Appendix
Answers and Charts
Preview
This Appendix provides answers for the Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test on pages 355-359 and for the Introductory Projects in Part Five. It also contains four useful charts: an assignment chart, a spelling list, and a reading comprehension chart, to be filled in by the student, and a general form for planning a paragraph.
Answers to Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test and Introductory Projects
Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test (pages 355-359)
Fragments
1. X
2. C
3. X
4. X
5. C
6. X
Run-Ons
7. C
8. X
9. X
10. X
11. C
12. X
Standard English Verbs
13. C
14. C
15. X
16. X
Irregular Verbs
17. X
18. C
19. C
20. X
Subject-Verb Agreement
21. X
22. X
23. C
24. X
Consistent Verb Tense
25. X
26. C
27. C
28. X
Pronoun Agreement, Reference, and Point of View
29. X
30. C
31. X
32. C
33. X
34. C
Pronoun Types
35. X
36. C
Adjectives and Adverbs
37. X
38. X
Misplaced Modifiers
39. X
40. C
41. X
42. X
Dangling Modifiers
43. C
44. X
45. C
46. X
Faulty Parallelism
47. X
48. C
49. X
50. C
Capital Letters
51. X
52. X
53. C
54. X
Apostrophe
55. C
56. X
57. X
58. C
Quotation Marks
59. C
60. X
61. X
62. C
Comma
63. X
64. X
65. C
66. X
67. C
68. X
Commonly Confused Words
69. X
70. X
71. C
72. X
73. X
74. C
Effective Word Use
75. X
76. X
77. X
78. X
Introductory Projects
Fragments (page 369)
1. thought
2. subject
3. verb
4. subject
Run-Ons (page 385)
1. period
2. but
3. semicolon
4. When
Standard English Verbs (page 400)
enjoyed . . . enjoys; started . . . starts;
cooked . . . cooks
1. past . . . -ed
2. present . . . -s
Irregular Verbs (page 409)
1. crawled, crawled (regular)
2. brought, brought (irregular)
3. used, used (regular)
4. did, done (irregular)
5. gave, given (irregular)
6. laughed, laughed (regular)
7. went, gone (irregular)
8. scared, scared (regular)
9. dressed, dressed (regular)
10. saw, seen (irregular)
Subject-Verb Agreement (page 418)
The second sentence in each pair is correct.
Pronoun Agreement and Reference (page 425)
The second sentence in each pair is correct.
Misplaced Modifiers (page 443)
1. Intended: A young man with references is wanted to open oysters.
Unintended: The oysters have references.
2. Intended: On their wedding day, Clyde and Charlotte decided they would have two children.
Unintended: Clyde and Charlotte decided to have two children who would appear on the day of their wedding.
3. Intended: The students who failed the test no longer like the math instructor.
Unintended: The math instructor failed the test.
Dangling Modifiers (page 447)
1. Intended: My dog sat with me as I smoked a pipe.
Unintended: My dog smoked a pipe.
2. Intended: He looked at a leather-skirted woman.
Unintended: His sports car looked at the woman.
3. Intended: A beef pie baked in the oven for several hours.
Unintended: Grandmother baked in the oven.
Capital Letters (page 457)
All the answers to questions 1 to 13 should be in capital letters.
14. The 15. I 16. That
Apostrophe (page 469)
1. The purpose of the 's is to show possession (Larry owns the motorcycle, the boyfriend belongs to the sister, Grandmother owns the shotgun, the room belongs to the men).
2. The purpose of the apostrophe is to show the omission of one or more letters in a contraction—two words shortened to form one word.
3. In each of the second sentences, the 's shows possession: the body of the vampire; the center of the baked potato. In each of the first sentences, the s is used to form a simple plural: more than one vampire; more than one potato.
Quotation Marks (page 478)
1. The purpose of quotation marks is to set off the exact words of a speaker. (The words that the young man actually spoke aloud are set off with quotation marks, as are the words that the old woman spoke aloud.)
2. Commas and periods go inside quotation marks.
Comma (page 485)
1. a. Frank's interests are Maria, television, and sports.
b. My mother put her feet up, sipped some iced tea, and opened the newspaper.
2. a. Although the Lone Ranger used lots of silver bullets, he never ran out of ammunition.
b. To remove the cap of the aspirin bottle, you must first press down on it.
3. a. Kitty Litter and Dredge Rivers, Hollywood's leading romantic stars, have made several movies together.
b. Sarah, who is my next-door neighbor, just entered the hospital with an intestinal infection.
4. a. The wedding was scheduled for four o'clock, but the bride changed her mind at two.
b. Verna took three coffee breaks before lunch, and then she went on a two-hour lunch break.
5. a. Lola's mother asked her, “What time do you expect to get home?”
b. “Don't bend over to pat the dog,” I warned, “or he'll bite you.”
6. a. Roy ate seventeen hamburgers on July 29, 1992, and lived to tell about it.
b. Roy lives at 817 Cresson Street, Detroit, Michigan.
Other Punctuation Marks (page 495)
1. pets: holly
2. freeze-dried
3. Shakespeare (1564-1616)
4. Earth; no
5. proudly—with
Commonly Confused Words (page 519)
Your mind and body . . . There is a lot of evidence . . .
then it will . . . said to have . . . It's not clear
Effective Word Choice (page 529)
1. “Flipped out” is slang.
2. “Few and far between” is a cliché.
3. “Ascertained” is a pretentious word.
Charts
Assignment Chart
Use this chart to record daily or weekly assignments in your writing class. You might want to print writing assignments and their due dates in capital letters so that they stand out clearly.
Date Date
Given Assignment Due
Date Date
Given Assignment Due
Spelling List
Enter here the words that you misspelled in your papers (note the examples). If you add to and study this list regularly, you will not repeat the same mistakes in your writing.
Incorrect Spelling Correct Spelling Points to Remember
Reading Comprehension Chart
Write an X through the numbers of any questions you missed while answering the comprehension questions for each selection in Part Six, Seventeen Reading Selections. Then write in your comprehension score. To calculate your score for each reading, give yourself 10 points for each item that is not X'd out. The chart will make clear any skill question you get wrong repeatedly, so that you can pay special attention to that skill in the future.
Vocabulary Subject Thesis or Key Comprehension Selection in Context or Title Main Idea Details Inferences Score
Mrosla 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Logan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Wong 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Angelou 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Rooney 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Curran 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Carson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Collier 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Barrett 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Garland 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Scott 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Verderber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Ellerbee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Wine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Berger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Syme 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Conroy/ Johnson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %
Form for Planning a Paragraph
To write an effective paragraph, first prepare an outline. Often (though not always) you may be able to use a form like the one below.
Topic sentence:
Support (1):
Details:
Support (2):
Details:
Support (3):
Details:
alright all right two words
ocasion occasion two “c”s
Acknowledgments
Maya Angelou, “Adolescent Confusion” (editor's title). Excerpt from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou, copyright ©1969 by Maya Angelou. Used by permission of Random House, Inc. and Virago Press.
Katherine Barrett, “Old before Her Time.” From Ladies' Home Journal magazine. Copyright 1983 by Meredith Corporation. All rights reserved. Used with the permission of Ladies' Home Journal.
Kathleen Stassen Berger and Ross A. Thompson, “Bullies in School.” Excerpt from The Developing Person through the Life Span by Kathleen Stassen Berger and Ross A. Thompson, ©1998 by Worth Publishers. Used with permission.
Ben Carson, M.D., with Cecil Murphey, “Do It Better!” Excerpt from Think Big, copyright ©1992 by Benjamin Carson, M.D. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House.
James Lincoln Collier, “Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name.” Originally published in Reader's Digest, December 1986. Reprinted by permission of the author.
Theresa Conroy and Christine M. Johnson, “A Drunken Ride, A Tragic Aftermath.” From The Philadelphia Inquirer. Copyright ©1986, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Reprinted by permission.
Delores Curran, “What Good Families Are Doing Right,” from McCall's, March 1983. Reprinted by permission.
Linda Ellerbee, “Television Changed My Family Forever.” From Move On, copyright 1991 by Linda Ellerbee. Reprinted by permission of International Creative Management, Inc.
Anita Garland, “Let's Really Reform Our Schools.” Copyright ©1994. Reprinted by permission of the author.
Paul Logan, “Rowing the Bus.” Copyright ©1997. Reprinted by permission of the author.
Sister Helen Mrosla, “All the Good Things.” Originally published in Reader's Digest, October 1991. Reprinted by permission.
Andy Rooney, “Tickets to Nowhere.” Originally published in the San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 25, 1988. ©Tribune Media Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted with permission.
Janny Scott, “How They Get You to Do That.” Originally published in the Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1992. Copyright 1992, Los Angeles Times. Reprinted by permission.
S. Leonard Syme, “People Need People,” from American Health (July-August 1982). Reprinted by permission of S. Leonard Syme.
Rudolph F. Verderber, “Dealing with Feelings.” Excerpt from Communicate, 6th Edition, by Rudolph F. Verderber, ©1990. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth, an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.
Bill Wine, “Rudeness at the Movies.” Copyright 1989. Reprinted by permission of the author.
Jade Snow Wong, “Fifth Chinese Daughter.” Excerpt from Jade Snow Wong's Fifth Chinese Daughter, ©1989 by University of Washington Press. Reprinted by permission of University of Washington Press.
Yahoo!® home page. Reproduced with permission of Yahoo! Inc. ©2000 by Yahoo! Inc. YAHOO! and the YAHOO! logo are trademarks of Yahoo! Inc.
Index
A, an, 525, 535-537
Abbreviations, 467
in Internet addresses, 320
Accent marks, 503
Accept, except, 525
Added-detail fragments, 377-378
Addition signals, 82
Addresses, commas in, 492
Adjectives, 438-440, 545-547
commas with, 113
to compare, use of, 438-440
defined, 112, 438, 545
order of, 545-546
present and past participles as, 111, 546-547
in sentence variety, 112-114
in a series, 112, 545
“Adolescent Confusion” (Angelou), 605-611
Adverbial conjunctions, 393
Adverbs, 440-441
defined, 440
advice, advise, 525
affect, effect, 526
Agreement:
pronoun, 426-428
subject and verb, 418-424
all ready, already, 520
“All the Good Things” (Mrosla), 584-589
among, between, 526
an, a, 525
and as coordinating word, 108, 390
Angelou, Maya, “Adolescent Confusion,” 605-611
Antecedents, pronoun agreement with, 426, 427-428
“Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name” (Collier), 639-645
Apostrophe, 469-477
in contractions, 470
incorrect use with plurals, 474
incorrect use with possessive pronouns, 473
with plurals ending in -s, 475
to show possession, 471-472
versus simple plurals, 474
Argumentation paragraph, 269-280
development through prewriting, 272-274, 275-276, 277
Argumentation paragraph—Cont.
development through revising, 274, 276, 278
Articles, 535-538
with count and noncount nouns, 536-538
indefinite and definite, 535
omitting, 538
with proper nouns, 538
Artificial writing, 532
Assignment chart, 730-731
Audience, writing for, 163
peer review, 167-169
Balancing words in sentences, 97-98
Barrett, Katherine, “Old before Her Time,” 646-655
Bases, four, for revising, 131-157
summary of, 131, 141, inside front cover
(see also Coherence in writing; Sentence skills; Support in writing; Unity in writing)
be, forms of, 404
Berger, Kathleen, “Bullies in School,” 694-701
beside, besides, 526
between, among, 526
Bibliography (see Works cited)
-body words, 422
Book file, library (see Catalog)
Book report (see Report writing)
Book stacks, library, 314-315
Books, citations to, 338, 339 (see also Works cited)
Brainstorming (making a list), 21
brake, break, 520
“Bullies in School” (Berger), 694-701
but as coordinating word, 108, 390
Call numbers, 313
Capital letters, 457-465
erroneous use of, 464
in first word in a sentence or direct quotation, 458
in geographic locations, 462
Capital letters—Cont.
in historical periods and events, 463
in a letter, opening and closing of, 463
in names of commercial products, 459
in names of days of week, months, and holidays, 459
in names of languages, 462
in names of organizations, 459
in names of particular places, 458-459
in names of persons and the word I, 458
in names showing family relationships, 461-462
in names of specific school courses, 462
in races, nations, and nationalities, 463
in titles, 460
in titles of persons when used with their names, 462
Carson, Ben, M.D., with Cecil Murphey, “Do It Better!” 629-638
Catalog, library, 312-314
Cause-and-effect paragraph, 195-204
development through prewriting, 197-199
development through revising, 199
Change-of-direction signals, 82
Chart, assignment, 730-731
Citations, in research paper:
at the end of the paper, 337-340
within a paper, 336-337
Clauses:
defined, 109, 436
independent and dependent, 109
Clichés, 531
Clustering, as prewriting technique, 22-23
coarse, course, 520
Coherence in writing, 136-137, 149-154
connecting words:
pronouns, 85
repeated words, 85
synonyms, 86
transitional sentences, 289
transitions, 82, 158, 160
(see also Organization, methods of)
Collier, James Lincoln, “Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name,” 639-645
Colon, 492, 496
Combined Mastery Tests, 550-557
Comma, 485-494
in addresses, 492
with complete thoughts, 108, 489-490
in compound sentences, 108
with dates, 492
with direct quotations, 491
with everyday material, 491-492
with interrupters, 488-489
with introductory material, 487
with joining word, 489-490
in openings and closings of letters, 492
with persons spoken to, 491
in series, 486
splices, 386
Comma splice, defined, 386 (see also Run-ons)
Commonly confused words, 519-528
Community dialect, 400-405
Comparison or contrast paragraph, 205-220
development through prewriting, 212-214
development through revising, 214
one-side-at-a-time development in, 207
point-by-point development in, 207-208
Complex sentences, 109
Compound sentences, 421
Compound subjects, 363, 421
Computer, using, 164-167
tips on, 164
ways to use in writing process, 165-167
Computerized catalog, library, 312-314
Conciseness, 105-106
Concluding paragraph in essay, 290
Conclusion signals, 82
Conjunctions (see Coordinating words; Dependent words; Joining words)
Connecting words, (see Organization in writing, connecting words)
Conroy, Theresa, and Christine M. Johnson, “A Drunken Ride, a Tragic Aftermath,” 710-723
Consistent verb tense, 99
Contractions, apostrophe in, 470
Contrast, comparison or, paragraph, 205-220
Coordinating words, 108, 390
with comma, 489-490
Coordination in sentence, 108-109
Correction symbols, inside back cover
count nouns, 536
nonspecific singular, 537
course, coarse, 520
Curran, Delores, “What Good Families Are Doing Right,” 617-628
Cut and paste, computer functions, 164
Dangling modifiers, 447-451
Dash, 497
Dates, commas with, 492
“Dealing with Feelings” (Verderber), 672-679
Definition paragraph, 221-230
development through prewriting, 223-225
development through revising, 225
Demonstrative pronouns, 436
Dependent fragments, 370-372
Dependent thoughts, 109-110
Dependent words, 109, 395
Description paragraph, 243-255
development through prewriting, 246-248
development through revising, 248
topic choice, 246-247
desert, dessert, 526
Details, specific, 4-5, 49-55, 67-76, 142-143, 155-157, 583
adequacy of, 55-56, 73-75
versus general ideas, 35-42
importance of, 52-53
ordering (see Organization, methods of)
providing, 72-73
recognizing, 67-72
Diagramming, as prewriting technique, 22-23
Dialects, community, 400-405
Dictionary, use of, 500-508
desk dictionaries, titles of, 506
etymology of words in, 506
irregular nouns, plural forms in, 505
irregular verbs, principal parts in, 504-505
meanings of words, listed in, 505
parts of speech in, 504
Dictionary, use of—Cont.
pronunciation of words in, 501-503, 504
accent marks, 503
schwa, 502
vowel sounds, 502
spelling in, 500-501, 509
syllabication in, 501
synonyms in, 507-508
usage labels in, 507
Direct quotations, 479, 481
commas with, 491
ellipses with, 334
versus indirect quotations, 481
Discovering your subject through writing, 12-13
Division and classification paragraph, 231-242
development through prewriting, 235-236
development through revising, 236-237
do, forms of, 405
Documentation of research paper (see Research paper, documentation of sources for)
“Do It Better!” (Carson and Murphey), 629-638
“A Drunken Ride, a Tragic Aftermath” (Conroy and Johnson), 710-723
Ebscohost, 316, 317
-ed word, beginning with, 111
for past tense of regular verb, 403
Editing, 30-31
with a computer, 166-167
of sentences, 114-116
Editing tests, 558-570
effect, affect, 526
Effective word choice, 529-534
Electronic aids in spelling, 515
Ellerbee, Linda, “Television Changed My Family Forever,” 680-686
Ellipses, in a direct quotation, 334
Emphatic order in organizing details, 80-81, 89-91
words that show, 80
Endings, verb, 409-410
ESL pointers, 535-549
Essay exams, preparing for and taking, 296-302
Essay writing, 281-308
essay outline form, 284, 295
model essay, 285-286
Essay writing—Cont.
paragraph and essay, difference between, 283
paragraphs in:
concluding, 290
introductory, 286-288
supporting, 289
personal review of, 169
planning the essay, 294-295
transitional sentences in, 289
writing assignments for, 302-308
writing of for exams, 296-302
Etymology, in dictionaries, 506
Evidence, specific (see Details, specific)
Examples (see Details, specific)
Examples paragraph, 171-181
development through prewriting, 182-183
development through revising, 183
except, accept, 525
Exposition, 161
fewer, less, 527
“Fifth Chinese Daughter” (Wong), 597-604
First-person point of view, 101
Footnotes (see Citations in research paper)
for as coordinating word, 108, 390
Format:
of essay, 294
of paper, 452-456
of research paper, 336, 342-352
Fragments, sentence, 369-370, 381
common types of:
added detail, 377-378
dependent-word, 370-372
-ing and to, 374-375
missing subject, 380
how to check for, a review, 381
Freewriting as prewriting technique, 18-19
with a computer, 165
Fused sentences, defined, 386 (see also Run-ons)
Garland, Anita, “Let's Really Reform Our Schools,” 655-663
Gender references, 427-428
General assertion, idea, point, or statement (see Point, making a)
Gerund, 541-544
defined, 541
good, well, 441
have, forms of, 405
hear, here, 520
Helping verbs, 363
here, at beginning of sentence, 540
his or her, 427-428
hole, whole, 521
Homonyms, 520-525
“How They Get You to Do That” (Scott), 663-671
Hyphen, 498
Illustration signals, 82
Importance, order of, (see Emphatic order in organizing details)
Indefinite pronouns, 422
agreement of, 427-428
Independent clauses, 109
Indirect quotations, 481
Inferences, 583
Infinitive, 541-544
defined, 541
InfoTrac, 317
-ing fragments, 374-375
-ing word:
alone, not verb of sentence, 364
beginning with, 111
Internet, use for research, 320-326, 330-331
for articles, 312-316
for books, 320-326
bookmarks, creating for saving websites, 325
citation of, 340
evaluating sources of, 326
search directories and engines, 323-325
Interrupters, commas with, 488-489
Introductory materials, comma with, 487
Introductory paragraph in essay, 286-288
common methods of, 287-288
purposes of, 286
Irregular nouns, plural forms of, in dictionary, 505
Irregular verbs, 404-405, 409-417
list of, 410-413
principal parts of 404-405,
in dictionary, 504-505
its, it's, 521
Joining words, 108, 390
with comma, 489-490
Journal, keeping a, 14-15, 283
Key words in topic sentence, 60-61
knew, new, 521
know, no, 521
Knowing your subject, 162-163
less, fewer, 527
“Let's Really Reform Our Schools” (Garland), 655-663
Letters, openings and closings, punctuation of, 492
Library, using the, 311-319, 329
book file, 312-313
book stacks, 314-315
card catalog, 312-314
computerized catalog, 312-314
Internet resources in, 320-326
Library of Congress, on the Internet, 322
main desk, 311
periodicals, 316-317, 328
reference section, specialized indexes, 318-319
Limiting a topic in writing, 57-59, 329-332
Linking verbs, including in sentences, 539-540
List-making (brainstorming), as prewriting technique, 21
with a computer, 165
Logan, Paul, “Rowing the Bus,” 590-597
loose, lose, 527
-ly word, beginning with, 111
Magazine Index Plus, 316, 317, 329
Magazines (see Periodicals)
citations of, 338
Main desk, in library, 311
Main idea, 583 (see also Point, making a)
Manuscript form, 342-352, 452-453
Mapping, as prewriting technique, 22-23
Mastery tests, combined, 550-557
Misplaced modifiers, 443-446
Missing-subject fragments, 380
Model research paper, 341-352
Model student essay, 285-286
Modern Language Association (MLA) documentation,
for research paper, 336-340
Modifiers:
dangling, 447-451
misplaced, 443-446
Mrosla, Sister Helen, “All the Good Things,” 584-589
Narrative paragraph, 257-267
development through prewriting, 260-261
development through revising, 261-262
new, knew, 521
Newspapers (see Periodicals)
citations of, 339
no, know, 521
noncount nouns, 536-538
common, 536
nonspecific, 538
qualifiers of, 536
nonspecific plurals, 538
nonspecific singular count nouns, 537
nor as coordinating word, 108
Noun markers, 535
Nouns
count versus noncount, 536
defined, 536
irregular, plural forms in dictionary, 505
noncount, 536-538
nonspecific plurals, 538
nonspecific singular count,537
proper, 538
with the, 538
specific versus nonspecific, 537
Nouns, irregular, plural forms in dictionary, 505
Numbers, 446
commas in, 492
spelling out, 446
Object pronouns, 432, 434
“Old before Her Time” (Barrett), 646-655
One-side-at-a-time development, 207
-one words, 422
Online sources (see also Internet, use for research)
booksellers, 320
citation of, 340
research, 320-326
services, 320
or as coordinating word, 108
Ordering details (see Organization, in writing, methods of)
Organization, in writing, 79-96, 136-137, 144-145, 151-154
activities in, 88-96
connecting words:
pronouns, 85
repeated words, 85
Organization, in writing—Cont.
connecting words—Cont.
synonyms, 86
transitions, 81-84, 91-96, 137
methods of:
combination of time and emphatic order, 81, 90
emphatic order, 80-81, 89, 150
time order, 80, 88-89, 152
(see also Paragraphs, types of development)
Outline page in research paper, model, 343
Outlines:
scratch, 23-24, 35, 150-151, 176, 168, 333
sentence, 335
topic, 335
Outlining:
activities, 35-42
major and minor details in, 38
scratch, in peer review, 168
scratch, as prewriting technique, 23-24, 35, 176
in writing, 23-24
Pair, pear, 522
Paper format, 452-456
Paragraph, simple, writing, 83-85
form for planning, 734
Paragraphs:
benefits of writing, 10-11
defined, 5
and essays, differences between, 283
in essays:
concluding, 290
introductory, 286-288
supporting, 289
outlining of, 5-6 (see also Outlines; Outlining)
point and support in, 4-6, 76-78
standards in:
organization (see Organization, in writing)
sentence skills (see Sentence skills)
support (see Support in writing)
unity (see Unity in writing)
topic sentence in, 5, 283
types of development:
arguing a position, 269-280
comparing or contrasting, 205-220
defining a term, 221-230
Paragraphs—Cont.
types of development—Cont.
describing a scene or person, 243-255
dividing and classifying, 231-242
examining cause and effect, 195-204
explaining a process, 183-194
narrating an event, 257-267
providing examples, 171-181
Parallelism, using, 97-98
Parentheses, 499
Participles:
as adjectives, 546-547
past, 111, 410, 504-505
present, 111, 410, 504-505
Parts of speech, in dictionary, 504
passed, past, 522
Past participle, 111, 410, 411-413, 504-505
as adjective, 546-547
Past tense, 401, 403-405
endings, 403
peace, piece, 522
pear, pair, 522
Peer review of paragraphs, 167-169
“People Need People” (Syme), 702-710
Periodicals:
citations of, 338-339
defined, 316
researching:
on Internet, 322-325
in library, 316-317
Personal knowledge, importance of, in writing, 171
Personal review in writing and revising, 169
Persuasion, 170, 269
piece, peace, 522
Places, prepositions used for, 548
Plagiarism, 335
plain, plane, 522
Plurals, versus apostrophe use, 474
Plural words ending in s, with apostrophe, 475
Point, making a, 4-6, 47-49, 132-133
common errors in, 57-59
the two parts of, 60-61
Point and support, 4-6, 47-57, 76-78, 141, 150-151
activities in, 57-78
Point-by-point development, 207-208
Point of view, in writing, consistent, 101
Possessive pronouns, 435
Possessives, formation of, 471-472
with words ending in -s, 475
Prepositional phrases, 419, 542
as sentence openers, 111
subject never in, 363
and subject-verb agreement, 419
Prepositions, 363
used for time and place, 548
Present participle, 111, 410, 411-413, 504-505
as adjective, 546-547
Present tense, 401-402, 404-405
Pretentious words, 532
Prewriting, 17-25
activities, 33-35
techniques:
brainstorming, 21
clustering, 22-23
using a computer in, 165
diagramming, 22-23
freewriting, 18-19
making a list, 21
mapping, 22-23
preparing a scratch outline, 23-24
questioning, 20
principal, principle, 522
Process, writing, 17-45
editing, 30-31
prewriting techniques, 17-25, 33-35
brainstorming, 21
clustering (diagramming), 22-23
freewriting, 18-19
making a list, 21
preparing a scratch outline, 23-24, 35-42
questioning, 20
revising, 26-29, 43-45
of content, 27
of sentences, 27-28
writing a first draft, 25
Process paragraph, 183-194
development through prewriting, 186-187
development through revising, 187-188
Progressive tense, 540-541
defined, 540
Pronouns:
agreement with word replaced (antecedent), 426-428
as connecting words, 85
consistency of, 101
indefinite, 422
agreement with verbs, 427-428
and point of view, consistent, 101
Pronouns—Cont.
reference, clear, 428-429
as subjects in sentences, 362, 432-434, 539
types:
demonstrative, 436
object, 434-435
possessive, 435
versus apostrophe use, 473
subject, 432-434
Pronunciation, in dictionary, 501-503, 504
Proofreading:
editing activities, 558-570
note on, 115-116, 558
sentence sense, 366-368
symbols, 115
Punctuation:
apostrophe (see Apostrophe)
colon, 492, 496
comma (see Comma)
dash, 497
hyphen, 498
parentheses, 499
quotation marks (see Quotation marks)
semicolon, 392, 496-497
of titles, 482-483
Purpose in writing, 171
making clear, 331-332
Qualifiers, 536
Questioning, as prewriting technique, 20
with a computer, 165
quiet, quite, 527
Quotation:
colon with, 492
comma with, 491
direct, 479
with comma, 491
indirect, 481
in research paper, 335
within a quotation, 484
Quotation marks, 478-484
with exact words of speaker or writer, 479, 481
with quotation within a quotation, 484
in research paper, 479, 491
with special words or phrases, 483-484
with titles of short works, 482-483
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 366-367
Reading:
general steps, 580-584
word signals, understanding, 51, 82
Reading comprehension chart, 733
Reasoning (see Coherence in writing; Outlining; Unity in writing)
Redundancy (see Wordiness)
Regular verbs, 410
Repeated subjects, avoiding, 539
Repeated words as connecting words, 85
Research:
in libraries, 311-319, 329
online, 320-326, 330-331
Research paper:
documentation of sources for, 336-340
format of and sample pages, 336
information gathering for, 332
model research paper, 341-352
Modern Language Association (MLA) documentation, 336-340
note-taking for, 333-335
outline page in, 333
preparing a scratch outline for, 333
purpose, making clear, 331-332
quoting and summarizing in, 333-335
topic:
choosing, 329-331
limiting, 331-332
works cited:
list of, 336-340
model entries, 338-340
sample page, 352
writing, 335-336
Restrictive elements (see Interrupters, commas with)
Revising, 26-29
activities, 43-45, 117-130
bases for, four, 131-157
of content, 27
pronoun point of view, consistency in, 101
of sentences, 27-28, 97-114
using a computer for, 166
using concise words, 105-107
using specific words, 102-103
using parallelism, 97-98
varying sentences in, 107-114
by adding a dependent thought, 109-110
by adding a second complete thought, 108-109
by beginning with a special opening word or phrase, 111-112
by using adjectives or verbs in a series, 112-113
verb tense, consistency in, 99
(see also Editing)
right, write, 522
Rooney, Andy, “Tickets to Nowhere,” 611-616
Rough drafts (see Prewriting techniques)
“Rowing the Bus” (Logan), 590-597
“Rudeness at the Movies” (Wine), 687-693
Run-ons, 385-399
methods of correcting:
comma and joining word, 390
period and capital letter, 387
semicolon, 392-393
subordination, 394-395
words that can lead to, 386
schwa, 502
Scott, Janny, “How They Get You to Do That,” 663-671
Scratch outline:
in peer review, 168
as prewriting technique, 23-24
Search directories, 323-324
Search engines, 323-325
Second-person point of view, 101
Semicolon, 392, 396
to connect complete thoughts, 496
with a series, 496-497
with a transitional word, 393
Sentence(s):
balancing words in, 97-98
complex, 109
compound, 108
coordination in, 108
editing of, 114-116
fragments (see Fragments, sentence)
parallelism in, 97-98
run-on (see Run-ons)
subjects and verbs in, 361-365
subordination in, 107, 109-111
there and here at the beginning of, 540
thesis statement (thesis sentence), of essay, 283, 284, 286
topic sentence, of paragraph, 57-67, 293
transitional, in essay, 289
variety in, 107-114
Sentence outlines, 335
Sentence sense, 366-368
Sentence skills, 138-140, 353-576
tests of:
achievement, 571-576
diagnostic, 355-359
Series:
of adjectives, 112, 545
balancing words in, 97-98
commas in, 486
of numbers, 492
parallel structure in, 97-98
semicolon in, 496-497
of verbs, 112
Signals, word, 51, 81-82
Slang:
usage labels, in dictionary, 507
in writing, 530
so as coordinating word, 108, 390, 489-490
Space signals, 82
Specific details, (see Details, specific)
Specific words, using, 102-103
Spelling (see also Commonly confused words):
basic word list, 511-515
dictionary, using for, 500-501, 509
electronic aids, 515
improving, methods of, 509-515
personal list, 732
rules for, 510-511
Stacks, book, in library, 314-315
Subject(s):
compound, 363, 421
pronouns as, 362, 432-434, 539
repeated, avoiding, 539
in sentence, 361-363
separated from verb by words, 419
special singular, 422, 427
verbs, agreement with, 418-424
verbs before, 420
Subject or title of reading, 582
Subordinating words (see Dependent words)
Subordination, 109-110, 394-395
Supporting paragraphs in essays, 289
Support in writing, 4, 49-57, 67-76, 79-96, 134-135
evaluating paragraphs for, 147-149
Syllabication, in dictionary, 501
Syme, S. Leonard, “People Need People,” 702-710
Synonyms:
as connecting words, 86
in the dictionary, 507-508
Talking versus writing, 4
“Television Changed My Family Forever” (Ellerbee), 680-686
Term paper (see Research paper)
Tests of sentence skills:
achievement, 571-576
diagnostic, 355-359
than, then, 523
the, 535-539
with proper nouns, 538
with specific nouns, 537
their, there, they're, 523
then, than, 523
there, at beginning of sentences, 540
Thesis statement (thesis sentence), 283, 284, 286
they're, their, there, 523
-thing words, 422
Third-person point of view, 101
though, thought, 527
threw, through, 523
“Tickets to Nowhere” (Rooney), 611-616
Time, prepositions used for, 548
Time order in organizing details, 80, 88-89, 152
combined with emphatic order, 81, 90
Time signals, 82
Title page, 342
Titles:
of articles, 482
of books, 482
capitalization in, 460
of chapters, 482
of magazines, 482
of movies, 482
of newspapers, 482
of a paper, 452-453, 460
of persons, 462
of plays, 482
of poems, 482
punctuation of, 460
quotation marks versus underlining, 482
of record albums,482
of short stories, 482
of songs, 482
of television shows, 482
To:
fragment, 375
preceding verb, 364
word group, beginning with, 111
to, too, two, 524
Topic outlines, 335
Topics:
choosing for research, 57-59, 329-332
knowing, 162-163
limiting in writing, 57-59, 329-332
Topic sentence, 5, 57-67
common errors in, 57-59
in essay, 284
the two parts of, 60-61
Traditional patterns of paragraph development, 161
Transitional sentences in essays, 289
Transitional words, 393
Transitions, 81-84
Two, to, too, 524
Underlining titles, 482-483
Unity in writing, 132-133, 142-146
(see also Point, making a)
Usage:
commonly confused words, 519-528
dictionary labels as guide to, 507
Variety, sentence, 107-114
Verb(s), 361-364
agreement with subjects, 418-424
auxiliary, 363-364
be, forms of, 404
before gerunds and infinitives, 541-544
before subject, 420
compound, 363
consistency of, 99
dialect and standard forms, 400-402, 404-405
do, forms of, 405
endings, 409-410
finding, 361-362
gerunds after, 541-542
Verb(s)—Cont.
have, forms of, 405
helping, 363
infinitives after, 541-543
irregular, 404-405, 409-417
list of, 410-413
principal parts of, 404-405
linking, including, 539-540
participles, 111, 410, 411-413, 505
as parts of sentences, 361-364
past tense endings, 402-403, 410
present tense endings, 401-402, 410
progressive tense of, not using certain, 540-541
regular, 410
sentences, as part of, 361-364
in sentence variety, 107-114
separated from subject by words, 419
in a series, 112
standard, 401-408
subjects, agreement with, 418-424
before subjects, 420
tense, consistent, 99
Verderber, Rudolph F., “Dealing with Feelings,” 672-679
Vocabulary development, 505-506, 516-518, 582
with regular reading, 516
with study books, 518
with wordsheets, 516-517
Vocabulary in context, 582
Vowel sounds, 502
wear, where, 524
weather, whether, 524
well, good, 441
“What Good Families Are Doing Right” (Curran), 617-628
where, wear, 524
whether, weather, 524
whole, hole, 521
who's, whose, 524
Wine, Bill, “Rudeness at the Movies,” 687-693
Wong, Jade Snow, “Fifth Chinese Daughter,” 597-604
Wordiness, 105-106
Words, signal, 51, 81-82
Works cited, 336-340
model entries, 338-340
at the end of a paper, 337-340
within a paper, 336
sample page, 352
World Wide Web, 320
write, right, 522
Writing:
four steps in, 47-117
inventory, taking, 32-33
point of view in, 99
process, 17-45
as a process of discovery, 12-13
as a skill, 10-13
for a specific purpose and audience, 163
versus talking, 4
(see also Process, writing)
yet, as coordinating word, 108
your, you're, 525