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44 LOKESH CHANDRA

Jyotirlińga was recreated by king Sartjaya. The Sailendras must have gone from Sniailam in South India, via Malaya to Java, in search of greener pastures, in the sixlh century. This was in keeping with the generał Indian perception of seeking aflluence in the South-East Asian islands known by the generic name of Suvamabhumi Mands of gold’, or SuvarnadvTpa ‘isles of gold*. The immediate source of inspiration for the Sailendras should have been the prosperity of the princes of Srivijayapuri who had left a couple of cenluries earlier to emerge as a powerful maritime trading empire of Srivijaya. The Vajrayfina Buddhists were multinational merchants with an overflowing trans-continental volume of trade, rellected in the Tamil word sambara for colonies of rich Buddhist traders. The followers of VajraySna were greal builders of sanctuaries and stupas as visible landmarks, as visible Dharma. Nflgapatlinam in South India had splendid monuments. So the Sailendras in their new kingdom in Java conceived of a Capital with splendid spires, a Kalaśapura, whose magnificence can still be seen in the extensive ruins, crowned by the glory of Barabudur.

O. KALAŚAPURA

Kalaśapura in Sanskrit texts refers to Kalasan, the glorious Capital of the Sailendras, rich in temples and aflluent in economy. The earliest reference

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is in the Asta-mahacaitya-vandana of king Harsavardhana Sfladitya (A. D. 590: 606-647), transcribcd into Chinese by Fa-hsicn. The third stanza of this hymn of five verses reads:

NćpśJć KSmarupe Kalaśavarapure KSńci-saurastra-rSstrc.

ye cSnyc dhdtugarbhadaśabala ■ balinas tan namasyśmimurdhnś. (Nj. 1071, T 1684, K 1228b, STP 18.7196, Levi 1897: 189-203).

The ncxt reference is in the Katha-sańt-sśgara wrillen by Somadeva betwecn 1063 and 1081 (Keith 1928 : 281). It has tales of advenlures at sea, with shipwrecks and strange lands. It goes back to Guniklhya 's Brhat-Kathś which existed prior to A. D. 600. The story of the merchant Samudraśura is imporlant lor two reasons: firslly, it places Kalaśapura (Kalaśapur-Skhyarh nagaram 54.108) in Suvarnadv!pa; secondly, the glittering priceless jewclled ornaments (bhSsvara - anargha raln abharana sańcayam, 54.128) attest to the vast wealth of the kingdom of Kalaśapura. The merchant Samudraśura visited Kalaśapura, the Capital of Suvamadvlpa. A typhoon split asundcr the ship and the merchant climbed a corpse and was carried by a favourable wind to SuvamadvTpa. He perceived a cloth around the loins of the corpse. As he unfastened it, he found a necklace richly studded with jewels. After misadventures he found unlimited wealth and in course of time reachcd his own city of Harsapura (Tawney/Penzer 4.191-93, Katha-sarit-sśgara 54.971.)

A palm-leaf manuscript of the Asta-sahasrika Prajftap&ramits dated A. D.

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1015 (Cambridge, Add. 1643) dcpicts Lord Sakyamuni on folio 44 with the