaMHaAaaob) npH pe3bóe MopncoByio Kocrb pa3MHrnaAH, pacnapHBan b KHn/mce. KocTb craHOBHAacb matkom h a€tko pe3aAacb aanie npOCTMM BOHOM. ^M

IlAaBHOCTb HaHeceHHbix pesyoM ahhhh Ha hobtopoackoh iiAacTHHKe rana Macica po h aarra&AJieT noAaraTb, hto Macrep paóoraA Ha pa3MHrneHHOM KAWKe

(pHC. 2-4). ⁶⁶ MopHCOBblH KAbIK He TOAbKO pe3aAH, HO H BblTaHHBaAH H3 Hero

Ra TOfcapHOM craHKe Bceao3MOjKHhie npeAMeTU (uraniKH, inaxMaTbi). HaxoAKH HSACAMIf 113 MOpHCOBOH KOCTH, AOÓbIBaeMOH Ha IlOÓepeHCbe CeBepHbIX Mopeił, oÓHŁpymeHbt Ha TeppirropHM 6. MorHAeBCKOH ryóepHHH,⁶⁷ b CyaAaAe,⁶⁸ HosropOAC ⁰⁹ h Aaace b Knese, bto yKa3broaer Ha cyu^ecTBOBaamyio b ApeBHeśł PycH umpołcyio ToprosAio bthm MaTepwaAOM.

npH OflHCaHMH paaAH4HblX npHCMOB OÓpaÓOTKH KOCTH H pora Mbl He pac-CMaTpHBAAH TCZHHKy XyA02K€CTBeHHOH pe3b6bl, COCTOHBUiyiO B HaHCCeHHH Ha TO-* ToByio noBepZHocrb H3ACAHH paaAHHHbix opHaMeHTOB h HaoópaHcemiH. Hawóo-Aee pacnpocrpaHeHHbiMM npHCMaMH peabóbi 6 wam: rpaBHpoBKa, nAoacopeAb-e^Hai peabóa h oÓbeMHaa peabóa.

CyAH no mbacakhm. i p a b h p o b k a nacTo npHMeKHAacb b Ap^BHeH PycH. BbinoAHHAacb OHa TpeMH cnocoóaMH, b aaeHCHMOCTH ot poaa HHCTpyMeirra.

1) Ha nOBepZHOCTb H3AeAHM HEaHOCHAH HCTKHe KOHTypbl OpHaMeHTOB HAH OTACAbHbIX HBOÓpaHCeHHH npH IlOMOIgH peayOB⁷⁹ HAH HOJKOM. OpHaMeHTbl, Ha-HOCłfMbie peauaMM, oTAMaAHCb npocroroH « npeACTa»AHAH b óOAbiiiHHCTBe cAynaeB reoMerpHHecioie (fmrypbi (tohkh, KpecraicH, ahhhh, TpeyroAbmiKH h t. a*)* Bce bth BACMemrbi BcrpeMaioTCH b KOHTypHOH pe3b6e no Aepesy,

HAMHHaJI c ApCBHeMUZMZ BpeMeH BflAOTb AO COBpCMCHHOCTH, ⁷¹ npHHCM H MaH«-« r H. TepAeQKKH. IlpOIKHBOACTBO pOTOBblZ H KOCTHHMX H8ACAHH, EKaTepHHO-

cjui, 1892; II. (P. Ch mohch ko. KocTZHMe h poroBwe hiacamz, 1898; II. A. (X>e ao-pei. PoroBMe H kocthhmc nucami, Crió., 1910; /[. Khmehckhii. rpeóeHĘHK, M.. 1875.

•» B- B. floAl IOB. ripOHBBOtACTBO pOTOBMZ TptÓHtH B SyÓHMZ QeTOR, M., 1942;

(p H KoaMpea m B. A. Bbh o r p a A o b. Pora, Kontara m porosnę otzoam, M.,

1933. crp. 2.

** KoAA. rHM# Bkcdomum VIII UAI.

•    W. Y. I oc h elf on. Ykai. cos., crp. 646—647.

^m Koaa. rHM. PacKoracH A. B. Apbbzosckoto.

*    Tam ate.

*    Tam ae.

•    Tam mt.

⁷⁰ I1oA06nMX TeM, ROTOpMe MCflOAbSOBAAM peSSHKH CeSCpA B KOHfie XIX — HAS. XX S. Cm. B. M. 3yÓAiBH. Ykai. cos.

ti B. Bopoioi. PessÓA no aepesy. M., 1933, crp. 3, taóa. 16—17, 19, 21, 23;

B. H. Cokoaob. Pesfcóa no Aepesy, M., 1936.

pa BbinOAHeHHH 0TA6AbHblX y30p0B ÓblAa Ta 3Ke CaMaa, TOAbKO ÓOAblliajI TBCp-AOCTb kocth oóycAOBAHBaAa MeHbinyio rAydmiy ahhhh, npHAaBaa hm óoAbme

H3H iijecTsa.

2)    rpasHpcnsKa c noMombio gHpKyAH hah noAOÓHoro eMy opyAHH. Y3opbi

HMeAH BKA KpyJKOHKOB C TOTKOH B geHTpe. Ha ÓOAblUHHCTBe H3ACAHH HX Ha-HOCHAH BO BC0BO3MO?KHblX KOMÓHHayHHX (pHC. 2-2A, c).

3)    rpaBHpOBKa B BHAC napaAAeAbHbIX AHHHH, BblllOAHeHHail Ba TOKapHOM CTaHKe, OTAHHaeTCH OT rpaBHpOBKH OT pyKH npaBHAbHOCTbIO OKCpTa HH H

(pHc. 2—3).

II AocKopeAbe^Ha a peabóa maao mcm onrAHHaAacb ot rpaBHpOBKH. Pa3HH^a aaKAioHaAacb b óoAbmeił yrAyóachhocth ahhhh. Ooh BOKpyr Haoópa-tkchhr BbiÓHpaACfl HCłioAHOCTbio. Ą,ah ycKopeHHH npouecca pe3bów TpeóoBa-AOCb pa3MHrHaTb KOCTb HAH pOT. YKa3aHHbIH npHCM peabóbl HO KOCTH H ACpe-By noaABee nepemeA Ha oópaóbrKy KaMHH.⁷² IloBepxHOCTb H3o6pa»eHHH npn 3TOH MaHepe pe3b6bl CAaÓO MOATAHpOBaAaCb.

OóteMHaa pe3bóa b óoAbmHHCTBe CAyrae* npoh 3 boa h a ac b na to-

KapHOM CTaHKe, HO BCTpenaAHCb H3ACAHH, BblHOAHeHHbie OT pyKH C ÓOAblHHM coBepineHctbom. K hhm hbao othccth BceB03M03KHbie yKpameHHH (yro«ncH, neryimcH h ap>); (pHrypHwe chhhkh rpeÓHeH, hottctoctok (pHc. 2—4) oc}>opM-

AHAHCb H HOT AA B BHAC A0inaAHHblX HAH IITHTbHX TOAOB. ^Afl OÓACTTeHHH H ycKopeHHH peabów pe3*aacy np«xaAHAocb koctb h por ece BpeMH pa3Mivr<iaTb.

npweM ajKypHOH p e 3 b 6 bi, CTOAb pacnpocipaHeHHbuł b XVI— XVIII BB. Ha PyCH H OTAHHaBUIHHCfl ÓOAblDOH BHpTy03H0CTbK> («...a H B Bbi-pe3y My parny npoHTH...»⁷³), hccomhchho, HcnoAbaoBaACH h panee, b aomoh* roAbCKHH nepHOA- Ilo BceS BepoJrrHOCTH, hmcrbo aacypHwe H3acahh npHBeAH b BOcxHHjeHHe BH3aHTHHija Tijegeca, cpaBHHBaBmero peabóy pyccxHx no kocth c 3HaMeHHTbiM HCKyccTBOM <Z£eAaAa. ⁷⁴

OrcyrcTBHe b My3exx npeAMeTOB c aacypHOH peabóofi AOMOHTOAbCKoro ne-pHOAa OÓbHCHJieTCH npOCTO XpynK0CTb!O HX, HBHBmeHCH npHHHHOH HX HCTC3HO-BCHHJI.

HeOÓXOAHMO KOOOTKO OÓbÓUJHTb CKa3aHHOe. PoAb KOCTH, KaK MaTepHaAa AAH H3ACAHH B TCHeHHe nOMTH 19-BCKOBOro HCn0Ab30BaHHfl, He MOrAa Me H3M€-HHTbCfl. B npOTOCAaBHHCKHH nepHOA npH HeAOCTaTOHHOM paaBHTHH MeTaAAO-OÓpaÓOTKH KOCTb BbinOAHHAa pOAb OCHOBHOTO MaTepHaAa AAH H 3 TOTO B ACHHH MHOrHX npeAMeTOB. IloSAHee, B ApeBHCH PycH, KOCTb CTaHOBHTCH riOACOÓHblM MaTepciaAOM. IlpH aamtcabkom npiiMeHeHHH kocth H3MeHHACii He TOAbKO accop-THMeKT H3rOTOBAHeMb(X H3 Hlee H3ACAHH, HO H CnOCOÓbl ee OÓpaÓOTKH. npH-MHTHBHOCTb npneMOB nepBoro nepHOAa (pacnapHBaHHe, peabóa hohcom, ckoóac-Rłfe, cBepAeHHe KaMeHHhiMH CBepAaMH h jp. ) CMeHHAacb b ApeBHeH Pyca óoacć coBepmeHHOH tcxhhkoh oópaóoTKH kocth b cbh3h c paaBHTHCM KocrepesHoro peMccAa (pacnHAHsaHHe, ocihaobka HanHAbHHKaMH, csepAeHHe »eAe3HbiM csep-aom, BbrraHHBaHHe Ha TOKapHOM craHKe h Ap.).

PaccMaTpHBan Kocrepe3Hoe acao b npoyecce ero HCTOpHHećkoro pasBRran, HathHan c npoTOCAassiHCKoro nepHOAa h Kowtasi Apesnea Pycbio, mohcho yóe-AHTbCfl B npeeMCTBeHHOCTH He TOAbKO HCKOTOpfaiX <pOpM H3ACAHH, BO H OT-AeAbHbiz npneMOB oópaóonm kocth. PyccKoe KocrepesHoe HCKyccrBo bo3hhkao Ha ocHoae apcbhhx TpaAHyHH pesbófai no kocth h AepeBy VI—X bb., a He b peayAbTare bo3acuctbhji H3BRe, HanpHMep co cropon&i Bn3aHTHH, xax cwraAH HeKoropbie HacyccTBOBeAbi (B. M. BacHAemco h Ap<). ^[aAbHeHmee paasHTHe h coBepuieHCTBoeamfe KocTepeaHoro AeAa npHBeAo nosAHee (b XVI—XVII bb.) k noHBAeiono b Pocchh KpynHux xyAoacecTBeHHbix yeinpoB KOcrepeaoB, xax ApxanreAbCK, XoAMoropw, Mocttea (OpyaceHHaH naAara), H3BecTHia cboch npoAyKUHew AAAexo aa npeACAaMH crpaHbi.

⁷¹ A, A. Boópanciai. Peaaoi Kaaaeab • Poccaa, M. 1916.

ⁿA. Map ko a. Emtobmo owpuii pyccun 6hjum, M., 1904. crp. 17 h 18.

⁷⁴ H. n. KoBIlKOt. PyCCKBC KMJUt, CTIó., 1898. crp. 80.

2S