PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS

L. I. Berger

Substance

Energy Gap, E,

(in E/2 kT)

eV

Room Temperature

Electrical Resistivity,

ohm · cm

Mobility,

μ,

cm

2

/V · s

Sign of

Majority

Carriers

Temperature

Range,

ºC

Ref.

Metal-Free Molecular Crystals
3-Acetylamino-N-methylphthalimide

3.46

67 to 100

1

3-Acetylamino-N-phenylphthalimide

3.50

54 to 124

1

4-Amino-N-cyclomethylphthalimide

2.90

73 to 100

1

4-Aminophthalimide

2.78

123 to 151

1

Acridine

3.90

1

Anthanthrene

1.67

1.5 · 10

19

40 to 105

1

Anthanthrene

0.84

1.5 · 10

19

(15ºC)

2

Anthanthrone

1.70

7.7 · 10

18

20 to 150

1

Anthracene

0.83

1.3 ∙ 10

14

(15ºC)

2

Anthracene

2.50

1.5 ∙ 10

11

2.3

+

20 to 130

1

Anthracene

3.88 to 4.1

>10

15

1.74(n), 2.07(p)

+ & –

4

1,2-Benzanthracene

1.04

10

16

(30ºC)

2

Benzanthrone

3.12

1.6 · 10

16

1

Benzene (liquid)

0.41

2

Benzene (amorphous)

0.84

10

15

–14 to 5

1

Benzene (cryst.)

7

2

–

–23

4

Benzimidazole

3.0 to 4.0

5 · 10

13

84 to 144

1

Benzophenone

3.34

–23 to 14

1

Benzo[f]quinoline

2.77

30 to 50

1

Benzo[h]quinoline

2.72

1

3-Benzoylamino-N-methylphthalimide

3.28

84 to 112

1

Benzpentacene

1.72

0 to 150

1

Biphenyl

1.46

1.7 · 10

15

(50ºC)

2

Biphenyl

1.45

20 to 70

1

o-Chloranil

3.0

10

15

1

p-Chloranil

0.61

1

Chlorpromazine

2.1

10

12

(32ºC)

+ & –

32 to 80

1

Chrysene

1.1

4 · 10

19

(15ºC)

2

Chrysene

2.20

4 · 10

19

25 to 90

1

Circumanthracene

1.8

6 · 10

12

1

Coronene

1.7

1.7 · 10

17

60 to 80

1

Coronene

0.85

1.7 · 10

17

(15ºC)

2

Cyananthrone

0.20

1.2 · 10

7

30 to 125

1

1,6-Diaminopyrene

0.6

10

8

Dibenzpentacene

1.50

0 to 150

1

Dinaphthopyrene

1.60

25 to 90

1

1,8-Diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene

1.7

72 to 191

1

Diphenylpentacene

1.60

0 to 150

1

4,4′-Diphenylstilbene

1.56

160 to 280

1

4,4′-Diphenylstilbene

0.80

2

Ferrocene

1.22

10

14

+

1

Flavanthrone

0.70

1.4 · 10

11

1

Fluorene

2.7

2

Fluorene

1.4

2

Fluoridine

1.6

6 · 10

13

+

20 to 140

1

Hexacene

0.57

3.8 · 10

10

(50ºC)

2

Hexacene

1.3

1

Hexamethylbenzene

1.86

+

20 to 140

1

3-Hydroxy-N-methylphthalimide

3.80

60 to 91

1

Imidazole

2.6

10

11

28 to 68

1

12-92

Substance

Energy Gap, E,

(in E/2 kT)

eV

Room Temperature

Electrical Resistivity,

ohm · cm

Mobility,

μ,

cm

2

/V · s

Sign of

Majority

Carriers

Temperature

Range,

ºC

Ref.

Indanthrazine

0.66

1.4 · 10

15

30 to 125

1

Indanthrone

0.64

7.5 · 10

14

30 to 125

1

Indanthrone (black)

0.56

2.5 · 10

8

30 to 125

1

Mesitylene (liquid)

0.19

2

Mesonaphthodianthracene

0.6

4.0 · 10

18

(15ºC)

2

Mesonaphthodianthrene

1.48

45 to 250

1

Mesonaphthodianthrone

0.86

5 to 110

1

3-Methoxy-N-methyl-phthalimide

3.18

54 to 78

1

Naphthacene

1.7

1 · 10

15

1

Naphthalene

3.5

10

14

27 to 47

1

Naphthalene

1.15

2.8 · 10

14

(50ºC)

2

Naphthalene

4.9 to 5.1

0.64(n), 1.50(p)

+ & –

4

m-Naphthodianthrene

1.20

4 · 10

18

40 to 150

1

m-Naphthodianthrone

1.30

1.5 · 10

18

40 to 150

1

β-Naphthol

2.36

2 · 10

5

60 to 110

1

β-Naphthoquinoline

2.77

1

1-Naphthylamine

2.2

25 to 42

1

1-Naphthylamine picrate

2.7

28 to 98

1

2-Naphthylphenyl sulphone

3.5

67 to 102

1

1-Nitronaphthalene

2.5

25 to 44

1

Ovalene

1.13

2.3 · 10

15

1

Pentacene

0.58

2.4 · 10

9

(50ºC)

2

Pentacene

1.5

6 · 10

13

20 to 140

1

Perylene

2.1

4.1 · 10

13

40 to 100

1

Perylene

3.10

5.53(n), 87.4(p)

+ & –

–213

4

Phenanthrene

1.15

1.3 · 10

14

12 to 72

1

Phenanthrene

0.65

2

1,10-Phenanthroline

2.73

50 to 90

1

Phenazine

2.1

7 · 10

14

(100ºC)

98 to 143

1

Phenazine

1.1

–

4

Phenothiazine

1.6

10

11

50 to 150

1

Phenothiazine

2.45(n), 0.02(p)

+ & –

4

Phenylanthranilic acid

3.30

87 to 119

1

4-Phenylstilbene

1.74

140 to 220

1

4-Phenylstilbene

0.86

2

Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer

1.68

10

15

1

Phthalocyanine, PcH

2

1.66

10

13

0.1 to 0.4

+

26 to 350

1

Phthalocyanine, PcH

2

2

10

7

1.2(n), 1.1(p)

+ & –

100

4

Pyranthrene

1.11

1 · 10

15

1

Pyranthrene

0.51

4.5 · 10

16

(15ºC)

2

Pyranthrone

1.06

3.9 · 10

15

40 to 150

1

Pyrene

2.02

5 · 10

17

–

1

Pyrene

0.50

+

4

5,6-N-Pyridine-1,9-benzanthrone

1.60

2

p-Quaterphenyl

0.89

1.0 · 10

15

(50ºC)

2

Quaterrylene

0.6

10

5

–

1

p-Quinquiphenyl

0.91

2.0 · 10

15

(50ºC)

2

α-Resorcin

2.10

2 · 10

16

30 to 94

1

β-Resorcin

3.27

2 · 10

18

30 to 94

1

Salanil

4.1

10

4

20 to 40

1

p-Sexiphenyl

0.91

7.0 · 10

14

(50ºC)

2

cis-Stilbene

2.4

+

at 20

1

trans-Stilbene

1.80

2.4

+

70 to 120

1

trans-Stilbene

0.91

2

trans-Stilbene

1.4

+

4

o-Terphenyl

3 · 10

–5

+

1

m-Terphenyl

10

-5

+

1

p-Terphenyl

0.6

10

14

(25ºC)

2

p-Terphenyl

1.2

0.025

+

1

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

12-93

Substance

Energy Gap, E,

(in E/2 kT)

eV

Room Temperature

Electrical Resistivity,

ohm · cm

Mobility,

μ,

cm

2

/V · s

Sign of

Majority

Carriers

Temperature

Range,

ºC

Ref.

p-Terphenyl

1.2(n), 0.80(p)

+ & –

4

Tetracene

0.66

3.2 · 10

12

(50ºC)

2

Tetracene

1.7

1

Tetracene

3.4

0.85

+

4

1,1,10,10-Tetracyanodecapentaene

2.24

10

13

>68

1

1,1,6,6-Tetracyanohexatriene

1.54

10

14

–

1

Tetracyanoethylene

0.26(max)

+

4

7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane

0.65

–

4

1,1,8,8-Tetracyanooctatetraene

1.42

10

12

–

1

Tetraphenylpentacene

1.62

0 to 150

1

Tetrathiotetracene

0.46

10

4

1

Triphenodioxazine

1.65

5 · 10

14

–

20 to 140

1

Triphenyldiamine

2 · 10

–2

at 20

1

Violanthrene

0.85

2.1 · 10

14

40 to 105

1

Isoviolanthrene

0.82

8.4 · 10

13

40 to 150

1

Violanthrone

0.78

2.3 · 10

10

40 to 150

1

Isoviolanthrone

0.76

5.7 · 10

9

40 to 150

1

o-Xylene (liquid)

0.45

2

m-Xylene (liquid)

0.41

2

p-Xylene (liquid)

0.41

2

Long-Chain Compounds and Polymers
Acrylic acid-amylproparylaniline copolymers

10

9

–10

10

3

Acrylic acid-methylproparylaniline copolymers

10

9

–10

10

3

Acrylic acid-octylproparylaniline copolymers

10

9

–10

10

3

Anthrone polymers

0.28 ≥100 at 1.8 kbar

3

≥2 at 33 kbar

[CH(AsF

5

)

0.1

]

x

0.0005

+

3

[CH ∙ I

0.22

]

x

1.9

trans 10

5

, cis 10

9

3

1,6-Diacetylenes (cyclopolymerized)

10

10

–10

14

3

Ionene elastomers

2.7 ∙ 10

7

to 2.2 ∙ 10

8

–80 to 60

3

1,3,4-Oxydiazole polymers

0.81

3 ∙ 10

12

20 to 140

3

Oxypyrrole polymer films

0.125

3

Phenylformaldehyde polymeric pyrolysates

3

a) Pyrolysis Temperature 600ºC

27

0.0014

–

b) 1200ºC

0.0044

7.84

+

Phenylthiocyanate polymers

0.5 to 0.8

10

5

–10

8

3

Polyacetylene (undoped)

10

10

3

Polyacetylene (I

2

doped)

0.04

3

Polyacetylene (cis-rich, undoped)

10

7

3

trans-Polyacetylene (I

2

doped, 0.22 mole %)

+

3

Polyacrylonitrile (heat treated 700ºC)

0.01

–

–100 to 100

3

Poly-5,5′-biisatyl

air 0.84

air 2.6 ∙ 10

9

+

20 to 140

3

thiophene-indophene

vacuum 1.0

vacuum 3.1 ∙ 10

9

Poly bis(amino)-phosphazenes

1.75

1.8 ∙ 10

11

20 to 180

3

Poly-5,5′-diisatylmetane-thiophene-indophenine

0.45

7.3 ∙ 10

4

+

20 to 140

3

Polyethylene

2.74

20 to 70

3

Polyethylene (low density)

0.17

4 ∙ 10

9

above T

g

3

Polyimide

2.84

3

Polymalonitrile

1.72

–

3

Poly(metalphthalocyanines) :Cu

0.12

7 ∙ 10

6

3

:Fe

0.15

1.1 ∙ 10

6

3

:Ni

0.46

100

3

:Sb

3.1 ∙ 10

6

3

:Zn

0.12

5.3 ∙ 10

3

3

Poly-N-methylpyrrole

2 ∙ 10

6

3

Polyoxypyrrole (black)

0.044

1790

–173 to 27

3

Polyphthalocyanines

0.01

7 to 58

3

Polypyrrole

0.01

–193 to 250

3

12-94

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Substance

Energy Gap, E,

(in E/2 kT)

eV

Room Temperature

Electrical Resistivity,

ohm · cm

Mobility,

μ,

cm

2

/V · s

Sign of

Majority

Carriers

Temperature

Range,

ºC

Ref.

Polypyrroline II

1.74

3

Polyselenomethylene

0.7 to 2.62

>10

13

20 to 120

3

Poly(2-vinylpyridine):I

2

(1:2)

0.12

1000

–73 to 27

3

PVC (commercial)

2.84–3.04

T<T

g

3

PVC (commercial)

1.24–1.96

T>T

g

3

PVC (pure)

1.0±0.1

0 to 30

3

Salicylal-N-alkyliminate-Cu

1.62

1.7 ∙ 10

14

4

TTF-acetylacetonate polymers

1.6 ∙ 10

4

3

TTF-metal polymers

1.6 ∙ 10

4

3

References

1. F. Gutman and L. E. Lyons, Organic Semiconductors, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967.

2. Y. Okamoto and W. Brenner, Organic Semiconductors, Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York, 1964.

3. F. Gutman, H. Keyzer, L. E. Lyons, and R. B. Somoano, Organic Semiconductors, Part B, R. E. Krieger Publ. Co., Melbourne, FL, 1983.

4.. L. I. Berger, Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

12-95