9058009857

CHAPTER I

10

86230

at the moment of their adoption, for their possible di8trlbutive effects;

(d)    labour. pollcles and strategies have produced or have been accompanied by, a deterloratlon of labour standards and welfare State provisions. Thls implied a redistri bution of income and wealth, a redlstributlon that the theories which lay behind the adopted pollcles advocate as belng what should be exchanged for obtalnlng morę employment. While the redlstributlon has occurred, however, * no morę employment resulted from, and in exchange for, it. Quite on the contrary, all thls appears to be produclng not only a * worsenlng of labour and life condltions of the most deprived part of the population, but also a dlsgregation of previous networks of social relations, and It Is likely therefore to result in an overall impover1shment of the ąuallty of hiiraan resources.

(e)    New patterns of labour (and social) segmentation are produced. We flnd it convenient to single out six different groups :

(e.l) the highly paid, productive and stable workers. These tend increasingly to 'overwork', daily, weekly, yearly as well as during their life-time;

(e.2) the Iow pald, Iow productive but relatively stable workers. These tend to be concentrated in the public sector (of the majority of considered countries). and in other sectors which are sheltered from (mainly International) competition. It is within this group (but also within the previous one) that double jobbers are morę likely to be found;

(e.3) precarious workers -mainly but not only young- who freąuently alternate situations of employment and of unemployment. In other words these people have a high probability of finding as well as of loosing Jobs. Only a part of them succeed, after a period within this cluster, to move to one of the previous ones;

(e.4) the adult workers who lost their job, because of industrial restructuring or sectorial decline, and did not succeed in finding a new job within a short period of time. Usually these people did not rank very high in the job ladder, had very Iow or very specific qualifications, were female or elder workers. Such workers are among those who are most likely to be sąueezed out by younger workers and as a conseąuence of youth employment pollcles;

(e.5) the young people who are socially 9tignatized. The stigmatization could derive directly from social interactions (like in the case of poverty and