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’ž5. INVESTING IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY 5.4. Employment of tertiary-level graduates Employment of tertiary-level graduates is an indicator likely to be unemployed than women without one, yet of the innovative potential of an economy and of the their unemployment rate is higher than that of men capacity of its labour market to allocate human capi- with the same level of education. The largest gender tal to the production process. gaps in university graduates unemployment rates are found in Germany, Greece, Iceland and Turkey, where Large investments in education have led to a rise in unemployment rates are almost twice as high for educational attainment which is reflected in the com- women as for men. position of employment. On average, 35% of persons employed in the OECD area had a tertiary-level degree in 2007. Canada (over 50%), the United States, Japan, New Zealand and Finland (over 40%) ranked far ahead of the European Union, where just over one worker in Measuring employment of tertiary-level four holds a tertiary-level degree. In Finland, Belgium, graduates Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom, tertiary- level graduates account for more than 35% of employ- The OECD Educational Attainment Database ment; in the Czech and Slovak Republics, Portugal and provides data on population at different levels Italy they account for 20% or less. of education distributed by sex, age and work status (employed, unemployed, inactive). It is Between 1998 and 2007, employment of tertiary-level compiled from member countries labour force graduates grew at an annual pace of about 3.6% in the surveys and/or the European labour force survey. OECD area. It increased in all countries and rose on Adjustments are made to ensure comparability average almost three times faster than total employ- across countries, notably concerning national ment. The fastest growth was in Spain (8.2%), Ireland levels of education, which are recoded according (7.6%) and Iceland (6.7%); the slowest in Germany to the International Standard Classification of (1.0%), Sweden (2.1%) and Finland (2.6%). In countries Education (ISCED 1997). where tertiary-level graduates were already numerous (Canada, Japan, the United States), tertiary-level Tertiary-level graduates are defined as holders of employment grew between 2.7% and 4% a year. degrees at the ISCED levels 5B, 5A and 6. University graduates only include graduates at ISCED This growth is due in part to the increased presence of levels 5A and 6. ISCED level 5A programmes are women in the labour market. Despite their greater long-stream programmes theoretically based or propensity to graduate at tertiary level, fewer women preparatory to research. The short streams work in certain countries. They represent on average (ISCED 5B) are more practically oriented. ISCED 46% of tertiary-level employment, ranging from over level 6 programmes are advanced research 55% in Portugal, Sweden and Poland to less than 35% programmes. in Turkey, Korea and Switzerland. The population of tertiary-level workers is ageing. In 2007, almost four out of ten OECD workers with a ter- tiary-level degree was over 45 years of age. Over a span of nine years, the share of those aged 45-64 has Source increased in most countries. Compared to 1998, the number of countries in which this age group accounts OECD, Educational Attainment Database, 2009. for 40% of tertiary-level employment has increased from five to ten: Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Going further Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. OECD (2008), Education at a Glance 2008: OECD Indica- University graduates are generally less likely than tors, OECD, Paris, www.oecd.org/edu/eag2008. non-graduates to remain unemployed. However, the unemployment rate among university graduates is high in Turkey (6.9%) and Poland (6.2%) and also Figure notes higher in Greece (5.4%) and France (5.3%) than in other countries. Women with a university degree are less For Turkey, ISCED 5B programmes are not included. OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2009 © OECD 2009 138 5. INVESTING IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY 5.4. Employment of tertiary-level graduates Employment growth of tertiary-level graduates, Tertiary-level graduates in total employment, 2007 1998-2007 Average annual growth rates As a percentage of total employment Tertiary-level employment growth Women Men Total employment growth Canada 40.2 Spain United States 45.1 9.4 Ireland 9.7 Japan 38.5 Iceland 6.5 New Zealand 42.8 Luxembourg (1999-2007) 9.2 Finland 44.1 Korea 9.8 Belgium 34.3 Poland 7.3 Australia 40.1 Portugal 6.5 Korea 21.7 Turkey 6.6 Ireland 26.4 New Zealand 6.0 Norway 39.2 Italy 7.3 United Kingdom 37.4 Greece 5.3 OECD 38.6 Australia 5.0 Spain 27.1 Mexico 6.2 Switzerland 41.4 Slovak Republic 5.5 Netherlands 41.1 Switzerland 7.8 Denmark 39.5 Hungary 4.6 Sweden 42.6 Canada 4.5 Iceland 39.0 EU19 (1999-2007) 5.1 France 29.5 France 4.4 Luxembourg 31.1 Czech Republic 4.9 EU19 36.0 United Kingdom 4.6 Germany 45.7 OECD (1999-2007) 4.5 Greece 33.2 Austria 4.4 Poland 28.6 Belgium 3.8 Hungary 39.2 Netherlands 4.6 Austria 39.0 Norway 4.0 Mexico 29.0 Japan 4.6 Slovak Republic 39.5 United States 3.2 Growth of employment Italy 35.7 Denmark 3.1 of women graduates at Share of 45-to-64-year-olds Finland 3.3 Portugal 28.3 tertiary level, 1998-2007 among employed tertiary level Sweden 3.1 Czech Republic 42.4 graduates, 2007 Germany 2.6 Turkey 18.6 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60% 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/746638012030 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/746671655733 Unemployment rates of university graduates, 2007 Women 2007 Men 2007 Women 1998 Men 1998 % 14 8.0 4.3 7.7 6.2 5.3 3.9 8.1 2.5 6.3 5.7 2.8 8.5 5.3 3.3 5.3 2.7 4.2 4.3 2.6 2.4 3.7 6.3 2.0 3.4 3.3 4.2 4.1 3.7 2.3 1.7 12 Women Men 10 National unemployment rate, 2007 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/746675231067 OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2009 © OECD 2009 139 l ) ) ) ) c a s y a a y y e e y y a k n o d n d d n d d a i i i l i m m r 7 4 r 5 7 a e e e c c l l e a n c d n n n n n r a a g i t a r u a o 0 0 t k e 0 0 a a a n b t a d a a p a a i w a x p u l r l l l l r I o 0 d g 0 s e a 0 0 e u n a r t t g m t r e e a e r m u n r 2 l S 2 g n u K r a J p i o s e r r n - w c e T F e -2 -2 G n I u A o e M F I z C e e 9- u i 8 N S t 8 9 B d S H P i 9 9 A D G e 9 9 9 9 t w Z w k R i 9 9 d K 1 1 e a ( ( S 1 1 n e t v N c g i U i o r l s ( d ( l n u b d n S U o u a n l b p a l e o m r P R e e x h h u t c e L e z N C

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