Solubility of organic compoundS in preSSurized hot water
Liquid water at elevated temperatures and pressures, but still
in the subcritical region, is of interest as a solvent in various labo-
ratory and industrial processes. In effect, this means water at a
temperature between about 100°C and 373°C, the critical temper-
ature, and at pressures up to 400 bar or greater. Since the dielec-
tric constant of water decreases with increasing temperature, the
solubility of many compounds, especially non-polar compounds,
increases dramatically at higher temperature. The fact that solu-
bility can be fine-tuned by controlling temperature and pressure
makes pressurized hot water a useful tool in various extraction
and reaction processes.
This table gives a sample of the variations of solubility with tem-
perature and pressure for several compounds, mostly hydrocar-
bons. The solubility is expressed in both mole fraction of solute,
x
2
, and mass percent, 100w
2
, where w
2
is the mass fraction. More
information is available in the references.
references
1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988.
2. Shaw, D. G., and Maczynski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 687,
2006.
3. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 37, 80, 1992.
4. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng.
Data 42, 951, 1997.
5. Miller, D. J., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 1043, 1998.
6. Miller, D. J., and Hawthorne, S. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 78, 2000.
7. Ma, J. H. Y., Hung, H., Shiu, W-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data
46, 619, 2001.
8. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 967,
2003.
9. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data
49, 570, 2004.
10. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 937,
2004.
11. Andersson, T. A., Hartonen, K. M., and Riekkola, M-L., J. Chem. Eng.
Data 50, 1177, 2005.
12. Karasek, P., Planeta, J., and Roth, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 616,
2006.
13. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 41, 2000.
Name
Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar
Solubility
Ref.
10
3
x
2
Mass%
Acenaphthene
C
12
H
10
25
1
0.000444
0.000380
13
250
50
1.25
1.06
11
Anthracene
C
14
H
10
25
1
0.0000074
0.0000044
2
50
50
0.000017
0.000017
5
100
45
0.00032
0.00032
5
100
39
0.000457
0.00045
12
150
50
0.0102
0.0101
11
200
77
0.13
0.13
12
250
50
0.497
0.49
11
300 100
3.78
3.62
11
Benz[a]anthracene
C
18
H
12
25
1
0.00000073
0.00000093
2
60
50
0.00000846
0.0000107
12
100
50
0.000113
0.000143
12
120
52
0.000418
0.00053
12
150
49
0.00296
0.00375
12
Benzene
C
6
H
6
25
1
0.40
0.178
13
25
65
0.40
0.173
6
25 400
0.33
0.143
6
50
65
0.47
0.203
6
100
65
0.89
0.38
6
150
65
2.2
0.95
6
200
65
5.0
2.13
6
200 400
4.1
1.75
6
Carbazole
C
12
H
9
N
25
1
0.00013
0.00012
5
25
54
0.00011
0.000102
5
50
56
0.00045
0.00042
5
100
54
0.0099
0.0092
5
150
54
0.162
0.150
5
200
52
1.9
1.74
5
Chrysene
C
18
H
12
25
1
0.00000016
0.00000019
2
8-128
Name
Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar
Solubility
Ref.
10
3
x
2
Mass%
25
32
0.00000063
0.0000008
5
50
36
0.000001
0.0000013
5
100
38
0.000013
0.000016
5
150
43
0.00060
0.00076
5
200
45
0.0158
0.020
5
225
62
0.0758
0.096
5
o-Dichlorobenzene
C
6
H
4
Cl
2
25
1
0.018
0.0094
9
50
65
0.023
0.019
6
100
65
0.055
0.045
6
150
65
0.18
0.15
6
200
65
0.57
0.46
6
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C
8
H
16
25
1
0.008
0.00050
10
101
7
0.0047
0.0029
10
131
7
0.0108
0.0067
10
151
7
0.0223
0.0139
10
170
7
0.0356
0.0222
10
Ethylcyclohexane
C
8
H
16
25
1
0.00098
0.00061
10
100
7
0.00340
0.00212
10
131
7
0.0085
0.0053
10
151
7
0.01665
0.0104
10
171
7
0.0334
0.0208
10
Heptane
C
7
H
16
25
1
0.0004352
0.000242
8
50
7
0.000613
0.00034096
8
100
7
0.001938
0.00108
8
125
7
0.00400
0.00222
8
150
7
0.00878
0.00488
8
170
7
0.01701
0.00946
8
Hexane
C
6
H
14
25
1
0.002045
0.00098
8
100
7
0.006074
0.0029
8
125
7
0.01192
0.0057
8
150
7
0.02555
0.0122
8
170
7
0.04935
0.0236
8
1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene
C
10
H
14
25
1
0.0030
0.0051
4
50
60
0.0040
0.0030
6
100
60
0.011
0.0082
6
150
60
0.043
0.032
6
200
60
0.20
0.15
6
Methylcyclohexane
C
7
H
14
25
1
0.00293
0.00151
10
100
7
0.01006
0.0055
10
131
7
0.0244
0.0133
10
151
7
0.0423
0.0231
10
171
7
0.0708
0.0386
10
Naphthalene
C
10
H
8
25
1
0.00444
0.00316
13
40
50
0.00692
0.0049
12
50
50
0.0114
0.0081
12
65
50
0.0264
0.0188
12
75
50
0.0435
0.0309
12
Octane
C
8
H
18
25
1
0.0001158
0.000073
8
100
7
0.0005943
0.000377
8
125
7
0.0014163
0.000898
8
150
7
0.0036957
0.00234
8
170
7
0.0083483
0.00529
8
200
65
0.029
0.018
6
Perylene
C
20
H
12
25
1
0.00000003
0.00000004
2
Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water
8-129
Name
Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar
Solubility
Ref.
10
3
x
2
Mass%
50
50
0.00000029
0.0000004
5
100
45
0.00000210
0.00000294
5
150
47
0.000120
0.000168
5
200
48
0.0050
0.0070
5
Pyrene
C
16
H
10
25
1
0.000012
0.0000139
2
100
50
0.000637
0.00072
11
100 200
0.00078
0.00087
5
140
50
0.0054
0.0061
11
200
50
0.0492
0.055
11
250
50
0.205
0.23
11
300
50
1.41
1.56
11
p-Terphenyl
C
18
H
14
25
1
0.00000141
0.00000180
2
100
49
0.0000219
0.000028
12
140
51
0.000372
0.000476
12
180
55
0.00626
0.0080
12
200
53
0.0241
0.0308
12
210
54
0.0393
0.0502
12
Tetrachloroethene
C
2
Cl
4
25
1
0.0285
0.0286
3
50
65
0.027
0.025
6
100
65
0.059
0.054
6
150
65
0.18
0.17
6
200
65
0.59
0.54
6
Toluene
C
7
H
8
25
1
0.107
0.0519
7,13
50
50
0.125
0.064
6
100
50
0.27
0.138
6
150
50
0.66
0.337
6
200
50
1.9
0.96
6
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
C
8
H
18
25
1
0.00035
0.00022
1
50
65
0.00052
0.00033
6
100
65
0.0020
0.00127
6
150
65
0.0102
0.0065
6
200
65
0.061
0.0387
6
Triphenylene
C
18
H
12
25
1
0.0000034
0.0000043
2
100
51
0.0000899
0.000114
12
140
50
0.00126
0.00160
12
180
64
0.0123
0.0156
12
195
60
0.0283
0.0359
12
m-Xylene
C
8
H
10
25
1
0.028
0.0161
13
50
60
0.036
0.021
6
100
60
0.085
0.050
6
150
60
0.27
0.159
6
200
60
0.88
0.516
6
8-130
Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water
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