Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Development
Development
Engineering
Innovation
Since 1981
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Poland
PSCAD Seminar
J.C. Garcia, W. Wiechowski
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Applications of EMT Type
Applications of EMT Type
Programs in Smart Grids and
Distributed Generation
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
qð Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada
qð S ft G
qð Software Group
qð Research Laboratories
qð Classroom
qð 40 S ff M b
qð 40+ Staff Members
Winnipeg
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
qðCommercial Products
qð PSCAD®/EMTDC"!
qð DC Line Fault Locator System
qð Ice Vision  Ice Detection System for AC Ice Melting Program
qðTraining
g
qð General Power Systems
qð PSCAD
qðEngineering Services
qðEngineering Services
qðResearch Services
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
PSCAD/EMTDC Users
qðOur users are utilities, manufacturers, industrial research
centers, and consultants including three large HVDC
equipment manufacturers
qð ABB, Siemens, Areva, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Fuji, and many others
qðMore than 2 000 professional and 30 000 educational
qðMore than 2,000 professional and 30,000 educational
licenses, in 76 countries worldwide
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Smart Grids & DG
A popular definition of Smart Grids
 Aggregate of multiple networks with multiple operators
employing varying levels of communication and
employing varying levels of communication and
coordination. Smart grids increase the connectivity,
automation and coordination between these suppliers,
consumers and networks that perform either long distance
consumers and networks that perform either long distance
transmission or local distribution tasks.
A smart grid may include:
A smart grid may include:
Øð  an intelligent monitoring system (communications) that
keeps track of all electricity flowing in the system
Øð  the capability of integrating renewable electricity such as
 h bili f i i bl l i i h
solar and wind (DG)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
PSCAD & DG
Modernizing the grid to meet such requirements implies:
Øð A need for the revision on the distribution protection
system
ØðSou ces o s o c cu cu e ( G) e e e e as
Sources of short circuit current (DG) where there was
previously only load  Use of FCL s
Øð Studies on the penetration of DG in the network
Øð Power quality (harmonics introduced by the use of
Øð Power quality (harmonics introduced by the use of
converters)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Fault Current Limiters
Challenge:
Øð Network reconfigurations and the introduction of DG can
increase in short circuit levels
Solution(s):
Øð Replace breakers and busbar equipment (too costly $$$)
Øð Introduce devices that limit the short circuit current:
Øð Introduce devices that limit the short circuit current:
ØðOne time use: resistors triggered by explosive
mechanisms
ØðR bl Superconductor resistors, Magnetic d i
ØðRe-usable: S d t i t M ti devices
(variable inductors)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Custom Components in PSCAD: FCL devices
Magnetic Fault Current Limiter
PSCAD implementation of a Super Conducting Fault Current
Limiter
fð10
fð9 fð4
fð5 fð11
DC source
fð8
fð7
fð6
A
A
fð
fð1
fð fð
fð2 fð3
B
fð10 fð11
fð9
DC(+) DC(-)
1.0 [ohm]
2.5
RL
ABCSuperconductingABC
FCL
2
P+jQ
Q
Load
1.5
1
0.5
B USED
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
H [A/m]
B [T]
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Custom Components in PSCAD: FCL devices
Fault Current Limiter
Need for reducing short circuit levels
fð9 fð4 fð10 fð5 fð11
fð7 fð8
fð6
fð
fð1
fð fð
fð2 fð3
ØðRequirement for small voltage drop
ØðRequirement for small voltage drop
during normal operation
fð10 fð11
fð9
Øðand large voltage drop during short
circuit
mð
mðA
2
L
L =ð n2
l
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Custom Components in PSCAD: FCL devices
Fault Current Limiter
fð9 fð4 fð10 fð5 fð11
fð6 fð7 fð8
fð1 fð2 fð3
Need for reducing short circuit levels
fð9 fð10 fð11
Iwithout_FCL Iwith_FCL
0.80
ØðRequirement for small voltage
qg
0.60
0.40
drop during normal operation
0.20
0.00
Øðand large voltage drop during
-0.20
short circuit
-0.40
-0.60
060
-0.80
AC line current (kA)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Large Scale Smart Grids
Smart Grid:  a grid that uses state of the art technology to re-
route power in optimal ways to respond to a wide range of
conditions
When talking in large scale it means:
Øð Being able to control power flows in networks, FACTS,
HVDC LCC, HVDC VSC
,
Øð To have the option of isolate trouble areas while minimizing
the impact to the whole network  HVDC, ex: the blackout
in eastern North America - Q
Quebec
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal example
Five terminal example
640kV(+/-320kV) DC Network
500km transmission Line
Bus1
P = 2.398 P = -401.2
aN
T1 T2
Q = -60.78 Q = -53.36
VSC T1
aN VSC T2 aN
AC1 D1 D2 AC2
V = 419.9 TLMIDMOD V = 420.7
A AC DC DC AC
A
V P t l V
V P control V
P l
P control
Vs: 420.0 Vac control Vac control
Vs: 420.0
PHs: 0.0 PHs: 45.0
P control T2
Vac control P control
Porder = 800MW Vac control
Rectifier Porder = -400MW
Inverter
TL32
T3
Vdc control
Vac control
P control
Inverter
Vac control
This is the DC slack bus
Porder = 1200MW
to balance the total
Rectifier
power
P = 3.399 P = 906.8
3
Q = -72.1 Q = -107.5
a VSC T4 VSC T3
a
AC4 AC3
V = 420 V = 420.3
400km transmission Line
AC
A DC DC AC A
V V
P control Vdc control
Vs: 420.0 Vac control Vs: 420.0
Vac control
PHs: 0.0 PHs: 0.0
TL43
us
a
us3
a
T5
Islanded (fixed
frequency with Vac
control)
Inverter
Feed 200MW, 230 kV
Load
us5
P = 207.8
a
5
Q = 77.5
VSC T5 a
V = 233.4
DC AC A
Islanded V
P+jQ
66.667 /ph
25.0 /ph
Cable14
150km cable
500km transmission Line
Cable35
12km cable
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal example
Five terminal example
Advantages of VSC over LCC:
ØðMulti-terminal operation
ØðDecoupled control of P and Q. There is no-longer need for a
source of reactive power
ØðCl l d t
ØðCan supply load centres
Disadvantages
ØðNot yet implemented
ØðNot yet implemented
ØðNeed for DC interrupting devices (DC breakers)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal example
Five terminal example
Factors to be taking into account when modeling:
Development of control strategies, pole control and supervisory
controls. Different control modes:
t l Diff t t l d
1. Real Power P
2. Reactive Power
3 AC Voltage
3. AC Voltage
4. DC Voltage
5. Islanded Operation
" Operation as an Statcom when islanded
Operation as an Statcom when islanded
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Multi-terminal VSC in PSCAD
Five-terminal example
Five terminal example
Current technologies
ØðPWM 2 d 3 l l t (ABB HVDC Li ht)
ØðPWM 2 and 3 level converters (ABB HVDC Light)
ØðMoving towards MMC
ØðModular Multilevel Converters (Siemens)
ØðAlstom VSC s (previously Areva s)
ØðAlstom VSC s (previously Areva s)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
VSC in PSCAD: State of simulation
technology
technology
Modeling Multi-Level converters require modeling individually of
each level.
" Large computational burden
" It creates the need for creating more computational efficient
algorithms
" Current development of MMC model for PSCAD uses a time-
C t d l t f MMC d l f PSCAD ti
varying Thevenin s equivalent of the converter
" It is not an approximated interfaced model, it is equivalent to
modeling the entire network
modeling the entire network
Vout_M Vout_R
Vout_M Vout_R 120
150
110
100
100
50
90
0
80
-50
70
-100
-150 60
150 60
50
(kV)
(kV)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Thevenin s approach to MMC
modeling
modeling
FP1 FP13
+ +
Vc1 N1 Vc13
i1l
Ic1 Ic13
- -
FP2 FP14
+ +
Vc2 Vc14
- Ic2 - Ic14
FP3 FP15
+ +
Vc3 Vc15
- Ic3 - Ic15
FP4 FP16
+ +
Vc4 Vc16
- Ic4 - Ic16
FP5 FP17
+ +
Vc5 Vc17 IcT
Ic5 Ic17
- -
VcT
FP6 FP18 +
+ +
Vc6 Vc18
- Ic6 - Ic18
(96)
TTU
-
FP7 FP19
+ +
Vc7 Vc19
Vc7 Vc19
TTL
TTL
- Ic7 - Ic19
FP8 FP20
+ +
Vc8 Vc20
- Ic8 - Ic20
FP9 FP21
+ +
Vc9 Vc21
- Ic9 - Ic21
FP10 FP22
+ +
Vc10 Vc22
- Ic10 - Ic22
Files:
FP11 FP23
+ +
Vc11 Vc23
Ic11 Ic23
- -
my_pscad_library.pslx
SubMod96.pscx
FP12 FP24
+ +
Vc12 Vc24
- Ic12 - Ic24
SubMod_EQUV.pscx
N1
n2l
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
DG: PhotoVoltaics
In the stable region if the output
power is less than the input power,
the remainder shows itself in an
increased DC-bus voltage which
causes a subsequent decrease in
power input creating an ultimately
power input, creating an ultimately
stable system without additional
control mechanisms.
Va
V+
V+
Solar Radiation
(0-1000 W/m2)
G
Tcell
Solar cell
V
V-
temperature
(0 -100 oC)
D
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
DG: PhotoVoltaics
The goal is to operate the PV system in an stable fashion while
delivering maximum power: Maximum Photo-voltaic Power
Tracking (MPPT)
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
DG: PhotoVoltaics
Connection methods to the system
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
" PSCAD is now used for a variety of  novel
applications.
ØðWind, DFIG, VSC Solar PV ......
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
However, basic ac system studies are still the most
popular application of PSCAD.
ØðLightning (insulation coordination)
ØðLightning (insulation coordination)
ØðGIS switching  Very Fast Transients (VFT)
ØðSwitching over-voltages (SOV,TOV)
ØðBreaker TRV
ØðBreaker TRV
ØðFerro resonance
ØðOther resonance issues (transformer , capacitor
banks )
banks...)
ØðProtection and relaying related
ØðMotors and generators (starting, sub
synchronous resonance )
synchronous resonance..)
ØðPower quality
Post contingency analysis  What went wrong and
how do we avoid such events.
how do we avoid such events.
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Few Interesting (recent) applications:
.
.
1) Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
2) System black start restoration studies
3) Fault current limiting devices
3) Fault current limiting devices
4) Protection
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
Øð Gas insulated bus-bars connect the GIS to the generator
transformers.
Øð Number of transformers failed over a period of about 2 years.
Øð Perform apparatus inspections and perform engineering
studies (simulations) to investigate the causes for the 380 kV
transformer bushing failures.
g
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
" Transformers are connected to the switching station
through long GIB s.
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
PSCAD model of a GIS station  Investigating very fast transients (VFT)
a1
D724
T T
BUST781 BUST771
ET781 ET771
Power Power
Transformer Transformer
Transformer Transformer
350
0.2
2[uH] 2.6[nF]
0.2
2[uH] 2.6[nF]
300[pF]
300[pF]
6
6
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
a1
80 [pF]
PT
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
Electrical studies:
D3R_ D3Y_ _
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
ØðSwitching and temporary over voltages
ØðSwitching, and temporary over voltages
25 [pF]
ØðFerroresonance
CB1R_ CB1Y_ CB1B_ ØðHarmonic impacts
25 [pF]
ØðGIS Very Fast Transients.
ØðGIS Very Fast Transients
25 [pF]
25 [pF]
D1R_ D1Y_ D1B_
b2
b1
EARTHING SWTCH
DISCONNECTOR
EARTHING SWITCH
T
I
T
BREAKER
EARTHING SWITCH
2.4 [pF]
2.4 [pF]
2.4 [pF]
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant
Switching transients
Esov - PP9 Bushing
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
Time ...
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080
GIS switching related VFT - MHz range
GIS it hi l t d VFT MH
E_GT1_2
E_ST3_DER
3.00
4.0
2.50
3.0
2.00
2.0
1.0 1.50
0.0 1.00
-1.0 0.50
-2.0
0.00
-3.0
-0.50
-4.0
-1.00
PU
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Getting a power system back into operation after  black-out-
i t t k d h ld b f ll l d (Bl k
is not an easy task and should be carefully planned (Black
start restoration plans)
Some issues:
ØðCan we energize lines , transformers and loads through
available generating units?
ØðSystem has very little damping due to low load. Resonance
issues.
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
ØðRestoration steps are determined and documented  step by
step
ØðSystem single line drawings are used to illustrate each step
ØðElectrical studies are necessary to verify that the selected
restoration actions (steps) can be implemented without damaging
restoration actions (steps) can be implemented without damaging
equipment
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
T Line_01_01
26.326 km
Eng
#1 #2 #1 #2
P+jQ P+jQ
QILWAH MIKHWAH
Bil Jurshi
E1 E3
S / H
in out
hold
Timed
Breaker 38 km T Line_01_a
Logic
BRKG 53.618 km
Open@t0
S2M
TLine_01_02
_ _
TLine_01_03 #1 #2
#1 #2 #1 #2 Vref0 Vref
T Line_01_b
P+jQ
Exciter (ST3A)
P+jQ P+jQ
VT
3
Ef0 IT
AD DUQAH NAMERA Ef If
QUNFUDAH TOWN
E2
Ef0
Iqunt
3
Ef0
Etcps Ef If A
67 km 95 km 36 km V 1 unit 80 MVA
E1
9 km TLine_01_04
TLine_02_02 T Line_02_03
TLine_02_01
row1 S
T Line_01_06
E2 Te
TLine_01_07 #1 #2
TLine_01_05
row1
E3 Tm
w Tm
Tm0
Tm0
QUNFUDAH CPS THORYBAN
QUNFUDAH CPS THORYBAN
W1 TM01
Etcps
TCPS
49 km
86 km
TLine_01_08
TLine_02_04
TLine_01_09
TLine_02_05
TLine_02_05_2
* G G
1.0 - -
#2 #1 D 13.333 D 1 + sT 1 + sT
+ +
47 km
F F
#2 #1 P+jQ
TLine_01_10
W1
SUFFAH
P+jQ
SABTAL JARAJ
S / H
in out
TM01
hold
S/ H
S / H
in out
L2N
hold
68 km 72 km
TLine_01_12
TLine_01_11
S2M
TLine_02_06
#1 #2
Vref0 Vref
#2 #1 P+jQ
Exciter (ST3A)
P+jQ
MAJARDAH
VT
TLine_02_07
AL BIRK TLine_01_13 94 km 3
Ef0 IT
Ef If
Neuclear plant : Con...
Ef0
P1 Q1
3
Ef0
Ef If A
P = 325.6
V 1 unit = 150 MVA
Q = 227
100 km
V = 0.9996 Ia
82 km S
5.73182 3.91242 Te
Te
TLi 01 15 a
TLine_01_15 a
A
TLine_01_14 A
#1 #2
Ea V E132
Tm
w Tm
TLine_02_08
#1 #2
#2 #1 Tm0
W TM0
P+jQ
P+jQ
TLine_01_17
MUHAIL NORTH 67 km
TIME
S2M
TIME
L2N
* G G
1.0 - -
D 13.333 D 1 + sT 1 + sT
+ +
F F
W
44 km
S / H
in out
TM0
TLine_01_16 TLine_02_09
hold
L2N
#2 #1
P+jQ
MUHAIL
Ef
Iqunt
BRKG
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Transformer Energizing
E_49900
1.50
1.00
Transformer energizing:
0.50
0.00
-0.50
ØðEnergizing a transformer from -1.00
-1.50
the HV side Itf
2.00
1.50
100
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
x
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Transformer Energizing
E_49900
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
Itf
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
x
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
PU
kA
PU
kA
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Transformer energizing:
ØðEnergizing a transformer from the HV side
TLine1
#2
280 km
#3
RRL X X #1
RL
BRK
TLine2
X X
220 km
TLine2
Analog Graph
|Z+|(ohms)
1.6k
1.4k
1.2k
1.0k
0.8k
0.6k
0.4k
0.2k
0.0
Frequency
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0.1
Ohms
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
System black start restoration studies
Long line energizing through small generating units
ØðSelf excitation issues
Vrms_machine
1.20
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
S / H
Ea - Machine terminal
in out
1.50
hold
S2M 1.00
0.50
Vref0 Vref
Vs
Vs
Exciter (ST4B)
PSS2B 0.00
VT
3
P Ef0 IT
P1
w Ef If
-0.50
W
Ef0
-1.00
3
Sudair Bus -1.50
Ef0
Ef If A
V Ia1 Ib1
Esov - PP9 Bushing
2.00
BRKL
S
Te
A #1 #2
1.50
TL_SUD_P...
Ea V BRKG Esov 1e6
Tm Ia2 Ib2
1.00
w Tm
Tm0 0.50
Timed
TM0 Breaker
Logic 0.00
BRKG
Closed@t0
Closed@t0
W
-0.50
w w Tm1 B
Timed
Cv Cv TIME
-1.00
+ S2M Breaker
Steam Gov 4 Steam_Tur_1 Logic
BRKL
+
Open@t0
-1.50
Wref Wref Tm2
F
TIME
L2N
Ef - Machine field voltage
1.0
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
W
1.00002
0.99982
x
x
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Ef
PU
PU
PU
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage - TRV
RL RRL
Main : Graphs
TRV
600
400
T_line
Iflt 200
Timed
Fault
Logic ABC
TRV
30 [pF]
Tim ed
Breaker
0
Logic
BREA1
Closed@t0
-200
+
650 [pF]
C_LIM
Limiting Reactor -400
g 00
+
650 [pF]
C_LIM
-600
x
0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240
30 [pF]
Main : Graphs
TRV_env_A30 TRV_env_A30 TRV TRV_env_A60 TRV_env_A60 TRV_env_A100 TRV_env_A100
800
600
DS
DS1
400
200
50 [pF]
DS
0
DS2
-200
50 [pF]
-400
-600
DS
DS3
-800
TRV_env_B30 TRV_env_B30 TRV TRV_env_B60 TRV_env_B60 TRV_env_B100 TRV_env_B100
50 [pF]
800
600
400
200
50 [pF] 0
SA -200
-400
16000 [pF]
-600
-800
TRV_env_C30 TRV_env_C30 TRV TRV_env_C60 TRV_env_C60 TRV_env_C100 TRV_env_C100
800
600
250 [nF]
[ ]
400
400
Sub Transient
Reactance
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
x
0.1980 0.2000 0.2020 0.2040 0.2060 0.2080 0.2100 0.2120
Ib
Va
Vb
0.108
30 [pF]
30 [pF]
133.5 [pF]
200
1
000
5
30 [pF]
30 [pF]
#1
#2
12000 [pF]
3.599e-4
BREA1
I_CB1
BREA2
0.00085
RL
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage - TRV
Iflt
Timed
Fault
Logic ABC
TRV
30 [pF] Main : Graphs
TRV
Timed
600
Breaker
Logic
BREA1
Closed@t0
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
x
0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240
+
650 [pF]
C_LIM
Limiting Reactor
+
650 [pF]
C_LIM
Va
30
30 [pF]
0 [pF]
V
Vb
133.5 [pF]
20000
0.108
BREA1
I_CB1
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
CT Saturation
Mal operation of an earth fault relay during
transformer energising.
f i i
Inrush current caused unequal saturation of the
3 CTs, resulting in a  burden current.
, g
PSCAD case:
Earth_fault_relay.psc
( i d Th Ct l d t F t fil )
(required ThreCt.psl and a custom Fortran file)
Timed
F lt
Fault
ct_3_new _.f Logic
1
2
3
Is
Is
COU
SE
ECTION
UPLED
PI
E
Ea
Ia
BRK2
0.01 [ohm]
o
BRK1
#2
#1
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
CT saturation studies
CT of phase A saturated during energising of a
single phase transformer in a distribution feeder.
i l h f i di ib i f d
Main,CT1 : Graphs
Ib
12 0
12.0
-2.0
B1
B1
2.00
-0.25
Timed
F lt
Fault
Ia
ct_3_new _.f Logic
120
1
2
3
-20
Is
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Is
COU
SE
ECTION
UPLED
PI
E
Ea
Ia
BRK2
0.01 [ohm]
o
BRK1
Ib (A)
B (T)
Ia (Amps)
#2
#1
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Open discussion and closing comments
Present your questions to PSCAD Developers and to
your fellow PSCAD users.
Tell us of you PSCAD experience:
- How can we do better?