9
SPIS TREŚCI
7. _
Systemy wejścia-wyjścia i magazynowania danych...........................................277
7.1. Wprowadzenie..........................................................................................................................................277
7.2. Prawo Amdahla........................................................................................................................................278
7.3. Architektury’ systemów 1/0......................................................................................................................279
7.3.1. Metody sterowania układami 1/0.................................................................................................280
7.3.2. Działanie magistrali 1/0...............................................................................................................284
7.3.3. Kolejne spojrzenie na układy 1/0 sterowane przerwaniami.........................................................287
7.4. Technologia dy sków magnetycznych......................................................................................................289
7.4.1. Napędy dysków twardych............................................................................................................290
7.4.2. Dyski elastyczne (dyskietki)........................................................................................................295
7.5. Dyski optyczne.........................................................................................................................................297
7.5.1. CD-ROM......................................................................................................................................297
7.5.2. DVD.............................................................................................................................................300
7.5.3. Metody zapisu dysków optycznych.............................................................................................301
7.6. Taśma magnetyczna.................................................................................................................................302
7.7. RAID........................................................................................................................................................304
7.7.1. RAID-0.........................................................................................................................................305
7.7.2. RAID-1.........................................................................................................................................306
7.7.3. RAID-2.........................................................................................................................................306
7.7.4. RAID-3.........................................................................................................................................307
7.7.5. RAID-4.........................................................................................................................................308
7.7.6. RAID-5.........................................................................................................................................309
7.7.7. RAID-6.........................................................................................................................................310
7.7.8. Hybrydowe systemy RAID..........................................................................................................311
7.8. Kompresja danych....................................................................................................................................311
7.8.1. Kodowanie statystyczne...............................................................................................................313
7.8.2. Systemy słownikowe Ziv-Lcmpel (LZ).......................................................................................320
7.8.3. Kompresja GIF.............................................................................................................................324
7.8.4. Kompresja JPEG..........................................................................................................................325
Podsumowanie................................................................................................................................................329
Dodatkowe publikacje.....................................................................................................................................330
Bibliografia.....................................................................................................................................................331
Utrwalenie podstawowych terminów i pojęć..................................................................................................332
Ćwiczenia........................................................................................................................................................333
Dodatkowe informacje na temat implementacji wybranych systemów dyskowych.......................................336
7A.I Wprowadzenie...............................................................................................................................336
7A.2 Tryby transmisji danych................................................................................................................336
7A.3. SCSI..............................................................................................................................................338
7A.4. Sieci SAN.....................................................................................................................................350
7A.5. Inne połączenia 1/0.......................................................................................................................351
7A.6. Podsumowanie..............................................................................................................................353
Ćwiczenia...............................................................................................................................................354
8. _
Oprogramowanie systemowe...............................................................................357
8.1. Wprowadzenie..........................................................................................................................................357
8.2. Systemy operacyjne..................................................................................................................................358
8.2.1. Historia systemów operacyjnych..................................................................................................359
8.2.2. Projektowanie systemu operacyjnego..........................................................................................364
8.2.3. Usługi systemu operacyjnego.......................................................................................................365