Phonetic alphabet(1)

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

Clicks	Yoiced implosives		Ejectivcs		^1
O Bilabial	6	Bilabial	5	as in:	,
| Dental	cf	Dental/alveolar	P’	Bilabial	T A
! (Post)alveolar	I	Palatal	t’	Dental/alveolar	V V
-j- Palatoaheolar	4	Velar	k’	Velar
Alveolar lateral	cf	Uvular	s’	Alveolar fricative	• 1
VOWELS					II
Front		Central		Back	W

Primary stress Secondary stress Long

Half-long

Extra-short 6 Syllable break -d.cCkt Minor (foot) group

Major (intonabon) group

Linking (absence of a break)

Close 1

TONHS & WORD ACCENTS YEL    CONTOUR

/r e	ii 1	V 0 or	A Rising
A e	"1 High	/N e	N Falling
e	^ Mid	~a e	1 High rising
V e	“1 Low	e	a\ Low rising
e	1 Extra -J low	w e	1 Rising-falling
i	Downstep		etc. Global rise
t	Upstep	\	Global fali

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

SUPRASEGMENTALS

.founatijon

e:

e^r

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postał veolar	Relroflex	Palatal	Vclar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosivc	P b		t d			t 4	C J	k g	q o		? m mm
Nasal	m	P)	n			n.	J^1	g	N	, .. m £' 'j	■ \y.\- ; ą ;■ . v V
Trill	B		r					■	R
Tap or Flap			r			z
Fricative	<!> P	f V	0 5	s z	J 3	$ \	ę j	X Y	% »	h T	h fi
Lateral fricative	- ( / ;. ■ '/'■ '		i							jfl	•
Approximant		u	J			i	• j	Ul			•
Lateral approximant	v ’ ' •	p.« ■ P ■ . : ...	1			1		L		. - - ''

Wherc symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded arcas denote articulations judged impossible.

Close-mid

Opcn-mid

Open

A "O

o

DI ACRITICS    Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a dcsccnder, e.g. 1J

Voiceless 11 d O 0 0	Breathy voiccd t) 3. •• •• •»	Dental t d n n n
Voiced S l V V V	Creaky voiced t) 3. *** .-w	Apical t d U U Li
^h Aspirated t^H d*^1	Iinguolabial t d	Lamina] t d a □ □
Morę rounded 0 5 )	^W Lahialized t^W d^W	Nosal ized 0
Less rounded CJ)	^J Palatal i zed V d^J	Nasal release d°
Advanced U	^Y Velarized t^Y d^Y	Lateral release d^
• _ Retractcd 1^	Pharyngealized d^	No audible release d
aa aa Centrali zed 0	Velarized or pharyngealized \
X X Mid-centralized 0	A Raised 0 (J = voiced alveolar fricative)
Syllabic J	T Lowered 0 (|3 = voiced bilabial approximant)
^ Non-syllabic 0	Advanced Tongue Rooł 0 ^ -t
^v Rhoticity	Retracted Tongue Root 0 ► ►

u

o

D

Wliere symbols appear in pairs, lin; one to the right represents a roundcd vowel.

OTHER SYMBOLS
M Voiceless labial-velar fricative		Q ^ AWeolo-palatal fricatives Y
W Yoiced labial-velar approximant		i Alveolar lateral flap
	Voiced labial-palatal approximant	^ Sirnultaneous J* and X
H	Voiceless cpiglottal fricative	Affricates and double articula-
ę	Voiced epiglottal fricative	tions can be represented by two symbols joined by a tic bar if
?		necessary.
	Epiglottal płosive	/—\ /—s

kp ts