Types of Institutions
The system of higher education in the USA comprises four categories of institutions:
(1) the university, which may contain
(a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor's (4 year) degree;
(b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree to obtain a master's or a doctoral degree.
(2) the four-year undergraduate institution, the college, most of which are not part of a university.
(3) the technical training institution, at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from 6 months to 4 years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills.
(4) the two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges or universities.
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US Higher Education Acts
1812 - the Darmouth College Case - the Supreme Court decision that private colleges would not be state controlled. The decision resulted in proliferation of colleges prior to the Civil War and distinction between private and public colleges.
1862 - the First Morill Act (Land Grant Act) - the federal government gave huge plots of lands to the states for building new agricultural and technical colleges. The act marked the beginning of federal influence on higher education based on financial help.
1890 - the Second Morill Act - establishment of separate land-grant colleges for the Blacks in the South and the border states.
1944 - the Servicemen Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) - financial aid to the institutions of higher education for veterans. From that time on anyone could enter a college or university, yet, the Blacks and women were still unwelcome in higher education institutions.
1958 - the National Defense Education Act - fellowships, grants and loans to encourage the study of science, math and foreign languages.
1964 - the Civil Rights Act - higher education institutions will not receive federal aid if found discriminating on the basis of religion, race, or national origin. The act resulted in opening the doors of colleges and universities previously closed for racial and religious minorities.
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The Ivy League
1636 - Harvard - Cambridge, MA.
1701 - Yale - New Haven, CT.
1740 - University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, PA.
1746 - Princeton - Princeton, NJ.
1754 - Columbia - New York City, NY.
1764 - Brown - Providence, RI.
1769 - Dartmouth - Hanover, NH.
1865 - Cornell - Ithaca, NY.
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The Flag Salute
I pledge my allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, under God, indivisible with liberty and justice for all.