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Arquivos de Zoologia

The resuit of only one tree demonstrates the high degree of morphological differences in the cerithioidean sample analyzed. The superfamily probably evolved a long time ago, sińce late Devonian (Houbrick, 1988), inducing the differentiation among its branches. However, a relatively high degree of homoplasies was detected, reflecting in the presented (retention and consistence) indices. The indices Ievel, nevertheless, are regarded as of a good level.

The obtained tree was not performed to be regarded as a “phylogeny of the superfamily Cerithioidea”. Although it is totally resolved, the insertion of much other taxa is necessary to obtain an actually well-representcd sample of the superfamily. Most nodes are well supported by several synapomorphies, but, e.g., only a pair of reversions supports the node 10. A lot of characters and States were not included in the present analysis due its autapomorphic condition in the studied level. However they surely would be suitable data if the analysis included morę species of a single group. On the other hand, the results were considered enough for interpreting the main purpose of this paper: to test the cerithioidean monophyly.

CONCLUSIONS

1.    The superfamily Cerithioidea is a monophyletic group, defined by 23 synapomorphies.

2.    Most synapomorphies were modified or lost among its representatives.

3.    A phylogenetic organization was obtained based in characters in almost all organs, some of them never previously analyzed, and differs from other previous analyzes.

4.    The Cerithioidea appears to be a basal taxon among Caenogastropoda and several characters are better comparable with archaeogastropod, rather than other caenogastropod outgroups.

5.    The holistic, detailed morphological analysis is enough for phylogenetic and systematic analysis in cerithioideans at all levels.

Acknowledgments

I especially thank Dr. Jose H. Leal, Bailey-

Mattews Shell Museum, Florida, Dr. Winston W. Ponder, Australian Museum, and the two anonymous referees by arduous revision on the text and comments on several points; Dr. Jose L. M. Leme, MZSP by orientation and discussions; Dr. Robert Hershler, USNM for literaturę. By help in cladistic analysis I am grateful to Dr. Sergio A. Vanin, Instituto de Biociencias, USP and Ricardo Pinto da Rocha, MZSP. A special thank to following persons by sent specimens: Dr. Antonio Carlos Marini, Universidade Federa! de Mato Grosso do Sul, by Aylacostoma and Doryssa species collected by INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesąuisa da Amazonia); Jussara Colfat, Instituto Butantan, by specimens of Aylacostoma tenuilabris\ Thomaz Lipparelli, Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Pantanal, by specimens of Melanoides tuberculatus; Dr. Airton S. Pararam and Cintia Miyagi, Instituto Oceanografico da USP (IOUSP), by specimens of Turritella hookeri and Alaba in-certa, collected in the project “Monitoramento Ambiental Oceanico da Bacia de Campos, Rio de Janeiro” developed by Petrobras, Geomap, Fundespa and IOUSP; Dr. G. Harasewysh and T. Nickens, USNM, Smithsonian Institution, by loan of Campanile symbolicum specimens; Jose & Marcus Coltro by speciems of Serpulorbis decussatus. Dr. Sonia A. Casari and Ricardo Pinto da Rocha, MZSP, by species of Pachychilus sp. This study was ftindcd by the “Fundaęao de Am-paro a Pesąuisa do Estado de Sao Paulo” (FAPESP) research grant U 96/06756-2.

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