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Phase and its main attributes or tendencies		Region
	‘West’ (Western and Northern Europę)	‘South’ (‘Mediterranean’ Europę)	‘East’ (Central & Eastem Europę)
1945-1948 (1) New borders. Post-war reconstruction	Post-war ‘adjustment^5 migration. Return migration. Ethnic cleansing.
1949-1973 (2) Bipolar geopolitics. Cold War and arms race. Economic success in the West and inefficient economies in the South and East. Beginnings of Western European integration. Isolation of the East.	Recruitment of unskilled workers from the South and outside Europę, caused by labour shortages. Mass-scale, renewable extensions of temporary migrants' stays. Gradual shift in the migration balance from negative to positive. Bram drain to the US.	Outflow’s of unskilled w^rorkers to the West and the US. High level of net emigration. Emergence or solidification of strong clusters of migrants in the West.	Administrative bans on emigration and limitations on immigration, even within the region. Shortage of intemal migration; large populations kept in rural areas. Occasional w^raves of population movement for humanitarian reasons.
1974-1984 (3) Detente. Global challenges and economic restructuring in the West following the 1973 crisis. Deepening of integration, joined by the reforming South. Finał failure of ‘Socialist modemisation ’ and gradual opening of the East.	Administrative halt to recruitment of foreien workers. Mass inflow of o migrants as a result of family reunification. Stronę ethnic-based o segmentation of the labour market. First (delayed) immigrant integration programmes.	Steep drop in cross-border outflow^rs. Partial return of migrants from the West. Beginnings of inflows of foreigners (from the East and outside Europę) in response to labour shortages. Basic form of immigration: strong inflow^rs of undocumented w^rorkers.	Partial, state-controlled opening of the borders. Growing scalę of population transfers within the region. Beginnings of intra-regional w^rorker migration. Renew^ral of outflow^rs of ethnic minorities (mainly Germans). Beginning of incomplete migration.
1985-1993/2004 (4) Collapse of communism and resultant cml wars; newpolitical entities; end of bipolarity. Transformation in the East. Fulfilment of the European project.	Limitations on family reunification for migrants. Widespread. advanced segmentation of the labour market (subordinate positions easily accessible to foreigners). Sharp increase in the scalę of inflows of asylum-seekers and migrant smuggling. Appearance of specialised migrant-smuggling and human trafficking networks. Permission for migrants from the East to enter the labour market, generally for seasonal work. Limited access for highly ąualified workers from abroad, including in corporations.		‘Adjustment^5 migration in response to system collapse and transformation. Large scalę of incomplete migration. Strong outflow^rs for political and ethnic reasons. Large-scale refugeeism in the Balkans. Polarisation of countries; appearance of immigration; intra-regional migration.
1993/2004-2015 (5) Rebuilding of European unity. Strong economic competition from outside Europę. Demographic stagnation. Shortages ofhuman Capital.	Most EU members achieve the status of countries with net immigration. Migration pressure from abroad, partially caused by demand for work in the EU, but suppressed by administrative limitations. Growing waves of asylum-seekers entering, mainly from Africa, the Middle East and Western Asia. Development of intra-EU migration; flows from the East to the West and South. Growing scalę of migration in a rangę of Eastem countries.