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96 LOKESH CHANDRA

Ins.) and his faihcr was Sanna or Sannaha. The Panańkaran of the Mantyasih Coppcrplates cannot be idcntical wilh the Rakai Panańkarana of the Kalasan Stone Inscription. The llrst Panańkaran would have been active around A. D. 750, whilc the second is datcd in 778. There is a gap of one generation. Three chartcrs of Pikatan are known and in one of them he cails himself ratu . Rakai Kayuvańi or Lokapala has the epithet of Mahfraja, and he initiated agrarian measures to bring prosperity. Lokapala does not refcr to the four guardians of the Cardinal directions, but ii is identical with the commonly used proper name Narendra. Only one charter has come down to us from the reign of Valuhumalań, datcd A. D. 886, where he is called haji ‘Lord*.

The following situations emcrge from the aforcsaid facts:

(i)    There was a dynasty which went back to Sartjaya, and whose great king was Balituń. Whethcr Balituń camc from East Java or shiftcd there rcmains a question.

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(ii)    Sri Maharaja Rakai Panańkaran of the Mantyasih Coppcrplates is carlicr than the one of the Kalasan Inscription, and the two are dilTcrcnt persons. The succcssors and / or desccndants of Sańjaya were a dynasty in their own right, scparale from the Sailcndras.

(iii)    In Java, there were a number of States and no single dynasty whose wril ran all ovcr Central Java. The possibility of the whole of Java being under a single authority has to be ruled out due to the lack of efficienl Communications in ancien! limes, which are a must for effective contro!. The ground realitics are rcllcctcd in “charters from other men in power, nay from other ‘princes* during his (of King Valuhumalań) limę” (Naerssen 1947: 252).

(iv)    The assumption of Vogel (1919:634) that ⁴⁴ We have got to do here with a Javancsc potcnlale who politically was dependent upon the ruler of Srivijaya” has bedevilled Javanese history. Though cautious, Naerssen States: “From this it appears firslly that for the Javanesc the Sailendra dynasty was a foreign one, whcrcas Sańjaya ’s was the legitimate one, and secondly that the lattcr has continued to live on, also during the Sailendra interregnum, be it entirely in the background. ” The idea of foreign sovereignty and the presence of national rulers stems from the political realities of the limę when Vogcl wrote, that is A. D. 1919. The unconscious of Dutch rule cast its shadows and Sumatran suzerainty ovcr Javancse rulers was surmised. The Sailcndras were assigned to Sumatra and the successors of Sańjaya to Java. This nalurally provokcd Poerbatjaraka, but in the State of knowledge at his time it was not possible to present a elear and coherent picture. The political condilions cxisting in Indonesia in 1956 when Casparis wrote the second volumc of his Prasasii Indonesia with the help and facilities provided by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Indonesia, the Sailendras had