page_582 < previous page page_582 next page > Page 582 Then Jackson saddled his "foot cavalry" to join Robert E. Lee for a showdown against George B. McClellan's Union troops before Richmond. The Seven Days' Battles (June 25July 1) defeated McClellan but failed to destroy his army as Lee had planned. The fault was largely Jackson's. He was uncharacteristically slow and passive, possibly the victim of the "fog of war"  stress fatigue brought on by extended marching and fighting. Still Lee trusted Jackson, giving him semi-independent commands, and Jackson responded. He was again "Stonewall" at Second Bull Run/Manassas August 2730, 1862; he recaptured Harpers Ferry and saved Lee's army at Antietam; and he fought well at Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862. At Chancellorsville on May 3, 1863, Jackson led his corps on a forced march to the Union rear and struck with awesome fury. In what was possibly Lee's greatest battle, Jackson was the hero. He planned to press his attack that night by moonlight. But in some dark woods a body of Confederates mistook their general for enemy cavalry and shot him. Jackson died of pneumonia a week later  Puritan martyr in the land of Cavaliers. Robert G. Tanner, Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Spring, 1862 (1976); Frank E. Vandiver, Mighty Stonewall (1957). EMORY M. THOMAS See also Civil War. Jacksonian Democracy An ambiguous, controversial concept, Jacksonian Democracy in the strictest sense refers simply to the ascendancy of Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party after 1828. More loosely, it alludes to the entire range of democratic reforms that proceeded alongside the Jacksonians' triumph  from expanding the suffrage to restructuring federal institutions. From another angle, however, Jacksonianism appears as a political impulse tied to slavery, the subjugation of Native Americans, and the celebration of white supremacy  so much so that some scholars have dismissed the phrase "Jacksonian Democracy" as a contradiction in terms. Such tendentious revisionism may provide a useful corrective to older enthusiastic assessments, but it fails to capture a larger historical tragedy: Jacksonian Democracy was an authentic democratic movement, dedicated to powerful, at times radical, egalitarian ideals  but mainly for white men. Socially and intellectually, the Jacksonian movement represented not the insurgency of a specific class or region but a diverse, sometimes testy national coalition. Its origins stretch back to the democratic stirrings of the American Revolution, the Antifederalists of the 1780s and 1790s, and the Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans. More directly, it arose out of the profound social and economic changes of the early nineteenth century. Recent historians have analyzed these changes in terms of a market revolution. In the Northeast and Old Northwest, rapid transportation improvements and immigration hastened the collapse of an older yeoman and artisan economy and its replacement by cash-crop agriculture and capitalist manufacturing. In the South, the cotton boom revived a flagging plantation slave economy, which spread to occupy the best lands of the region. In the West, the seizure of lands from Native Americans and mixed-blood Hispanics opened up fresh areas for white settlement and cultivation  and for speculation. Not everyone benefited equally from the market revolution, least of all those nonwhites for whom it was an unmitigated disaster. Jacksonianism, however, would grow directly from the tensions it generated within white society. Mortgaged farmers and an emerging proletariat in the Northeast, nonslaveholders in the South, tenants and would-be yeomen in the West  all had reasons to think that the spread of commerce and capitalism would bring not boundless opportunities but new forms of dependence. And in all sections of the country, some of the rising entrepreneurs of the market revolution suspected that older elites would block their way and shape economic development to suit themselves. By the 1820s, these tensions fed into a  < previous page page_582 next page >