INTERMEDIATE KOREAN:
A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK

Intermediate Korean: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an
accessible reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume.

This workbook presents twenty-four individual grammar points,
covering the core material which students would expect to encounter
in their second year of learning Korean. Grammar points are followed
by examples and exercises which allow students to reinforce and
consolidate their learning.

Intermediate Korean is suitable for both class use as well as
independent study.

Key features include:

•

clear, accessible format

•

many useful language examples

•

all Korean entries presented in Hangul with English translations

•

jargon-free explanations of grammar

•

abundant exercises with full answer key

•

subject index.

Clearly presented and user-friendly, Intermediate Korean provides
readers with the essential tools to express themselves in a wide variety
of situations, making it an ideal grammar reference and practice
resource for students with some knowledge of the language.

Andrew Sangpil Byon is Associate Professor at the State University of
New York at Albany, where he teaches courses in Korean language
and civilization.

Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are:

Basic Cantonese
Intermediate Cantonese

Basic Chinese
Intermediate Chinese

Basic Dutch
Intermediate Dutch

Basic German
Intermediate German

Basic Irish
Intermediate Irish

Basic Italian

Basic Korean
Intermediate Korean

Basic Polish
Intermediate Polish

Basic Russian
Intermediate Russian

Basic Spanish
Intermediate Spanish

Basic Welsh
Intermediate Welsh

INTERMEDIATE KOREAN:
A GRAMMAR AND
WORKBOOK

Andrew Sangpil Byon

First published 2010
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Byon, Andrew Sangpil.
Intermediate Korean : a grammar & workbook / Andrew Sangpil Byon.
p.

cm.

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada.
1. Korean language

—

Grammar

—

Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Korean language

—

Textbooks for foreign speakers

—

English. I.

Title.

PL913.B965 2009
495.7′82421

—

dc22

2008053381

ISBN10: 0-415-54714-8 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-415-77488-8 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0-208-87590-7 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-54714-7 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-77488-8 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-87590-2 (ebk)

For my parents, James Ki Yong and Gloria Hye Ja Pyon

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s

collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

ISBN 0-203-87590-7 Master e-book ISBN

CONTENTS

Preface ix

1 The intimate speech level and the plain speech level

㠊/㞚, ~⓪/ච┺, ~┞/(㦒)⌦?, ~㞚/㠊⧒, ~㧦

2 Sentence-final endings

㰖㣪, ~ῆ㣪, ~⍺㣪 11

3 Particles
G

⽊┺, 㻮⩒, ṯ㧊, Ⱒ䋒, Ⱎ┺, Ⱎ㩖, 㫆㹾, ⹬㠦 19

4 Auxiliary verbs I

㠊/㞚G㡺┺, ~㠊/㞚GṖ┺, ~㠊/㞚G⽊┺ 27

5 Auxiliary verbs II

㠊/㞚G⌊┺, ~㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺, ~ἶGⰦ┺, ~㠊/㞚G㭒┺,

㠊/㞚G✲Ⰲ┺ 33

6 Auxiliary verbs III

㠊/㞚G⏩┺, ~㠊/㞚G⚦┺, ~㠊/㞚G㧞┺, ~㠊/㞚䞮┺,

㠊/㞚㰖┺ 42

7 Clausal conjunctives (purpose or intention)
~(

㦒)⩂, ~(㦒)⩺ἶ, ~☚⪳G 51

8 Clausal conjunctives (reasons and cause)

㠊/㞚㍲, ~(㦒)┞₢, ~ⓦ⧒ἶ 61

9 Clausal conjunctives (conditions)
~(

㦒)Ⳋ, ~㠊/㞚㟒, ~(㦒)ඥ㑮⪳, ~Ệ✶ 72

10 Clausal conjunctives (listing and choice)

ἶ, ~(㦒)Ⳇ, ~Ệ⋮, ~✶㰖 85

11 Clausal conjunctives (time)
~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲, ~㧦Ⱎ㧦, ~┺ṖG 95

Contents

12 Clausal connectives (background)

⓪◆/(㦒)ච◆ 105

13 Clausal connectives (although)

㰖Ⱒ, ~(㦒)⋮, ~㠊/㞚☚ 113

14 Permission, prohibition, and obligation

㠊/㞚☚G♮┺, ~(㦒)ⳊG㞞G♮┺, 㞞G~(㦒)ⳊG㞞G♮┺/~㰖G

㞠㦒ⳊG㞞G♮┺, ~㠊/㞚㟒G♮┺/䞮┺ 120

15 Passives and causatives

㧊, ~䧞, ~Ⰲ, ~₆, ~㤆, ~ῂ, ~㿪, ~ỢG䞮┺ 129

16 The noun-modifying endings

⓪, ~(㦒)ච, ~(㦒)ඥ 137

17 Describing the appearance of actions or states of affair

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥGộGṯ┺, ~⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥG⳾㟧㧊┺,

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥG ❅䞮┺, ~⋮/(㦒)චṖG⽊┺, ~㠊/㞚G⽊㧊┺G 146

18 Post modifiers I
G

₎, 㩗, 㧒, ☯㞞, ☚㭧, 㭧, 䘎 157

19 Post modifiers II
G

╖⪲, 䤚㠦, 㻯, ⹪⧢㠦, ộ, ㄪ, ➢ 166

20 Ability and possibility

㦒)ඥG㑮G㧞┺/㠜┺, ~(㦒)ඥG㭚G㞢┺/⳾⯊┺,

㦒)ඥGⰂṖG㠜┺ 178

21 Indirect question form

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ㰖 186

22 The retrospective suffix

▪ 195

23 Nominalizing

endings

₆ and ~(㦒)ත 205

24 Direct and indirect quotation

㧊)⧒ἶG䞮┺, ~(ⓦ)ච┺ἶG䞮┺, ~ⓦ⌦ἶG䞮┺/ⶑ┺,

㦒)⧒ἶG䞮┺, ~㧦ἶG䞮┺ 219

Key to exercises

228

Index 279

vii

PREFACE

Intermediate Korean: A Grammar and Workbook is a sequel to its sister
volume Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook, and it likewise focuses
on providing an accessible reference grammar explanation and related
exercises in a single volume. It is designed for independent English-speaking
adult Korean-as-a-foreign-language (KFL) learners who intend to maintain
and strengthen their knowledge of essential Korean grammar and for
classroom-based learners who are looking for supplemental grammar
explanations and practices. Consequently, this book differs from existing
KFL materials whose primary purpose is to help KFL learners acquire
four language skills, such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing as well
as cultural knowledge.

The layout of this book also differs from those of existing KFL mater-

ials. For instance, a typical KFL textbook chapter may include model dia-
logues, followed by vocabulary lists, grammar explanations, cultural notes,
and exercises. In contrast, following the pattern of Basic Korean and other
Grammar Workbooks of the Routledge series, every unit of Intermediate
Korean focuses on presenting jargon-free and concise grammar explana-
tions, followed by relevant grammar exercises.

This book has 24 units, and it does not take a functional-situational

approach in grouping and/or sequencing target grammatical points. Rather
it sequences and covers grammatical points according to their grammatical
categories (e.g., sentence endings, conjunctives, particles, and so on), so
that learners can use the book as a reference material as well as a practice
material. The exercises at the end of each unit are designed primarily to
reinforce the target grammatical points.

All Korean entries are presented in Hangul (the Korean alphabet) with

English translations to facilitate understanding. Accordingly, it requires
that learners familiarize themselves with Hangul, before going on to the
book. In addition, when translating Korean entries into English, efforts
were made to reflect the Korean meaning as closely as possible. Consequently,
some learners may feel certain English translations do not reflect typical
English usages. However, the direct translation approach was employed
for pedagogical purposes.

viii

Preface

In writing this book, I have been fortunate to have the assistance and
support of many people. I would like to thank my colleagues in the Depart-
ment of East Asian Studies at the University at Albany, State University
of New York, who were supportive of this project. I am grateful to anonym-
ous reviewers for their constructive and valuable comments. I would like
to express sincere gratitude to Sophie Oliver for initially encouraging this
project and to the editorial and production teams of Routledge—Andrea
Hartill, and Samantha Vale Noya—for their advice and support through-
out the process. My thanks also go to Neil Dowden for his careful and
thoughtful copy-editing service and to Kathy Auger at Graphicraft for her
kind assistance during the final stage of production. Finally, as always, my
special thanks go to my wife, Isabel, who, with her optimism and encour-
agement, makes it possible for me to do what I really love to do. Of course,
I bear all responsibility for any shortcomings and errors in the text.

UNIT 1

The intimate speech level and
the plain speech level

The intimate speech level

The intimate speech level is in general used in the following situations: by
adults when addressing children, by parents when addressing their kids,
by children when addressing their peers, and by adult friends when address-
ing their childhood friends (or friends whose relationships are close enough
to switch to the intimate level from the polite level).

The intimate speech level ending is ~

㠊/㞚. The choice of ~㠊 or ~㞚 is

the same with that of the polite speech level ending ~

㠊㣪/㞚㣪. ~㞚 is

used after a stem that ends in a bright vowel,

㡺 or 㞚 (e.g., 㺔┺ “find”

=> 㺔㞚), while ~㠊 is used with the stem that ends in any other vowels
(e.g.,

⺆㤆┺ “learn” => ⺆㤢). Consider the following examples:

Polite speech level

Intimate speecsh level

Ṗ┺ “go”

Ṗ㣪

Ṗ

⺆㤆┺ “learn”

⺆㤢㣪

⺆㤢

Ṗ⯊䂮┺ “teach”

Ṗ⯊㼦㣪

Ṗ⯊㼦

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ㠊㣪

ⲏ㠊

䞮┺ “do”

䟊㣪

䟊

㧞┺ “have/exist”

㧞㠊㣪

㧞㠊

㧊┺ “be”

㧊㠦㣪

㧊㟒

㞚┞┺ “not be”

㞚┞㠦㣪

㞚┞㟒

As seen above, one can generate the intimate speech level from the

polite speech level, simply by removing

㣪. One exception is that the

copula

㧊┺/㞚┞┺ takes slightly different forms: 㧊㟒 instead of 㧊㠦,

and

㞚┞㟒 instead of 㞚┞㠦.

Just like the polite speech level ending ~

㠊㣪/㞚㣪, the intimate speech

level ending ~

㠊/㞚 is used for all sentence types: declarative, interrogative,

imperative, and propositive. For instance, consider the following:

The intimate
speech level
and the plain
speech level

ⰺ㧒G⥆㠊 “(I) run everyday.”
ⰺ㧒G⥆㠊? “(Do you) run everyday?”
ⰺ㧒G⥆㠊! “Run everyday!”
ⰺ㧒G⥆㠊 “(Let us) run everyday.”

Koreans use contextual elements as well as intonation (e.g., rising into-

nation for a question) to figure out what intimate speech level ending
~

㠊/㞚 is used for a specific sentence type.

The plain speech level

The plain speech level ending sounds more blunt and direct than other
speech levels: deferential, polite, and intimate. The plain speech level is
primarily used in the following three contexts: When one addresses a child,
his/her childhood friends, or younger siblings; when the speaker talks to
himself/herself or wants to draw the listener’s attention to information
that is noteworthy or provoking; when one writes (e.g., personal essay,
prose, newspaper articles, academic papers, diary, and so forth).

Unlike the intimate and the polite speech levels that use the same

endings for different sentence types, the plain speech level has different
endings for different sentence types, as shown below.

Declarative

⓪/ච┺ (for verb stems)

Ṗ┺ “go”

Ṛ┺

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ⓪┺

Ὃ⿖䞮┺ “study”

Ὃ⿖䞲┺

┺ (for adjective and copula stems)

㿻┺ “cold”

㿻┺

₾⊭䞮┺ “clean”

₾⊭䞮┺

㧊┺ “be”

㧊┺

㠞/㞮┺ (for all predicate stems in the past tense)

㞺✲⮮ṖG䞯ᾦ㠦GṪ┺G“Andrew went to school.”
⋶㝾ṖG㿪㤶┺G“The weather was cold.”
⹿㧊G₾⊭䟞┺G“The room was clean.”
⁎G⋾㧦ṖG䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧊㠞┺ “That man was a Korean.”

The plain
speech level

Interrogative

┞/(㦒)⌦? (for all predicate stems)

Ṗ┺G“go”

Ṗ┞? (or Ṗ⌦?)

ⲏ┺G“eat”

ⲏ┞? (or ⲏ⌦?)

Ὃ⿖䞮┺ “study”

Ὃ⿖䞮┞? (or Ὃ⿖䞮⌦?)

㫡┺ “good”

㫡┞? (or 㫡⌦?) / 㫡㦒⌦? (for writing)

㿻┺ “cold”

㿻┞? (or 㿻⌦?) / 㿪㤆⌦? (for writing)

₾⊭䞮┺ “clean”

₾⊭䞮┞? (or ₾⊭䞮⌦?)

㧊┺ “be”

㧊┞? (or 㧊⌦?)

㠞/㞮┞/(㦒)⌦? (for all predicate stems in the past tense)

㞺✲⮮ṖG䞯ᾦ㠦GṪ┞? “Did Andrew go to school?”
⋶㝾ṖG㿪㤶┞? “Was the weather cold?”
⹿㧊G₾⊭䟞┞? “Was the room clean?”
⁎G⋾㧦ṖG䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧊㠞┞? “Was that man a Korean?”

Imperative (only for verb stems)

㞚⧒ (after a stem that ends in 㡺 or 㞚)

㠊⧒ (after a stem that ends in any other vowels)

Ṗ┺ “go”

Ṗ⧒

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ㠊⧒

Ὃ⿖䞮┺ “study”

Ὃ⿖䟊⧒

Propositive (only for verb stems)

㧦

Ṗ┺ “go”

Ṗ㧦

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ㧦

Ὃ⿖䞮┺ “study”

Ὃ⿖䞮㧦

Note that the plain speech level imperative ending ~

㠊⧒/㞚⧒Gand prop-

ositive ending ~

㧦 are used only for verb stems, and they are not conjugated

for the tense.

The intimate
speech level
and the plain
speech level

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 1 exercises

ṖỢ store
Ṗ⹿ bag
Ṗ⯊䂮┺ to teach
ṫ㦮 lecture
Ị⍞┺ to cross over
ἓ㺆ὖ police officer
ὒ㧒 fruits
Ὃ⿖䞮┺ to study
Ὃ㡆 public performance/play
⁎Ⰲ┺ to draw
⁎Ⱂ painting/picture
₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
₆⿚ feeling/mood
₾⊭䞮┺ to be clean

⋮㊮┺ to be bad
⋶㝾 weather
⌊⩺Ṗ┺ to go down
⑚⋮ older sister
ⓦ⋢ feeling/mood
ⓦⰂ┺ to be slow/to be sluggish
┺Ⰲ bridge/legs
╁┺ to close/to shut
╂┺ to be sweet
╊⺆ cigarette
▮㰖┺ to throw
➆⦑䞮┺ to be warm
➆⯊┺ to follow
⟶⋮┺ to depart/to take leave of/to leave
⥾ỗ┺ to be hot (water)/to be heated
⪲ⰾ㓺 romance

Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱎ䂮┺ to finish
Ⱒ⋮┺ to meet
ⲎⰂ head/hair (of one’s head)
ⲏ┺ to eat
Ⲗ┺ to be far
ⶎ door
⹕┺ to trust/to believe
⹪㊮┺ to be busy

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 1
exercises

⹱┺ to receive
⹲ foot
⺆㤆┺ to learn
⻚Ⰲ┺ to throw away
⻚㓺 bus
⻪㧎Gcriminal
⽊⌊┺ to send
⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read
アⰂ┺ to borrow

㌂ὒ apple
㌂⧢ person
㌂ⶊ㔺 office
㌂㰚 picture
㏢䙂 package
㏦ hand
㔲䠮 test/examination
㔶┺ to wear (shoes/socks)
㔶ⶎ newspapers
㕇㕇䞮┺ to be fresh
㝆⩞₆ trash/garbage
㞑┺ to wash

㞚┞┺ not be
㞚⧮ the base/the lower part
㞚⻚㰖 father
㞚䂾 morning
㞚䝚┺ to be sore/to be painful
㟧Ⱖ socks
㠊⪋┺ to be difficult
㠎㩲 when
㡊┺ to open
㡊㐶 keys
㡗䢪 movie
㣎䂮┺ to shout
㧊⻞ this time
㧒 work/matter/errand
㧒⽎㠊 the Japanese language
㧒㹣 early
㧓┺ to read
㧛┺ to wear (clothes)

㧦┺ to sleep
㧦㩚Ệ bicycle
㧷┺ to catch/to hold
㨂⹎㧞┺ to be interesting

The intimate
speech level
and the plain
speech level

㩧㔲 dishes/plates
㫆㣿䞮┺ to be quiet
㫡┺ to be good/to be right/to be beneficial
㭒┺ to give
㭒Ⱖ weekend
㭧ῃ㠊 the Chinese language
㰧 house

㹾 car
㺔┺ to look for/to seek for
㺓ⶎ window
㺛 book
䂲ῂ friend
䄺䞒 coffee
䋂Ợ aloud
䌖┺ to ride
䕪┺ to sell
䝚⧧㓺 France
䞒㤆┺ to smoke
䞮⓮ sky
䞮┺ to do
䠺㠊㰖┺ to get scattered/to be separated/to break up
䦦Ⰲ┺ to be cloudy

Exercise 1.1

Conjugate each verb or adjective in parentheses with the intimate speech
level ending. Then translate the sentence, as shown in the example.

Example:

䞯ᾦ㠦 (Ṗ┺) / imperative

= 䞯ᾦ㠦GṖ. “Go to school.”

┺Ⰲ⯒ (Ị⍞┺) / imperative

ⶎ㦚 (㡊┺) / imperative

㹾⯒ (䕪┺) / propositive

㝆⩞₆⯒ (⻚Ⰲ┺)G/ declarative

㺓ⶎ㦚 (╁┺) / imperative

Ὃ㡆㦚G㧒㹣 (Ⱎ䂮┺) / imperative

㩧㔲⯒ (アⰂ┺) / propositive

⹲㦚 (㞑┺) / declarative

㧒㹣 (㧦┺) / propositve

㧦㩚Ệ⯒ (䌖┺) / interrogative

ⓦ⋢㧊 (㫡┺) / declarative

ṫ㦮Ṗ (㨂⹎㧞┺) declarative

Exercise 1.2

䝚⧧㓺G㌂⧢ (㧊┺) /interrogative

㧒㦚 (䞮┺) / imperative

ἓ㺆ὖ㧊 (㞚┞┺) /interrogative

㰧㧊 (Ⲗ┺) / declarative

㌂ὒṖ (╂┺) / declarative

ⲎⰂṖ (㞚䝚┺) / interrogative

䞮⓮㧊 (䦦Ⰲ┺) / declarative

ὒ㧒㧊 (㕇㕇䞮┺) / interrogative

Exercise 1.2

Conjugate each verb or adjective in parentheses with the declarative plain
speech level ending. Then translate each sentence.

Example:

㍲㤎㠦 (Ṗ┺)

= ㍲㤎㠦GṚ┺. “(I) go to Seoul.”

㞚䂾㦚 (ⲏ┺)

㭧ῃ㠊⯒ (Ṗ⯊䂮┺)

⑚⋮⯒ (₆┺Ⰲ┺)

ⶒ㦚 (Ⱎ㔲┺)

㏢䙂⯒ (⹱┺)

㧒⽎㠊⯒ (⺆㤆┺)

㌂ⶊ㔺㧊 (₾⊭䞮┺)

⻚㓺Ṗ (ⓦⰂ┺)

䄺䞒Ṗ (⥾ỗ┺)

㧊⻞G㭒Ⱖ㠦 (⹪㊮┺)

Exercise 1.3

Conjugate each verb or adjective in parethensis with the interrogative
plain speech level ending. Then translate each sentence.

Example:

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 (Ṗ┺)

= 㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦GṖ┞? “Do (you) go to the supermarket?”

㠎㩲GṖỢGⶎ㦚 (╁┺)

㠊❪㍲G䂲ῂ⯒ (Ⱒ⋮┺)

㠎㩲 (⟶⋮┺)

㠊❪㍲ (Ὃ⿖䞮┺)

╊⺆⯒ (䞒㤆┺)

㡊㐶⯒ (㺔┺)

The intimate
speech level
and the plain
speech level

⋶㝾Ṗ (➆⦑䞮┺)

㔲䠮㧊 (㠊⪋┺)

₆⿚㧊 (⋮㊮┺)

㰧㧊 (㫆㣿䞮┺)

Exercise 1.4

Conjugate each verb or adjective in parethensis with the imperative plain
speech level ending. Then translate each sentence.

Example:

㤆㼊ῃ㠦 (Ṗ┺)

= 㤆㼊ῃ㠦GṖ⧒. “Go to the post office.”

┺Ⰲ⯒ (Ị⍞┺)

㞚⧮⪲ (⌊⩺Ṗ┺)

Ṗ⹿㦚 (▮㰖┺)

㺓ⶎ㦚 (㡊┺)

㞚⻚㰖⯒ (➆⯊┺)

㞺✲⮮⯒ (⹕┺)

㟧Ⱖ㦚 (㔶┺)

㎪䁶⯒ (㧛┺)

㏦㦚 (㧷┺)

䋂Ợ (㣎䂮┺)

Exercise 1.5

Conjugate each verb or adjective in parenthesis with the propositive plain
speech level ending. Then translate each sentence.

Example:

☚㍲ὖ㠦 (Ṗ┺)

= ☚㍲ὖ㠦GṖ㧦. “(Let us) go to the library.”

㌂㰚㦚 (⽊⌊┺)

⁎Ⱂ㦚 (⁎Ⰲ┺)

⻪㧎㦚 (㧷┺)

㔶ⶎ㦚 (㧓┺)

㧒㦚 (Ⱎ䂮┺)

䌳㔲⯒ (䌖┺)

䄺䞒㑣㠦㍲ (䠺㠊㰖┺)

⪲ⰾ㓺G㡗䢪⯒ (⽊┺)

㺛㦚 (㭒┺)

㝆⩞₆⯒ (⻚Ⰲ┺)

Exercise 1.6

Exercise 1.6

Underline the correct English translation of the Korean phrase below.

Example:

㧦㩚Ệ⯒G䌖㧦.

(Let us) ride a bike / Ride a bike.

1 Page 19

⯒G㧓㠊⧒U

(Let us) read page 19 / Read page 19.

㏦㦚G㞑㧦.

Wash (your) hands / (Let us) wash (our) hands.

ⶎ㦚G╁㞚⧒.

(Let us) close the door / Close the door.

☞㦚GアⰂ㧦.

(Let us) borrow (his) money / Borrow (his) money.

⹿㠦㍲G⋮Ṗ⧒.

Go out from the room / (Let us) go out from the room.

⏏㹾⯒GⰞ㎪⧒.

Drink green tea / (Let us) drink green tea.

㑯㩲⯒G㭒㧦.

(Let us) give (them) homework / Give (them) homework.

㼃⹪㰖⯒G㧛㧦.

Wear jeans / (Let us) wear jeans.

㡗㠊⯒G⺆㤢⧒.

Learn English / (Let us) learn English.

⩆▮㦒⪲G⟶⋮㧦.

(Let us) leave for London / Leave for London.

Exercise 1.7

Finish the following translation using the intimate speech level and the
sentence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “What

kind of movie do (you) want to see?” (

ⶊ㓾G㡗䢪⯒

⽊ἶG㕌┺)

= ⶊ㓾G㡗䢪⯒G⽊ἶG㕌㠊?

1 The movie begins at 2 p.m. (

㡺䤚GYG㔲㠦G㡗䢪ṖG㔲㧧䞮┺)

2 Be quiet. (

㫆㣿䧞G䞮┺)

The intimate
speech level
and the plain
speech level

3 (Let us) clean the house. (

㰧㦚G㼃㏢䞮┺)

4 Where do (you) meet Tom? (

䐆㦚G㠊❪㍲GⰢ⋮┺)

5 Where did (you) go? (

㠊❪㠦GṖ┺)

6 (He) quitted smoking. (

╊⺆⯒G⊠┺)

7 The weather was clear. (

⋶㝾ṖGⰧ┺)

8 Buy some wines. (

㢖㧎㦚G㌂┺)

9 How long did (you) wait? (

㠒Ⱎ⋮G₆┺Ⰲ┺)

10 (They) taught English in Korea. (

䞲ῃ㠦㍲G㡗㠊⯒GṖ⯊䂮┺)

Exercise 1.8

Finish the following translation using the plain speech level and the sen-
tence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(He) attends the University of Hawaii.” (

䞮㢖㧊G╖䞯ᾦ㠦

┺┞┺)

= 䞮㢖㧊G╖䞯ᾦ㠦G┺┢┺.

1 (I) major in economics. (

ἓ㩲䞯㦚G㩚Ὃ䞮┺)

2 (He) traveled in Seoul last year. (

㧧⎚㠦G㍲㤎㦚G㡂䟟䞮┺)

3 The coffee is hot. (

䄺䞒ṖG⥾ỗ┺)

4 Is (he) a Canadian? (

䃦⋮┺G㌂⧢㧊┺)

5 Was the subway convenient? (

㰖䞮㻶㧊G䘎䞮┺)

6 Are (you) happy? (

䟟⽋䞮┺)

7 Open the window. (

㺓ⶎ㦚G㡊┺)

8 Throw the garbage. (

㝆⩞₆⯒G⻚Ⰲ┺)

9 (Let us) have the confidence. (

㧦㔶Ṧ㦚GṖ㰖┺)

10 (Let us) sing a song. (

⏎⧮⯒G⿖⯊┺)

UNIT 2

Sentence-final endings
~

㰖㣪, ~ῆ㣪, ~⍺㣪

Typical sentence-final endings are speech level endings, such as the defer-
ential, polite, intimate, and plain endings. However, sentence-final endings
also include various sentence-final suffixes, such as

㰖, ῆ, and ⍺. These

suffixes, combined with

㣪 “the politeness marker” can serve as sentence-

final endings that convey the speaker’s various psychological states or
attitudes. This unit introduces three sentence-final endings, ~

㰖㣪, ~ῆ㣪,

and ~

⍺㣪.

The sentence-final ending ~

㰖㣪

The sentence-final ending ~

㰖㣪 is a one-form ending that indicates one

of the following four mental states or attitudes of the speaker: (i) seeking
agreement, (ii) asking a question with a belief that the hearer has the
answer, (iii) assuring information, and (iv) suggesting. The speaker’s
intonation (e.g., falling or rising) as well as contextual factors involved
(e.g., referential and situational contexts) determine which among the four
moods or attitudes the ending indicates.

(1) Seeking agreement (with a rising intonation)

Consider the following two examples:

䙊㧊Gⰺ㧒G㫆ₛ㦚G䟊㣪? “Does Paul jog everyday?”
䙊㧊Gⰺ㧒G㫆ₛ㦚G䞮㰖㣪? “Paul jogs everyday, right?”

Notice that the ending ~

㠊/㞚㣪 in the first sentence simply asks the mes-

sage in a straightforward manner. On the other hand, the ending ~

㰖㣪 in

the second sentence indicates that the speaker seeks agreement while
asking the same question. Here are more examples:

㡺⓮G 㩖⎗G ]㔲㠦G Ⱒ⋮㰖㣪? “(They) meet at 6 o’clock this evening,
right?”
㠊㩲G䞯ᾦ㠦G㢪㰖㣪? “(You) came to school yesterday, right?”

Sentence-
final endings
~

㰖㣪,

ῆ㣪, ~⍺㣪

(2) Asking a question, believing that the hearer has the answer
(with a rising intonation)

䞒䎆ṖGⳝG㔲㠦G☢㞚㢖㣪? “What time does Peter return?”
䞒䎆ṖGⳝG㔲㠦G☢㞚㡺㰖㣪? “What time does Peter return?”

Again, the ending ~

㠊/㞚㣪 in the first sentence simply asks the message

in a direct manner. However, the second sentence with the ending ~

㰖㣪

implies that the speaker believes that the hearer has the answer. Here are
more examples:

㩖G㌂⧢㧊G⑚ῂ㰖㣪? “Who is that person (over there)?”
㡊㐶ṖG㠊❪㠦G㧞㠞㰖㣪? “Where was the key?”

(3) Assuring information (with a falling intonation)

⍺, ⌊㧒G⟶⋮㣪. “Yes, (they) leave tomorrow.”
⍺, ⌊㧒G⟶⋮㰖㣪. “Yes, (I assure you that they) leave tomorrow.”

The first sentence with the ending ~

㠊/㞚㣪 simply states the message.

On the other hand, the ending ~

㰖㣪 in the second sentence indicates that

the speaker assures of the referential message. Here are more examples:

㡗ῃ㦮G㑮☚ṖG⩆▮㧊㰖㣪. “(I assure you) that the capital of England
is London.”
⍺, 㠊㩲G㟓㏣㧊G㧞㠞㰖㣪. “Yes, (I assure you) that (we) had an appoint-
ment yesterday.”

(4) Suggesting (with a falling intonation)

㿪㤊◆G㺓ⶎG╁㞚㣪. “(It) is cold, so close the window.”
㿪㤊◆G㺓ⶎG╁㰖㣪. “(It) is cold, so how about closing the window?”

The first sentence with the ending ~

㠊/㞚㣪 is a direct request. However,

the second sentence is a suggestion because of the ending ~

㰖㣪. Here are

more examples:

䎢┞㓺⋮G䂮㰖㣪. “(How about we) play tennis (or something)?”
㩦㕂㧊⋮GⲏἶG㡆㔋䞮㰖㣪. “(How about we) practice after eating lunch
(or something)?”

The honorific suffix ~(

㦒)㔲 can be optionally used along with ~㰖㣪

to make the suggestion sound more polite, as shown in the following
examples:

The
sentence-
final ending
~

⍺㣪

㍶㌳┮, Ṗ㔲㰖㣪. “Professor, (how about we) go?”
㺛G㫖Gア⩺G㭒㔲㰖㣪. “(How about you) please lend (me) the book?”

The sentence-final ending ~

⍺㣪

The one-form sentence-final ending ~

⍺㣪 is used to indicate the speaker’s

spontaneous and immediate reaction, such as unexpected surprise and/or
realization. The ending ~

⍺㣪 is used only for the declarative statement

sentence type, and it may be translated as “Oh, I see/realize that . . .”
Consider the following two examples:

㫊㧊G䞲ῃⰦ㦚G㧮G䟊㣪. “John speaks Korean well.”
㫊㧊G䞲ῃⰦ㦚G㧮G䞮⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) John speaks Korean well.”

Notice that the first sentence simply conveys the message in a straightfor-
ward manner. On the other hand, the second sentence with the ending
~

⍺㣪 indicates the speaker’s spontaneous emotive reaction. It denotes

that the information which the speaker hears or observes (e.g., John speak-
ing Korean well) is unanticipated and/or contrary to what was expected.
Here are more examples:

㞚䂾㦚GⰤ㧊G㭖゚䟞⍺㣪. “(I realize that you) prepared huge breakfast.”
䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖG㡗㠊G㍶㌳┮㧊㠞⍺㣪. “(I am surprised that) Thomas was an
English teacher.”
゚ṖGⰤ㧊G㡺⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) it rains a lot.”
㧊G䄺䞒ṖG㰚䞮⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) this coffee is strong.”

Ỷ⍺㣪

The suffix

Ỷ is a pre-final ending that comes between the stem of the

predicate and the final-ending. The suffix

Ỷ denotes the speaker’s con-

jecture or inference about what did occur, what is occurring, and what will
occur, based on circumstantial evidences.

Ỷ⍺㣪, the combination of the suffix Ỷ and the ending ~⍺㣪, is used

to indicate the speaker’s realization of what will happen in reaction to the
surprised or unanticipated information the speaker just encountered. It is
best translated in English as “(I guess . . . something) may/will . . . ” Consider
the following examples:

㦢㔳㧊GⰤ㧊GⱋỶ⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) the food may be very spicy.”
⌊㧒G ⋶㝾ṖG 㿻Ỷ⍺㣪. “(Oh, I realize that) tomorrow’s weather may
be cold.”
⁎⩒, 㤆ⰂG ⌊㧒G Ὃ䟃㠦㍲G Ⱒ⋮Ỷ⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) then, we may
run into each other tomorrow at the airport.”

Sentence-
final endings
~

㰖㣪,

ῆ㣪, ~⍺㣪

㠞V㞮Ỷ⍺㣪G

㠞/㞮Ỷ⍺㣪, the combination of the past tense marker 㠞/㞮 and ~Ỷ⍺

㣪, is used to express the speaker’s surprise or realization about what must
have occurred. It can be translated as “I guess that something must have . . . ,”
as shown in the examples below:

Ⱔ㧊G㞚䕶Ỷ⍺㣪. “(I guess that it) must have been painful.”
㡗䢪ṖG 㨂⹎㧞㠞Ỷ⍺㣪. “(I guess that) the movie must have been
interesting.”
⑚⋮G ㌳㧒㧊㠞㦒┞₢G 㰧㠦G Ṫ㠞Ỷ⍺㣪. “Since (it) was (his) older
sister’s birthday, (I guess that he) must have gone home.”

The sentence-final ending ~

ῆ㣪

The one-form sentence-final ending ~

ῆ㣪 is used as an exclamatory end-

ing. It is used to express the speaker’s immediate realization to what he/she
just perceived. The meaning and usage of ~

ῆ㣪 is similar to those of

⍺㣪 in that both indicate what the speaker just realized. However, there

is one subtle difference. While ~

⍺㣪 indicates that what’s been realized

or perceived is contrary to the expectation, ~

ῆ㣪 simply expresses the

immediate realization in a straightforward manner.

ῆ㣪 is used after adjective and copula stems. However, for verb stems,

⓪ “the noun-modifying ending for verbs” is used along with ~ῆ㣪 (e.g.,

⓪ῆ㣪). Consider the following examples:

After adjective stems

⋶㝾ṖG▻ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) the weather is hot.”
䞲ῃG㦢㔳㧊Gⰱ㧞ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) the Korean food is delicious.”

After copula stems

㩲㔲䃊ṖG 㧒⽎G ㌂⧢㧊ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Jessica is a Japanese
person.”
㡂₆ṖG㫊㦮G㰧㧊ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) here is John’s house.”

After verb stems

㧒⽎㠊⯒G Ṗ⯊䂮⓪ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that they) teach the Japanese
language.”
ⰺ㧒GἾ䝚⯒G⺆㤆⓪ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that he) learns golf everyday.

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 2
exercises

For immediate realization about a past event, ~

㠞/㞮ῆ㣪 is used for

all predicates.

㡗䢪ṖG㨂⹎㧞㠞ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) the movie was interesting.”
䞲ῃ㦮G㑮☚ṖG㍲㤎㧊㠞ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) the capital of Korea was
Seoul.”
䞲ῃG⏎⧮⯒G㫡㞚䟞ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that you) liked Korean songs.”

For immediate realization about a possible or guessed future event,

Ỷῆ㣪 is used.

㍲㤎㠦㍲G 㠊Ⲏ┞⯒G Ⱒ⋮Ỷῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that he) may meet (his)
mother in Seoul.”
⌊㧒G ṖỢ⯒G 㡊Ỷῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that they) may open the store
tomorrow.”
䞲ῃGⶎ䞯㦚G㩚Ὃ䞮Ỷῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that she) may major in Korean
literature.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 2 exercises

ṖỢ store
ἓ䂮 scenery
ₖ䂮 kimchi
₾⊭䞮┺ to be clean
⋶㝾 weather
╁┺ to close
▻┺ to be hot (the weather)
ⰱ㧞┺ to be delicious
ⲏ┺ to eat
ⶒṖ prices

⹿ room
⼖䢎㌂ lawyer
゚㕎┺ to be expensive
㔲⊚⩓┺ to be noisy
㔶䢒 a new marriage
㞚⯚╋┺ to be beautiful
㠊㩲 yesterday
㠜┺ not have/not exist
㡂䟟 trip/travel
㡺⓮ today

Sentence-
final endings
~

㰖㣪,

ῆ㣪, ~⍺㣪

㡺䤚 afternoon
㧊㟒₆䞮┺ to talk
㧒䞮┺ to work
㧦┺ to sleep
㫆㣿䞮┺ to be quiet
㰧 house
䡫 older brother

Exercise 2.1

Finish the following translation using ~

㰖㣪 (seeking confirmation) and

the sentence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Nick is also coming, right?” (

┟☚G㡺ἶG㧞┺)

= ┟☚G㡺ἶG㧞㰖㣪?

1 Wendy is a Chinese, right? (

㢶❪ṖG㭧ῃG㌂⧢㧊┺)

2 (They) meet Edward, right? (

㠦✲㤢✲⯒GⰢ⋮┺)

3 (You) believe me, right? (

⋮⯒G⹕┺)

4 The price is expensive, right? (

Ṗỿ㧊G゚㕎┺)

5 (You) take the bus over there, right? (

㩖₆㍲G⻚㓺⯒G䌖┺)

Exercise 2.2

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㰖㣪? (seeking confirmation). Then trans-

late the sentence, as shown in the example.

Example:

䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖG㌂ὒ⯒GⲏἶG㕌㠊䞮┺

= 䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖG㌂ὒ⯒GⲏἶG㕌㠊䞮㰖㣪?

“Thomas wants to eat an apple, right?”

㡺⓮G⋶㝾ṖG▻┺

ἓ䂮ṖG㞚⯚╋┺

⹿㧊G㫆㣿䞮┺

㰧㧊G㔲⊚⩓┺

䄺䞒ṖGⰱ㧞┺

Exercise 2.3

Finish the following translation using ~

㰖㣪 (suggestion) and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Exercise 2.4

Example: “(How about we) see an action movie together?”

(

ṯ㧊G㞷㎮G㡗䢪⯒G⽊┺)

= ṯ㧊G㞷㎮G㡗䢪⯒G⽊㰖㣪U

1 (How about we) go back home? (

㰧㦒⪲G☢㞚Ṗ┺)

2 (How about we) order coffee? (

䄺䞒⯒G㔲䋺┺)

3 (How about we) turn on the air conditioner? (

㠦㠊䄾㦚G䅲┺)

4 (How about we) make a phone call to Linda? (

Ⰶ┺䞲䎢G 㩚䢪⯒G

Ỏ┺)

5 (How about we) pay (them) by cash? (

䡚⁞㦒⪲G㰖⿞䞮┺)

6 (How about we) buy a birthday card? (

㌳㧒G䃊✲⯒G㌂┺)

7 (How about we) borrow a Korean movie? (

䞲ῃG㡗䢪⯒GアⰂ┺)

8 (How about we) use the subway? (

㰖䞮㻶㦚G㧊㣿䞮┺)

9 (How about we) invite Jodie’s friends as well? (

㫆❪㦮G 䂲ῂ✺☚G

㽞╖䞮┺)

10 (How about we) quit smoking? (

╊⺆⯒G⊠┺)

Exercise 2.4

Finish the following translation using ~

⍺㣪 and the sentence cue provided

in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(Oh, I see that) it rains outside.” (

⹬㠦G゚ṖG㡺┺)

= ⹬㠦G゚ṖG㡺⍺㣪.

1 (Oh, I see that) Chris snores. (

䋂Ⰲ㓺ṖG䆪Ἶ┺)

2 (Oh, I see that) Abigail sings well. (

㞚゚Ợ㧒㧊G⏎⧮⯒G㧮G䞮┺)

3 (Oh, I see that) Ronald is diligent. (

⪲⋶✲ṖG⿖㰖⩆䞮┺)

4 (Oh, I see that) Diana went home from work. (

┺㧊㠦⋮ṖG䑊⁒䟞┺)

5 (Oh, I see that) Lidia earned money. (

Ⰲ❪㞚ṖG☞㦚G⻢㠞┺)

6 (Oh, I see that) the ring was expensive. (

⹮㰖ṖG゚㕢┺)

Exercise 2.5

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⍺㣪. Then translate the sentence, as shown

in the example.

Example:

䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖG㩲㧎䞮ἶG䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲┺

= 䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖG㩲㧎䞮ἶG䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲⍺㣪U

“(Oh, I see that) Thomas drinks coffee with Jane.”

Sentence-
final endings
~

㰖㣪,

ῆ㣪, ~⍺㣪

㫆㎟㧊G㰧㠦G㠜┺

⩞㧊㼒㧊Gₖ䂮⯒Gⲏ┺

┞䆲⧒㓺ṖG⋮䌞Ⰲ䞮ἶG㧊㟒₆䞮┺

◆㧊キ㧊G㞢⩟㓺㦮G䡫㧊┺

㞂❪ṖG㞚㰗G㞞G㧦┺

⹿㧊G₾⊭䞮┺

Exercise 2.6

Finish the following translation using ~

ῆ㣪 and the sentence cue provided

in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(Oh, I see that they) arrived (here) already.”

(

⻢㖾G☚㹿䟞┺)

= ⻢㖾G☚㹿䟞ῆ㣪.

1 (Oh, I see that) the weather is chilly. (

⋶㝾ṖG㕎⓮䞮┺)

2 (Oh, I see that it) was very windy yesterday. (

㠊㩲G ⹪⧢㧊G Ⱔ㧊G

⿞㠞┺)

3 (Oh, I see that) Boston is famous for lobster. (

⽊㓺䏺㧊G ⹪╍Ṗ㨂⪲G

㥶ⳛ䞮┺)

4 (Oh, I see that) Julia is a nurse. (

㯊Ⰲ㞚ṖGṚ䢎㌂㧊┺)

5 (Oh, I see that it) is summer from now on. (

㧊㩲⿖䎆G㡂⯚㧊┺)

6 (Oh, I see that) Jim received the bonus. (

㰦㧊G⽊⍞㓺⯒G⹱㞮┺)

Exercise 2.7

Conjugate the predicate using ~

ῆ㣪. Then translate the sentence, as shown

in the example.

Example:

䙊㧊G☚㍲ὖ㠦GṪ┺

= 䙊㧊G☚㍲ὖ㠦GṪῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Paul went to the

library.”

⋮㡺⹎ṖG䕾㎮G⳾◎㧊┺

㥶⩓㦒⪲G㔶䢒G㡂䟟㦚GṖ┺

㡺䤚G`㔲㠦GṖỢ⯒G╁㞮┺

䟊ⰂṖG⼖䢎㌂⪲G㧒䟞┺

ⶒṖṖG゚㕎┺

㠊㩲G⹿㧊G▪㤶┺

UNIT 3

Particles
⽊┺, 㻮⩒, ṯ㧊, Ⱒ䋒, Ⱎ┺, Ⱎ㩖,
㫆㹾, ⹬㠦

⽊┺

The particle

⽊┺Gis used to make a comparative sentence. This particle is

attached to a noun that is being compared, and it is translated as “more
than” or “rather than.” Consider the following example:

㩲㧎㦮G ⹿㧊G 䐆㦮G ⹿⽊┺G 䄺㣪. “Jane’s room is bigger than Tom’s
room.”

Notice that Tom’s room is the noun that is being compared to Jane’s
room.

Adverbs such as

▪ “more,” ▲ “less,” and 䤾㞂 “by far,” can be used

along with the particle

⽊┺ to put more emphasis on the comparison, as

shown below:

㧊G㢍㧊G⁎G㢍⽊┺G▪G゚㕎㣪. “This dress is more expensive than that
dress.”
㡺⓮㧊G㠊㩲⽊┺G▲G㿪㤢㣪. “Today is less cold than yesterday.”
㩲ṖG 䡫⽊┺G 䤾㞂G ▪G Ⱔ㧊G ⲏ㠊㣪. “I eat much more than (my) older
brother.”

Here are more examples:

㩖⓪G ⽚⽊┺G Ṗ㦚㦚G ▪G 㫡㞚䟊㣪. “As for me, (I) like autumn more
than spring.”
㞺✲⮮ṖG ⑚ῂ⽊┺G ▪G ⲡ㧞㠊㣪. “Andrew is handsomer than
anybody.”
⪲⋶✲ṖG㩖⽊┺G⚦G㌊㧊G▪GⰤ㞚㣪. “Ronald is two years older than I.”
㫆㰖ṖG䝚⨃䋂⽊┺G▪G⻢㠞㠊㣪. “George earned more than Frank.”
䄺䞒⽊┺G㭒㓺⯒G▪GⰞ㔲ἶG㕌㠞㠊㣪. “(I) wanted to drink juice more
than coffee.”
㧊G㡗䢪ṖG⁎G㡗䢪⽊┺G▲G㨂⹎㧞㠞㠊㣪. “This movie was less interest-
ing than that movie.”

Particles

⽊┺, 㻮⩒,
ṯ㧊, Ⱒ䋒,
Ⱎ┺, Ⱎ㩖,
㫆㹾, ⹬㠦

䐆⽊┺G☞㦚G▲G㗒㠊㣪. “(I) spent less money than Tom.”
ぢ⧮✲ṖG㫊⽊┺G䤾㞂G▪G㥶ⳛ䟊㣪. “Brad is much more popular than
John.”
䞒䎆ṖG㩖⽊┺G䋺ṖG▪G䅎㠞㠊㣪. “Peter used to be taller than I.”

㻮⩒

㻮⩒ and ṯ㧊

ṯ㧊

The particle

㻮⩒ is used to compare one noun with another. It is translated

as “as if” and “like.” Consider the following examples:

㞾Ⰲ㓺ṖG䞲ῃG㌂⧢㻮⩒G䞲ῃⰦ㦚G㧮G䟊㣪. “Alice speaks Korean well
like a Korean.”
┺㧊㞶⋮ṖG㠊⯎㻮⩒G䟟☯䟊㣪. “Diana behaves like an adult.”
䕆⋮㻮⩒G㡊㕂䧞G㧒䞮㎎㣪. “Work hard like Tina.”

The meaning of the particle

ṯ㧊G is similar to that of 㻮⩒, as shown

below:

㩲㧎㦖G⳿㏢ⰂṖG⋾㧦G⳿㏢Ⰲṯ㧊G䠞㓺䋺䟊㣪. “As for Jane, (her) voice
is husky like a man’s voice.”
㠊㩲⓪G 㡂⯚ṯ㧊G ▪㤶㠊㣪. “As for yesterday, (it) was hot like
summer.”
㡺⓮G ⹺㦖G ⌄ṯ㧊G ⹳㞚㣪. “As for tonight, (it) is bright like the
daytime.”

Ⱒ䋒

Ⱒ䋒G

The particle

Ⱒ䋒 is used to express “as much as” or “to the extent to that.”

Consider the following examples:

㤆ⰂG䡫Ⱒ䋒G⡧⡧䟞㠊㣪. “(I) was as smart as my older brother.”
㡺⓮㦖G 㠊㩲Ⱒ䋒G ▻㰖G 㞠㞚㣪. “As for today, (it) is not as hot as
yesterday.”
㫆㰖ṖG 㥢Ⰲ㠚Ⱒ䋒G Ἶ䝚⯒G 㧮G 㼦㣪. “George plays golf as good as
William.”
㧊G 㹾ṖG 㩖G 㹾Ⱒ䋒G ゚㕎㣪. “This car is as expensive as that car (over
there).”
䧦⩂Ⰲ⓪GⲪⰂⰢ䋒G㡞ㄦ㣪. “As for Hilary, (she) is as pretty as Mary.”
₆╖Ⱒ䋒G㩦㑮ṖG⋮㢪㠊㣪. “The score came out to the extent of (my)
expectation.”

Ⱎ┺

The particle

Ⱎ┺ means “every” or “each,” as shown in the examples below:

䡫㧊G ╂Ⱎ┺G ☞㦚G ⿖㼦G 㭮㣪. “(My) older brother sends (me) money
every month.”
[㔲ṚⰞ┺G㟓㦚Gⲏ㦒㎎㣪. “Take the medicine every 4 hours.”
⹿Ⱎ┺G䎪⩞゚㩚㧊G㧞㠊㣪? “Does each room have a TV?”
ᾦ㑮┮Ⱎ┺G㡆ῂ㔺㧊G㧞㠊㣪. “Each professor has an office.”

Ⱎ㩖

Ⱎ㩖 and 㫆㹾

㫆㹾

The particles

Ⱎ㩖 or 㫆㹾 are used to express “even.” Consider the fol-

lowing examples:

䏶Ⱎ㓺Ⱎ㩖G 䕢䕆㠦G 㞞G 㢪㠊㣪. “Even Thomas did not come to the
party.”
⁎G 䞯㌳㦖G 㧦₆G 㧊⯚㫆㹾G ⴑG 㖾㣪. “As for that student, (he) can not
write even his name.”

The meanings of

Ⱎ㩖 and 㫆㹾 are similar to that of ₢㰖 “even.”

However, differing from

₢㰖, the particles Ⱎ㩖 and 㫆㹾 are in general

associated with unfavorable or unsought contents. Compare the follow-
ing two sentences:

㫊㦮G㡂㧦䂲ῂ₢㰖GⰢ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) even met John’s girlfriend.”
㫊㦮G㡂㧦䂲ῂⰞ㩖GⰢ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) even met John’s girlfriend.”

Although the translation of both examples are the same, the second
example with

Ⱎ㩖 implies that meeting Thomas’ girlfriend was not a

favorable event, whereas the first example with

₢㰖 simply indicates

“including (even).” Here are more examples:

㹾G㌂ἶ⪲G⿖㧎䞮ἶG㞚✺Ⱎ㩖G㧙㠞㠊㣪. “Due to the car accident, (he)
lost (his) wife and even (his) son.”
╏㔶Ⱎ㩖G ⋮⯒G ⟶⋮ⳊG 㠊⠑ỢG ㌊㞚Ṗ㣪? “If you also leave me, how
should (I) go on living?”
グ➢ⶎ㠦G㰧㦚G䕪ἶG㹾Ⱎ㩖G䕪㞮㠊㣪. “Because of the debt, (we) sold
the house and even the car.”
㞚䂾☚G ῌἶG 㩦㕂㫆㹾G ⴑG ⲏ㠞㠊㣪. “(I) skipped breakfast and could
not eat even lunch.”
⁎㦮G 㡂㧦䂲ῂ㫆㹾G ⁎㦮G 㧊㟒₆⯒G 㞞G ⹕㠞㠊㣪. “Even his girlfriend
did not believe his story.”

Particles

⽊┺, 㻮⩒,
ṯ㧊, Ⱒ䋒,
Ⱎ┺, Ⱎ㩖,
㫆㹾, ⹬㠦

⹬㠦

⹬㠦G

The particle

⹬㠦 is used to indicate “only” or “nothing but” in English.

The meaning of

⹬㠦 is similar to that of Ⱒ “only.” However, differing

from

Ⱒ, the particle ⹬㠦 always co-occurs with the negative predicate.

For instance, compare the following sentences:

X\G╂⧒ⰢG㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have only 15 dollars.”
X\G ╂⧒⹬㠦G 㠜㠊㣪. “(I) have only 15 dollars (lit. I have nothing but
15 dollars).”

Notice that although the meanings of both sentences are similar, the
second sentence ends in a negative

㠜㠊㣪 “do not have.” Here are more

examples:

\G⿚⹬㠦G㞞G₆┺⪎㠊㣪U “(I) waited only 5 minutes.”
ᾦ㔺㧊G⹮⹬㠦G㞞G㺒㠊㣪U “The classroom is only half full.”
䄺䞒⯒G⚦G㧪⹬㠦G㞞GⰞ㎾㠊㣪U “(I) drank only two cups of coffee.”
┺㦢G 䞯₆⓪G ㎎G ὒ⳿⹬㠦G 㞞G ✺㦚G Ệ㡞㣪. “As for next semester, (I)
will take only three courses.”
㥶┞㓺⓪G㧒⽎㠊⯒G㫆⁞⹬㠦GⴑG䟊㣪. “As for Eunice, (she) can speak
only a little Japanese.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 3 exercises

₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
⌄㧶Gnap
Ⱎ㔲┺Gto drink
Ⱒ⋮┺Gto meet
ⲏ┺ to eat
⿚Gminute
㌂ὒGapple
㌦⩂✲Gsalad
㌳ṗ䞮┺ to think
㏦┮Gcustomer/guest
㔲ṚGhour
㞚ザGdad
㠊Ⲏ┞Gmother
㠊㩲Gyesterday
㠎┞Golder sister
㠚ⰞGmom

Exercise 3.1

㧦┺ to sleep
㨂㯞 jazz
㫡㞚䞮┺ to like
㭒㓺Gjuice

Exercise 3.1

Complete the following translation using the particle

⽊┺ and the cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) wanted to drink juice more than coffee.”

(

䄺䞒G/G㭒㓺⯒G▪GⰞ㔲ἶG㕌㠞㠊㣪)

= 䄺䞒⽊┺G㭒㓺⯒G▪GⰞ㔲ἶG㕌㠞㠊㣪.

1 Charles is more popular than Lisa (

Ⰲ㌂G /G 㺆㓺ṖG 㧎₆ṖG ▪G Ⱔ㞚

㣪)

2 Philippine is hotter than Korea (

䞲ῃG /G䞚Ⰲ䞖㧊G▪G▪㤢㣪)

3 (I) liked autumn better than spring (

⽚G/GṖ㦚㦚G▪G㫡㞚䟞㠊㣪)

4 (He) wanted to major in literature more than science (

ὒ䞯G/Gⶎ䞯㦚G

▪G㩚Ὃ䞮ἶG㕌㠊䟞㠊㣪)

5 Did (you) want to buy a notebook more than a digital camera? (

❪㰖

䌞G䃊Ⲫ⧒G/G⏎䔎⿗㦚G▪G㌂ἶG㕌㠞㠊㣪?)

6 An airplane is faster than a car (

㹾G /G゚䟟₆ṖG▪Gザ⯛┞┺)

7 New York City is bigger than Honolulu (

䢎⏖⭆⬾G /G Ⓤ㣫㔲ṖG ▪G 䋓

┞┺)

8 Today is less cold than yesterday (

㠊㩲G/G㡺⓮㧊G▲G㿻㔋┞┺)

9 Does Sam play tennis better than Harry? (

䟊ⰂG /G ㌮㧊G 䎢┞㓺⯒G ▪G

㧮G䂿┞₢?)

10 Does Jane like meat more than Dave? (

◆㧊ぢG /G 㩲㧎㧊G ἶ₆⯒G ▪G

㫡㞚䞿┞₢?)

Exercise 3.2

Finish the following translation using the particle

㻮⩒ and the cues pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “That child drinks water much like a hippo.”

(

⁎G㞚㧊G/G䞮ⰞG/Gⶒ㦚GⰤ㧊GⰞ㎪㣪)

= ⁎G㞚㧊ṖG䞮Ⱎ㻮⩒Gⶒ㦚GⰤ㧊GⰞ㎪㣪.

1 Juice is chilly like ice (

㭒㓺G/G㠒㦢G/G㹾Ṗ㤢㣪)

2 Lidia acts like a detective (

Ⰲ❪㞚G/G䡫㌂G/G䟟☯䟊㣪)

Particles

⽊┺, 㻮⩒,
ṯ㧊, Ⱒ䋒,
Ⱎ┺, Ⱎ㩖,
㫆㹾, ⹬㠦

3 Does Chris swim well like a seal? (

䋂Ⰲ㓺G /G ⶒṲG /G 㑮㡗㦚G 㧮G 䟊

㣪?)

4 Jerry was docile like a sheep (

㩲ⰂG/G㟧G/G㑲䟞㠊㣪)

5 Vegetables will be expensive like gold (

㟒㺚G/G⁞G/G゚㕖GỆ㡞㣪)

6 John is tall like a basketball player (

㫊G /G⏣ῂG㍶㑮G/G䋺ṖG䄺㣪)

7 Sandy is slim like a model (

㌢❪G/G⳾◎G/G⋶㞂䟊㣪)

8 Anthony is smart like Einstein (

㞺㍲┞G /G㞚㧎㓞䌖㧎G/G⡧⡧䟊㣪)

9 Sarah sang the song well like an opera singer (

㌂⧒G /G 㡺䗮⧒G Ṗ㑮G /G

⏎⧮⯒G㧮G䟞㠊㣪)

10 Thomas will run well like a marathoner (

䏶Ⱎ㓺G /G Ⱎ⧒䏺G ㍶㑮G /G 㧮G

⥎GỆ㡞㣪)

Exercise 3.3

Complete the following translation using the particle

Ⱒ䋒 and the cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Bill is as rich as Tom.” (

アG /G䐆G/G⿖㧦㧛┞┺)

= ア㧊G䐆Ⱒ䋒G⿖㧦㧛┞┺.

1 Catherine speaks Korean as fluently as Neal (

䃦㍲ⰆG/G┦G/G䞲ῃ㠊⯒G

㧮G䞿┞┺)

2 The kitchen is as big as the living room (

⿖㠢G /GỆ㔺G/G䋓┞┺)

3 Daniel is as diligent as Philip (

◆┞㠮G/G䞚ⰓG/G⿖㰖⩆䞿┞┺)

4 Did Patrick like wine as much as Erica? (

䕾䔎ⰃG /G 㠦Ⰲ䃊G /G 㢖㧎㦚G

㫡㞚䟞㔋┞₢?)

5 Rebecca was as graceful as Jennifer (

⩞⻶䃊G /G 㩲┞䗒G /G 㟢㩚䟞㔋

┞┺)

6 Seoul is as expensive as New York (

㍲㤎G/GⓊ㣫G/G゚㕎㣪)

7 This car is as good as that car (over there) (

㧊G㹾G /G㩖G㹾G/G㫡㞚㣪)

8 Does Philip earns money as much as Adam? (

䞚ⰓG /G 㞚╊G /G ☞㦚G ⻢

㠊㣪?)

9 The subway was as convenient as taxi (

㰖䞮㻶G/G䌳㔲G/G䘎䟞㠊㣪)

10 Edward drank (it) as much as Thomas (

㠦✲㤢✲G /G 䏶Ⱎ㓺G /G Ⱎ㎾

㠊㣪)

Exercise 3.4

Exercise 3.4

Complete the following translation using the particle

Ⱎ┺ and the cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Does Hugh jog every morning?” (

䦊G /G㞚䂾G/G㫆ₛ㦚G

䞿┞₢?)

“

䦊ṖG㞚䂾Ⱎ┺G㫆ₛ㦚G䞿┞₢?”

1 (I) take a walk every evening (

㩖⎗G/G㌆㺛䞿┞┺)

2 Do (you) ski every winter? (

Ỿ㤎G /G㓺䋺⯒G䌧┞₢?)

3 (We) went to the beach every summer (

㡂⯚G /G⹪╍Ṗ㠦GṪ㔋┞┺)

4 Every store will be busy (

ṖỢG/G⹪㊶GỆ㡞㣪)

5 (Let us) meet every night (

⹺G/GⰢ⋿㔲┺)

6 Every supermarket sells juice (

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩G/G㭒㓺G/G䕪㞚㣪)

7 Each school has alma mater (

䞯ᾦG/GᾦṖṖG㧞㠊㣪)

8 Each room had a window (

⹿G /G㺓ⶎ㧊G㧞㠞㠊㣪)

9 Every student is studying for the test (

䞯㌳G/G㔲䠮GὋ⿖⯒G䞮ἶG㧞㠊

㣪)

10 Did (your) friends play golf every Saturday? (

䂲ῂ✺G/G䏶㣪㧒G/GἾ䝚

⯒G㼺㠊㣪?)

Exercise 3.5

Complete the following translation using the particle

Ⱎ㩖 and the cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Even Jane was sick.” (

㩲㧎G/G㞚䕶㠊㣪)

= 㩲㧎Ⱎ㩖G㞚䕶㠊㣪.

1 Even Sabrina lied (

㌂ぢⰂ⋮G/GỆ㰩Ⱖ㦚G䟞㠊㣪)

2 Even (my) older sister hid the fact (

⑚⋮G/G㌂㔺㦚GṦ䀚㠊㣪)

3 Even the weather was cold (

⋶㝾G/G㿪㤶㠊㣪)

4 Even my room was dark (

㩲G⹿G /G㠊⚦㤶㠊㣪)

5 Even the air conditioner was broken (

㠦㠊䄾G/Gἶ㧻⌂㠊㣪)

6 Even Matthew did not go to school (

ⰺ䓲G/G䞯ᾦ㠦G㞞GṪ㠊㣪)

7 Even (his) wife will go back to the States (

⿖㧎G /G ⹎ῃ㦒⪲G ☢㞚ṞG

Ệ㡞㣪)

8 Even Monica failed the test (

⳾┞䃊G/G㔲䠮㠦G⟾㠊㪢㠊㣪)

9 Did even the convenient store close? (

䘎㦮㩦G /G╁㞮㠊㣪?)

10 Even Paul will sell (his) car (

䙊G/G㹾⯒G䕪GỆ㡞㣪)

Particles

⽊┺, 㻮⩒,
ṯ㧊, Ⱒ䋒,
Ⱎ┺, Ⱎ㩖,
㫆㹾, ⹬㠦

Exercise 3.6

Rewrite the following sentence using the [

⹬㠦 + negative] pattern, as

shown in the example. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㌂ὒⰢG㧞㠊㣪.

= ㌂ὒ⹬㠦G㠜㠊㣪. “(I) have only apples.”

㌂ὒG㭒㓺ⰢGⰞ㎪㣪U

㌦⩂✲ⰢGⲏ㠊㣪U

㠚Ⱎ⓪G㞚ザⰢG㫡㞚䟊㣪U

㏦┮㧊G^GⳛⰢG㧞㠊㣪U

⌄㧶㦚GXG㔲ṚⰢG㧮GỆ㡞㣪U

㠊Ⲏ┞ⰢG㌳ṗ䟞㠊㣪U

㨂㯞ⰢG㫡㞚䟞㠊㣪U

㠊㩲G\G㔲ṚⰢG㧺㠊㣪U

XWG⿚ⰢG₆┺ⰊGỆ㡞㣪U

㠎┞ⰢGⰢ⋶GỆ㡞㣪U

UNIT 4

Auxiliary verbs I

An auxiliary verb combines with a main verb to express tense, aspect,
mood and/or voice. For instance, English auxiliary verbs include “can,”
“have,” “may,” “shall,” and “will,” since they combine with a main verb, as
in “I can speak Korean.” This unit first discusses some general structural
characteristics of Korean auxiliary verbs. Then, it introduces how the
following three verbs,

⽊┺ “see,” 㡺┺ “come,” and Ṗ┺ “go,” can serve

as auxiliary verbs.

Korean auxiliary verbs

Korean auxiliary verbs are in fact all regular verbs. However, when these
verbs are used as auxiliary verbs, they express different meanings, as shown
below:

Regular verbs

Auxiliary verbs

⽊┺ “see”

㠊/㞚G⽊┺ “try (doing something)”

㡺┺ “come”

㠊/㞚G㡺┺ “continue to”

Ṗ┺ “go”

㠊/㞚GṖ┺ “continue to”

㭒┺ “give”

㠊/㞚G㭒┺ “do for (someone)”

⌊┺ “produce”

㠊/㞚G⌊┺ “do all the way completely”

⋮┺ “occur”

㠊/㞚G⋮┺ “have finished”

⻚Ⰲ┺ “throw away”

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ “finish up/end up with”

⏩┺ “put down”

㠊/㞚G⏩┺ “do for later”

䞮┺ “do”

㠊/㞚䞮┺ “be in the state of”

㰖┺ “become”

㠊/㞚㰖┺ “become”

Ⱖ┺ “stop”

ἶGⰦ┺ “end up doing”

Korean auxiliary verbs always appear after the main verb (or adjectives

for limited auxiliary verbs). In addition, the main verb is always conjugated
with ~

㠊/㞚 (or ~ἶ for limited auxiliary verbs). The compounding process

takes the following pattern: [stem of the main verb ~

㠊/㞚 plus an auxili-

ary verb]. ~

㞚 is used after the stem that ends in 㞚 or 㡺 (e.g., 㺔┺ “find”

Auxiliary
verbs I

=> 㺔㞚G ⽊┺ “try looking for something”), while ~㠊 is used after the
stem that ends in all other vowels (e.g.,

Ⱒ✺┺ “make” => Ⱒ✺㠊G ⽊┺

“try making something”).

㠊V㞚G⽊┺

㠊V㞚G⽊┺GG

When the verb

⽊┺ “see” is used as an auxiliary verb, it is used to express

“try (doing something)/experience.” It is used when a speaker tries doing
some action just once so that he/she can explore the consequences. For
instance, consider how the auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G ⽊┺ is used with the

main verb

⺆㤆┺ “learn.”

䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤢G⽛┞┺. “(I) try learning Korean.”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤢G⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try learning Korean.”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤢G⽊㔲㰖㣪U “(Why don’t you try) learning Korean?”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤢G⽊㕃㔲㡺U “Try learning Korean.”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤢G⽺㔋┞┺U “(I) tried learning Korean.”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤢G⽒GỆ㡞㣪. “(I) will try learning Korean.”

Notice in the examples above that ~

㠊/㞚G⽊┺ completes each expres-

sion and carries all grammatical information, such as tense, sentence types,
and honorifics. Here are more examples:

ₖ䂮⯒G ⲏ㠊G ⽺㠊㣪. “(I) tried eating kimchi” (lit. “I ate kimchi and
saw what it was like”).
䝚⧧㓺㠦GṖG⽺㔋┞┺. “(I) have been to France.”
㡺䏶⹪㧊⯒G䌖G⽺㔋┞₢? “Have (you) tried riding a motorcycle?”
ₖ䂮⯒Gⲏ㠊G⽊㎎㣪. “Please try (eating) kimchi.”
㫊㦚GⰢ⋮G⽊㕃㔲㡺. “Try to meet John.”
㩲Ⰲ䞲䎢G 㧒㦚G ⰷỾG ⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try entrusting the task to
Jerry.”
䞲ῃG㦢㔳㦚Gⲏ㠊G⽒GỆ㡞㣪. “(I) will try eating Korean food.”
䞲ῃGⰻ㭒⯒GⰞ㎪G⽒GỆ㡞㣪. “(I) will try drinking Korean beer.”

㠊V㞚G㡺┺VṖ┺

㠊V㞚G㡺┺VṖ┺G

Korean has two motion verbs

㡺┺ “come” and Ṗ┺ “go.” When these

motion verbs are used as auxiliary verbs, both indicate that an action of
the main verb is carried out continually. Since

㡺┺ “come” signifies the

motion toward the speaker,

G~㠊/㞚G㡺┺ is used to express an continuous

action that comes toward the present, as shown below:

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 4
exercises

㰖⁞₢㰖G 䢒㧦G 㧮G ㌊㞚G 㢪㠊㣪. “Until now, (I) have lived alone
well.”
ₖ㌂㧻┮㧊G 䣢㌂⯒G 㧮G 㧊⊢㠊G 㢪㠊㣪. “President Kim has led the
company well.”
㩖䧂⓪G㍶㌳┮GⰦ㝖㦚G⹕㠊G㢪㠊㣪. “As for us, (we) have believed the
teacher’s word.”

On the other hand,

Ṗ┺ “go” indicates the motion away from the

speaker. Consequently, ~

㠊/㞚GṖ┺ is used to express a continuous action

that goes into the future.

✲⧒ⰞṖG⊳⋮GṖ㣪. “The drama is going to end.”
Ṗ㦚㧊G₠㠊GṖ㣪. “Autumn is ripening.”
㌂㠛㧊G㧮G♮㠊GṖ㣪? “Does (your) business continue to do well?”
㞚㧊ṖG 㠚Ⱎ⯒G ╄㞚G Ṗ㣪. “The child continues to take after (her)
mother.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 4 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṗ⯊䂮┺ to teach
Ṗ㩫 family
Ṧ₆ a cold/flu
ἶ䂮┺ to fix
⊳⋮┺ to end/to finish
⌁┺ to get well/to recover from (illness)
⏒ⶎ thesis
⓯┺ to grow older
┺ all
☚㧦₆ ceramics
Ⱒ✺┺ to make
ⲏ┺ to eat
ⶒ water

⹪∎┺ to change
⼧㤦 hospital
㌆ mountain
㌊┺ to live
㝆┺ to use/to write
㡂㧦 woman
㡗㠊 English
㢂⧒Ṗ┺ to climb/to go up

Auxiliary
verbs I

㦢㔳 food
㧊㩲 now
㧎☚ India
㧛┺ to wear

㩚䢪䞮┺ to make a phone call
㩞㟓䞮┺ to economize on/to save/to be thrifty
㫆⁞㝿 little by little
䂲ῂ friends
䞲⽋ traditional Korean clothes
䟊 a year/the sun
䟟⽋䞮┺ to be happy
䠺㠊㰖┺ to break up
䢒㧦 alone

Exercise 4.1

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚G⽺㔋┞┺ as shown in the example.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㰧㠦GṖ┺

= 㰧㠦GṖG⽺㔋┞┺. “(I) have been to the house.”

㧎☚G㦢㔳㦚Gⲏ┺

☚㧦₆⯒GⰢ✺┺

䞲⽋㦚G㧛┺

⻶㧊㰫㠦GṖ┺

⼧㤦㠦G㩚䢪䞮┺

Exercise 4.2

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚G⽺㔋┞₢? as shown in the example.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㠮゚㓺㦮G⏎⧮⯒G✹┺

= 㠮゚㓺㦮G⏎⧮⯒G✺㠊G⽺㔋┞₢?

“Have (you) tried listening to Elvis’ song?”

ⶊ㡃G䣢㌂㠦㍲G㧒䞮┺

⋰㔲⯒G䞮┺

䌖㧊G㦢㔳㦚Gⲏ┺

䞲ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤆┺

ᾦ䣢㠦GṖ┺

Exercise 4.3

Exercise 4.3

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚G⽊㕃㔲㡺, as shown in the example.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㣪Ṗ⯒G䞮┺

= 㣪Ṗ⯒G䟊G⽊㕃㔲㡺. “Try doing yoga.”

㡗㠊⯒GṖ⯊䂮┺

㌆㦚G㢂⧒Ṗ┺

㞚䕢䔎㠦㍲G㌊┺

㡂㧦䂲ῂ⧧G䠺㠊㰖┺

䅊䜾䎆⯒Gἶ䂮┺

Exercise 4.4

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚G ⽛㔲┺, as shown in the example.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

☚㍲ὖ㠦GṖ┺

= ☚㍲ὖ㠦GṖG⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try going to the library.”

₆☚䞮┺

㍶㌳┮䞲䎢G⿖䌗䞮┺

㹾⯒Gἶ䂮┺

ῂⲣ㦚GⰟ┺

㠦㠊䄾㦚G䅲┺

Exercise 4.5

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚G ⽊┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) tried (doing) bungee jumping” (

⻞㰖㩦䝚⯒G䞮┺)

= ⻞㰖㩦䝚⯒G䟊G⽺㔋┞┺.

1 (I) have been to Africa (

㞚䝚Ⰲ䃊㠦GṖ┺)

2 (I) will try to study the Korean language (

䞲ῃ㠊⯒GὋ⿖䞮┺)

3 (I) tried drinking Korean beer (

䞲ῃGⰻ㭒⯒GⰞ㔲┺)

4 Have (you) been to Sweden? (

㓺㤾◊㠦GṖ┺)

5 Have (you) tried playing a guitar? (

₆䌖⯒G䂮┺)

6 Try to memorize (her) home phone number (

㰧G 㩚䢪G ⻞䢎⯒G 㣎㤆

┺)

Auxiliary
verbs I

7 Try (using) the massage machine (

Ⱎ㌂㰖G₆Ἒ⯒G㌂㣿䞮┺)

8 Try making Korean friends (

䞲ῃG㌂⧢䞮ἶG㌂‖┺)

9 (Let us) try to learn cooking (

㣪Ⰲ⯒G⺆㤆┺)

10 (Let us) try to repair the computer (

䅊䜾䎆⯒Gἶ䂮┺)

Exercise 4.6

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚G Ṗ┺ (or ~㠊/㞚G 㡺┺) and

the sentence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Ice is melting” (

㠒㦢㧊G⏏┺)

= 㠒㦢㧊G⏏㞚GṖ㣪.

1 (My) older brother brought good news (

䡫㧊G㫡㦖G㏢㔳㦚G㩚䞮┺)

2 The dog has run toward this way (

ṲṖG㧊㴓㦒⪲G╂Ⰲ┺)

3 William has suffered from a cold (

㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊GṦ₆⪲Gἶ㌳䞮┺)

4 (They) have been receiving help from Robert (

⪲⻚䔎⪲⿖䎆G ☚㤖㦚G

⹱┺)

5 Water is getting frozen (

ⶒ㧊G㠒┺)

Exercise 4.7

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚GṖ┺, as shown in the example. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

㡗䢪ṖG⊳⋮┺ (declarative)

= 㡗䢪ṖG⊳⋮Gṧ┞┺. “The movie is going to end.”

㤆ⰂG䞶Ⲏ┞⓪G䟊Ⱎ┺G⓯┺ (declarative)

㧊㩲⿖䎆G䢒㧦G㌊┺ (interrogative)

䟟⽋䞲GṖ㩫㦚GⰢ✺┺ (imperative)

ⶒ㦚G㩞㟓䞮┺ (propositive)

㫆⁞㝿G㓺䅖㭚㦚G⹪∎┺ (propositive)

UNIT 5

Auxiliary verbs II

㠊V㞚G⌊┺

㠊V㞚G⌊┺G

The verb

⌊┺ means “produce/put forth” as in 㣿₆⯒G⌊㎎㣪 “Put forth

courage” or

㏣⩻㦚G ⌊㎎㣪 “Speed up” (lit. “Produce speed”). However,

as an auxiliary verb, ~

㠊/㞚 ⌊┺ means “do all the way (to the very end).”

It is used to express that although a certain task/action is troublesome or
difficult, he/she completes the action to the very end (or does all the way).
Compare the following two examples:

䞮⬾Ⱒ㠦G㺛㦚G㧓㠞㠊㣪. “(I) read the book within a day.”
䞮⬾Ⱒ㠦G㺛㦚G㧓㠊G⌞㠊㣪. “(I) read the book (to the very end) within
a day.”

Notice that the first sentence simply indicates that the speaker finished

reading the book in one day. On the other hand, the second sentence with
~

㠊/㞚G ⌊┺ implies that although reading the book within a day was a

difficult task, the speaker did it anyway. Here are more examples:

䢒㧦G ἶ㌳㦚G ἂ◢G ⌞㔋┞┺. “(He) endured hardship alone (all the
way).”
ἆῃG㰖ṧ㦚G㺔㞚G⌞㠊㣪. “Finally, (I) found the wallet.”
Z ⎚㞞㠦G䞯㥚⯒G➆G⌞㠊㣪. “(He) got the degree within three years.”
ἆῃG 㩚ῂ⯒G Ⱒ✺㠊G ⌞㔋┞┺. “Eventually, (he) made an electric
bulb.”

㠊V㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺

㠊V㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺G

The verb

⻚Ⰲ┺ means “throw (it) away/dismiss/abandon,” as shown in

the following examples:

㠊㩲G㡱G㌂㰚✺㦚G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “Yesterday, (I) discarded old pictures.”
⁎⎖ṖG⋾䘎㦚G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “She abandoned (her) husband.”

Auxiliary
verbs II

⌊㧒₢㰖G㝆⩞₆⯒G⻚Ⰲ㎎㣪. “Throw the garbage away by tomorrow.”
䂲ῂ⯒G 㥚䟊㍲G ⳿㑾㦚G ⻚ⰊG Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will lay down (my) life for
(my) friend.”

However, as an auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G ⻚Ⰲ┺ means “do completely/

end up doing/get (it) done.” Compare the following sentences:

⌊㧒G䘎㰖⯒G⿖䂮㎎㣪. “Send the letter tomorrow.”
⌊㧒G䘎㰖⯒G⿖㼦G⻚Ⰲ㎎㣪. “Send the letter tomorrow.”

The basic meanings of both sentences are the same. However, the mes-
sage of the second sentence is stronger than the first sentence, since
~

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ adds the meaning of “completeness of the action.”

㠊/㞚G ⻚Ⰲ┺ is similar to ~㠊/㞚G ⌊┺ in a sense that both are used

to indicate the completeness of an action. However, unlike ~

㠊/㞚G ⌊┺,

㠊/㞚G ⻚Ⰲ┺ does not imply that the completed action was a difficult

task. Instead, depending on the context, ~

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ is used to express

a sense of regret or relief. Consider the following examples:

㰖ṧ㦚G㧙㠞㠊㣪. “(I) lost (my) wallet.”
㰖ṧ㦚G㧙㠊G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) lost (my) wallet.”

Losing a wallet is undesirable. Consequently, ~

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ in the sec-

ond sentence adds the sense of regret, while the first sentence simply states
the past action. It indicates that losing a wallet is not what the speaker
had expected or wished for. Here are more examples that may denote a
sense of regret:

ἆῃG㤎㠊G⻚⪎㠊㣪U “(She) finally cried.”
☞㦚G┺G㖾G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) used up all of (my) money.”
⋮㡺⹎ṖGἆῃG⹎ῃ㠦GṖG⻚⪎㠊㣪. “Naomi finally went to America.”
㩲G⋾☯㌳㧊G⻢㖾G┺Gⲏ㠊G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “My younger brother already ate
(them) all.”
⁞⿫㠊ṖG㭓㠊G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “The gold fish died.”

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ can also signify a sense of relief. Consider the following

two sentences:

㑯㩲⯒G⊳⌞㠊㣪. “(I) finished (my) homework.”
㑯㩲⯒G⊳⌊G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) finished (my) homework.”

Notice that the referential messages of both sentences are the same.

However, ~

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ in the second sentence adds a sense of relief since

the task (e.g., doing homework) has come to an end. Here are more
examples that indicate a sense of relief:

ἶGⰦ┺

㞚䝞G ₆㠋㦚G 㰖㤢G ⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) erased the painful memory
(completely).”
㔶㣿G 䃊✲G グ㦚G ┺G Ṱ㞚G ⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) paid all of (my) credit card
debt.”

ἶGⰦ┺

The verb

Ⱖ┺ means “stop,” as in ⑞㧊G㡺┺ṖGⰦ㞮㠊㣪 “(It) snowed but

then (it) stopped.” However, as an auxiliary verb, ~

ἶG Ⱖ┺ means “end

up (doing),” and it implies that the completed action is against the subject’s
intention or wish. It is used when the action is carried out despite the
subject’s previous effort or wishes against the completed action. Compare
the following two sentences:

㹾G㌂ἶ⪲G㭓㠞㠊㣪. “(He) died because of the car accident.”
㹾G ㌂ἶ⪲G 㭓ἶG Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪. “(He) ended up dying because of the car
accident.”

Notice that the completed action (dying) is against the subject’s will. Here
are more examples:

⑚⋮⓪G䞲ῃ㠦G☢㞚ṖἶGⰦ㞮㠊㣪. “As for (my) older sister, (she) ended
up returning to Korea.”
㑶㠦G䀾䞮ἶGⰦ㞮㠊㣪. “(We) ended up drunk.”
㏢䕢㠦G 䄺䞒⯒G 㘵ἶG Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪. “(I) ended up spilling coffee on the
sofa.”
☢⿖Ⰲ㠦GỎ⩺G⍮㠊㰖ἶGⰦ㞮㠊㣪. “(I) ended up tripping on the jagged
edge of a stone.”
㹾G㞞㠦㍲G㧶㧊G✺ἶGⰦ㞮㠊㣪. “(I) ended up falling asleep in the car.”
㩚㨗㧊GἆῃG䎆㰖ἶGⰦ㞮㔋┞┺. “The war finally broke out.”
⓼ỢG㧦ἶGⰦ㞮㠊㣪. “(I) ended up going to bed late.”

㠊V㞚G㭒┺

The verb

㭒┺ means “give,” as shown in the following examples:

㫆㰖䞲䎢G㺛㦚G㮂㠊㣪. “(I) gave the book to George.”
ⰺ╂G㡂☯㌳䞲䎢G㣿☞㦚G㭮㣪. “(I) give pocket money to (my) younger
sister every month.”
㓺䕆て㧊GⰂ㌂䞲䎢G↙㦚G㭚GỆ㡞㣪. “Steven will give flowers to Lisa.”

However, as an auxiliary verb, ~

㠊/㞚G 㭒┺ means “do something as a

favor (for someone).”

Auxiliary
verbs II

䕪┺ “sell”

䕪㞚G㭒┺ “sell (something for someone)”

Ṗ⯊䂮┺ “teach”

Ṗ⯊㼦G㭒┺ “teach (something for someone)”

⹕┺ “believe”

⹕㠊G㭒┺ “believe (something for someone)”

Compare the following two sentences:

◆㧊キ㧊G䕢䕆㠦G㢪㠊㣪. “David came to the party.”
◆㧊キ㧊G䕢䕆㠦G㢖G㮂㠊㣪. “David came to the party” (lit. “David did
a favor for somebody by coming to the party”).

Notice that the first sentence simply expresses that David came to the
party. On the other hand, the second sentence signifies that David came
to the party for the benefit of the speaker or somebody. Here are more
examples:

䂲ῂ✺㧊G㦢㔳㦚Gⰱ㧞ỢGⲏ㠊G㮂㠊㣪. “(My) friends ate the food with
gusto (for me).”
㞺㍲┞ṖG ㍶ⶒ㦚G ⽊⌊G 㮂㠊㣪. “Anthony sent (her) the present (for
me).”
㩲ṖGⶎ㦚G㡊㠊G㭚Ợ㣪. “I will open the door (for you).”
⪲⧒ṖG㔲Ἒ⯒G㌂G㭚GỆ㡞㣪. “Laura will buy (me) a bag (for me).”

However, one can optionally use

㥚䟊㍲ “on the behalf of” when wish-

ing to explicitly state who the beneficiary was.

⋾㧦G䂲ῂ⯒G㥚䟊㍲Gⰱ㧞⓪G㩦㕂㦚GⰢ✺㠊G㮂㠊㣪. “(She) made deli-
cious lunch for (her) boyfriend.”
㤆Ⰲ⯒G 㥚䟊㍲G ⼧㤦㠦G 㢖G 㭒㎾㠊㣪. “(He) came to the hospital for
us.”

㠊V㞚G✲Ⰲ┺G vs. ~㠊V㞚G㭒┺

Meanwhile, if the beneficiary of the action is an esteemed person (e.g., a
higher person in age or social status), ~

㠊/㞚G ✲Ⰲ┺ is used instead of

㠊/㞚G㭒┺. Compare the following two sentences:

(O)

䞶Ⲏ┞℮G㔲Ἒ⯒G㌂G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) bought a watch for (my) grand-

mother.”
(X)

䞶Ⲏ┞℮G 㔲Ἒ⯒G ㌂G 㮂㠊㣪. “(I) bought a watch for (my) grand-

mother.”

The second sentence with ~

㠊/㞚G 㭒┺ is inappropriate since the

beneficiary of the action is an esteemed person (e.g., grandmother). Here
are more examples:

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 5
exercises

㞚⻚㰖℮G 㞚䂾㦚G Ⱒ✺㠊G ✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) made breakfast for (my)
father.”
㞞ⰞG䟊G✲ⰊỢ㣪. “(I) will massage (your back).”
㢖㧎㦚G㌂G✲ⰂἶG㕌㠊㣪. “(I) want to buy wine (for him).”

Requesting ~

㠊V㞚G㭒㎎㣪

The verb

㭒㔲┺ is the honorific form of 㭒┺. ~㠊/㞚G㭒㎎㣪 is used when

requesting something politely. It is equivalent to “please do (something
for me/someone).” Compare the following two sentences:

㧶₦G₆┺Ⰲ㎎㣪. “Please wait a moment.”
㧶₦G₆┺⩺G㭒㎎㣪. “Please wait a moment (for me).”

Both sentences can be used for requesting. However, the second sentence

with ~

㠊/㞚G㭒㎎㣪 is more polite than the first sentence. Here are more

examples:

┺⯎G ㌂㧊㯞⪲G ⹪∪G 㭒㎎㣪. “Please exchange (this) with a different
size (for me).”
㹾⯒G 㞴㦒⪲G 㤖㰗㡂G 㭒㎎㣪. “Please move (your) car forward (for
me).”
ἽG㧒㦚G⊳⌊G㭒㎎㣪. “Please finish (your) work soon (for me).”
㺛㦚G䋂ỢG㧓㠊G㭒㎎㣪. “Please read the book aloud (for me).”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 5 exercises

ṖỢ store
Ṗ┺ to go
ἶ₆ meat
ἶ㧻㧊G⋮┺ to get out of order
ῂ⼚䞮┺ to distinguish
ΐ┺ to roast
⁎Ⰲ┺ to paint/to draw
⁎Ⱂ painting/picture
⁞ gold
₎ road/street
⋮㡺┺ to come out
⋾㧦 man
⏎⧮ song
╁┺ to close

Auxiliary
verbs II

⡦ again
Ⱒ✺┺ to make
ⶎ door
⹎⊚⩂㰖┺ to slide/to glide
⹪∎┺ to change
⹱┺ to receive
⿖⯊┺ to sing/to call out
゚⹖ secret
㔲䋺┺ to order/to force (a person to do)
㕎㤆┺ to fight/to dispute (with)
㝆┺ to write/to use
㠎┞ older sister
㡊┺ to open
㢍 clothes
㦖 silver
㧓┺ to read

㩚❇ electric lamp
㩚䢪₆ telephone
㩦㕂 lunch
㰖㤆┺ to erase
㹾 car
㺓ⶎ window
㺛 book
䂲ῂ friend
䃦┺ to dig into/to unearth
䅲┺ to light/to switch on
䕢㧒 file
䕪┺ to sell
䘎㰖Gletter
䞯ᾦ school
䠺㠊㰖┺ to break up
䡫 older brother
䢪⌊┺ to get angry

Exercise 5.1

Exercise 5.1

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚G ⌊┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(He) extracted the tooth.” (

㧊⯒Gㆧ┺)

= 㧊⯒Gㆧ㞚G⌞㠊㣪.

1 (She) caught a big fish (

䋆Gⶒἶ₆⯒G⋰┺)

2 (They) dammed up the river (

ṫⶒ㦚GⰟ┺)

3 (We) got the project (

䝚⪲㩳䔎⯒G➆┺)

4 (He) received the money (

☞㦚G⹱┺)

5 (I) wrote the thesis (

⏒ⶎ㦚G㝆┺)

Exercise 5.2

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚G⌊┺, as shown in the example. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

㧒㦚G䞮┺

= 㧒㦚G䟊G⌞㠊㣪. “(He) did the work.”

゚⹖㦚G䃦┺

㩚䢪₆⯒GⰢ✺┺

ἶ₆⯒Gΐ┺

⁞䞮ἶG㦖㦚Gῂ⼚䞮┺

⁎Ⱂ㦚G⁎Ⰲ┺

Exercise 5.3

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) sold the house yesterday.” (

㠊㩲G㰧㦚G䕪┺)

= 㠊㩲G㰧㦚G䕪㞚G⻚⪎㠊㣪.

1 Andrew took pictures (

㞺✲⮮ṖG㌂㰚㦚G㹣┺)

2 Sara borrowed the notebook (

㌂⧒ṖG⏎䔎⿗㦚GアⰂ┺)

3 (We) used all the money (

☞㦚G┺G㝆┺)

4 Kevin watched the drama till the end (

䅖ゞ㧊G ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒G ⊳₢㰖G

⽊┺)

5 Angie moved (her) job (

㞺㰖ṖG㰗㧻㦚G㢄₆┺)

Auxiliary
verbs II

Exercise 5.4

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚G ⻚Ⰲ┺, as shown in the example.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㟓㏣㦚G㧠┺

= 㟓㏣㦚G㧠㠊G⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) forgot about the appointment.”

㹾ṖG⡦Gἶ㧻㧊G⋮┺

ṖỢGⶎ㦚G╁┺

䕢㧒㦚G㰖㤆┺

䂲ῂṖGⓊ㣫㦒⪲G⟶⋮┺

䞯ᾦ㠦㍲G⋮㡺┺

Exercise 5.5

Finish the following translation using ~

ἶGⰦ┺ and the sentence cue pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) ended up being late for school.” (

䞯ᾦ㠦G㰖ṗ䞮┺)

= 䞯ᾦ㠦G㰖ṗ䞮ἶGⰦ㞮㠊㣪.

1 (He) ended up getting up late (

⓼ỢG㧒㠊⋮┺)

2 (They) ended up drinking whisky (

㥚㓺䋺⯒GⰞ㔲┺)

3 (He) ended up confessing (his) love to (his) girlfriend (

㡂㧦G䂲ῂ䞲䎢G

㌂⧧㦚Gἶ⺇䞮┺)

4 (He) finally ended up quitting (his) job (

ἆῃG㧒㦚G⁎Ⱒ⚦┺)

5 (My) car ended up being broken down (

㹾ṖGἶ㧻㧊G⋮┺)

Exercise 5.6

Conjugate the predicate using ~

ἶG Ⱖ┺, as shown in the example. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

㫆㰖ṖG㔲䠮㠦G⟾㠊㰖┺

= 㫆㰖ṖG㔲䠮㠦G⟾㠊㰖ἶGⰦ㞮㠊㣪.

“George ended up failing the test.”

⪲⋶✲ṖG䡫䞮ἶG㕎㤆┺

㌦ⰂṖG⋾㧦G䂲ῂ䞮ἶG䠺㠊㰖┺

䎢⩢㓺ṖG⏎䔎⿗㦚G䕪┺

㞂❪ṖG₎㠦㍲G⹎⊚⩂㰖┺

㫆㞺㧊G㠎┞䞲䎢G䢪⌊┺

Exercise 5.7

Exercise 5.7

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚G 㭒┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Thomas bought an umbrella (for me).”

(

䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖG㤆㌆㦚G㌂┺)

= 䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖG㤆㌆㦚G㌂G㮂㠊㣪.

1 Tina helped (my) project (for me) (

䕆⋮ṖG䝚⪲㩳䔎⯒G☫┺)

2 (My) older brother bought (me) a bag (

㡺ザṖGṖ⹿㦚G㌂┺)

3 John sold the car (for me) (

㫊㧊G㹾⯒G䕪┺)

4 Megan will take pictures (for us) (

ⲪỊ㧊G㌂㰚㦚G㹣┺)

5 (My) older sister will wash dishes (for me) (

㠎┞ṖG㍺Ệ㰖⯒G䞮┺)

6 Please lend (me) the book (

㺛㦚GアⰂ┺)

7 Please repair the computer (for me) (

䅊䜾䎆⯒Gἶ䂮┺)

8 Please refund the dress (for me) (

㢍㦚G䢮⿞䞮┺)

9 Please play the piano (for me) (

䞒㞚⏎⯒G䂮┺)

10 Please turn on the radio (for me) (

⧒❪㡺⯒G䔖┺)

Exercise 5.8

Conjugate the predicates using ~

㠊/㞚G✲⪎㠊㣪, as shown in the example.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㠊Ⲏ┞⯒G☫┺

= 㠊Ⲏ┞⯒G☚㢖G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) helped (my) mother.”

㺛㦚G㧓┺

䘎㰖⯒G㝆┺

㩚䢪⯒G⹱┺

㺓ⶎ㦚G╁┺

㩚❇㦚G䅲┺

ⶎ㦚G㡊┺

㢍㦚G⹪∎┺

⏎⧮⯒G⿖⯊┺

㩦㕂㦚GⰢ✺┺

䄺䞒⯒G㔲䋺┺

UNIT 6

Auxiliary verbs III

㠊V㞚G⏩┺

㠊V㞚G⏩┺ (or ~㠊V㞚G⚦┺

㠊V㞚G⚦┺)

The verb

⏩┺ means “release/place/put down,” as in:

ἶ㟧㧊⯒G⏩㞚G㭒㎎㣪. “Let the cat go/loose.”
㩧㔲⯒G 㔳䌗G 㥚㠦G ⏩㞮㠊㣪. “(I) placed the plate on the dining
table.”
㰖ṧ㦚G㠊❪㠦G⏩㦒㎾㠊㣪? “Where have (you) left the wallet?”

However, as an auxiliary verb, what ~

㠊/㞚G ⏩┺ can express is twofold.

First, ~

㠊/㞚G ⏩┺ is used to indicate the continuation of a certain action

or state after the completion of the action or state. For instance, compare
the following sentences:

Ệ㔺㠦G 㩚❇㦚G 䆆㠊㣪. “(I) turned on the electric lamp in the living
room.”
Ệ㔺㠦G 㩚❇㦚G 䅲G ⏩㞮㠊㣪. “(I) turned on the electric lamp in the
living room (and it is still on).”

The verb

䅲┺ means “turns on (an electric lamp).” Notice that the action

of the main verb

䅲┺ is completed for both sentences, since they are

marked by the past tense. However, while the first sentence simply indicates
the past action (e.g., turned on the electric lamp), the second sentence with
the auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⏩┺ indicates the continuation of the completed

action (e.g., the electric lamp continues to be on). Here are more examples:

䞒䎆ṖG ⶎ㦚G 㡊㠊G ⏩㞮㠊㣪. “Peter opened the door (and it is still
open).”
㹾㠦G㔲☯㦚GỎ㠊G⏩㞮㠊㣪. “(I) started the car (and it is on).”
㍲⧣㦚G㧶ṖG⏩㞮㞚㣪. “(I) locked the drawer (and it is still locked).”

Second, ~

㠊/㞚G ⏩┺ means “doing something for later (future use).”

Compare the following two sentences:

㠊V㞚G㧞┺

㫆ₛ㦚G 䞮₆G 㩚㠦G ⶒ㦚G Ⱔ㧊G Ⱎ㎾㠊㣪. “(I) drank water a lot, before
jogging.”
㫆ₛ㦚G䞮₆G㩚㠦Gⶒ㦚GⰤ㧊GⰞ㎪G⏩㞮㠊㣪. “(I) drank water a lot for
later, before jogging.”

Notice that the first sentence simply indicates the past action,

Ⱎ㎾㠊㣪

“drank.” However, the auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⏩┺ in the second sentence

indicates that the past action (e.g., drinking) was done for later. Here are
more examples:

㡆㔋㦚GⰤ㧊G䟊G⏩㞮㠊㣪. “(We) practiced a lot for later.”
⹎ⰂG㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䟊G⏩㦒㎎㣪. “Study hard beforehand for later.”
㡂䟟GἚ䣣㦚G㎎㤢G⏩㦚GỆ㡞㣪. “(We) will make travel plans for later.”
⹿㦚G㼃㏢䟊G⏩㦚GỆ㡞㣪. “(They) will clean the room for later.”

Alternatively, the verb

⚦┺ can be used instead of ⏩┺. The verb

⚦┺ means “place/keep,” as shown in the following examples:

㡊㐶⯒G㔳䌗G㥚㠦G⚦㕃㔲㡺. “Place the key on the dining table.”
☞㦚G⁞ἶ㠦G⚦㠞㠊㣪. “(I) kept the money in the safe.”
㌳㍶㦖G ⌟㧻ἶ㠦G ⚮G Ệ㡞㣪. “As for the fish, (I) will keep (it) in the
refrigerator.”

As an auxiliary verb, the meaning of ~

㠊/㞚G ⚦┺ is similar to that of

㠊/㞚G⏩┺. In fact ~㠊/㞚G⚦┺ and ~㠊/㞚G⏩┺ can be used interchange-

ably, as shown below:

⑚⋮ṖG 㞚䂾㦚G 㹾⩺G ⚦㠞㠊㣪V⏩㞮㠊㣪. “(My) older sister prepared
breakfast (and it is still there/for later).”
⁎G㧒㦖G䙊䞲䎢GⰷỾG⚦㎎㣪V⏩㦒㎎㣪. “As for that task, entrust (it) to
Paul (for later).”
㹾⯒G ㍲㩦G 㞴㠦G 㭒㹾䟊G ⛖㠊㣪V⏩㞮㠊㣪. “(I) parked the car in front
of the bookstore (and it is still there/for later use).
㫢㍳㦚G 㡞㟓䟊G ⚮G Ệ㡞㣪V⏩㦚G Ệ㡞㣪. “(We) will reserve seats (for
later).”

㠊V㞚G㧞┺

㠊V㞚G㧞┺G

The verb

㧞┺ means “exist/stay/have,” as shown in the following examples:

⪲⧒ṖG㍲㤎㠦G㧞㠊㣪. “Laura is in Seoul.”
䘟㟧㧊G⿗䞲㠦G㧞㠊㣪. “Pyongyang is in North Korea.”

Auxiliary
verbs III

㞚㧊㌟㦖G 㞶䝢G 䅊䜾䎆(Ṗ)G 㧞㠊㣪. “As for Isaac, (he) has an Apple
Computer.”

As an auxiliary verb, ~

㠊/㞚G㧞┺ is mainly used with intransitive verbs

and is used to indicate that the state brought about by the action of the
main verb persists. Compare the following three sentences:

䏶⹎ṖG㦮㧦㠦G㞟㞚㣪. “Tommy sits on the chair.”
䏶⹎ṖG㦮㧦㠦G㞟ἶG㧞㠊㣪. “Tommy is sitting on the chair.”
䏶⹎ṖG㦮㧦㠦G㞟㞚G㧞㠊㣪. “Tommy is seated on the chair.”

The first sentence simply states what Tommy does. The second sentence
indicates the progressive action of the main verb. On the other hand,
~

㠊/㞚G 㧞┺ in the third sentence indicates that the state resulting from

the main verb continues to exist. Consider another three sentences:

ⶎ㧊G㡊⩺㣪. “The door opens.”
ⶎ㧊G㡊ⰂἶG㧞㠊㣪. “The door is being opened.”
ⶎ㧊G㡊⩺G㧞㠊㣪. “The door is open.”

The first sentence simply indicates that the door opens. The second sentence
indicates the progressive action. The third sentence, however, indicates the
continuous state, brought about by the main verb

㡊Ⰲ┺ “to be opened.”

Here are more examples of ~

㠊/㞚G㧞┺:

㞚㰗G䂾╖㠦G⑚㤢G㧞㠊㣪. “(He) is still lying down on the bed.”
ᾦ㔺G㞴㠦G㍲G㧞㠊㣪. “(They) are standing in front of the classroom.”
ⶎ㧊GΈỢG╁䡖G㧞㠊㣪. “The door is closed firmly.”
ぢ⧒㧊㠎㧊G☚㍲ὖ㠦G㢖G㧞㠊㣪. “Brian is at the library (as a result of
coming here).”
㰖⁞G⪲Ⱎ㠦GṖG㧞㠊㣪. “(They) are in Rome now (as a result of going
there).”
Ṗ⹿G 㞞㠦G 㺛䞮ἶG 㰖ṧ㧊G ✺㠊G 㧞㔋┞┺. “(My) book and wallet are
inside of the bag.”

Meanwhile, a limited number of verbs of “wearing” (e.g.,

㧛┺, 㝆┺,

⋒┺, and ⰺ┺) do not take the ~㠊/㞚G 㧞┺ pattern but the ~ἶG 㧞┺
pattern to indicate the resultant state. For instance, to say “(I) am wearing
socks” is

㟧Ⱖ㦚G㔶ἶG㧞㠊㣪 not 㟧Ⱖ㦚G㔶㠊G㧞㠊㣪.

⹪㰖⯒G㧛ἶG㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am wearing pants.”
㞞ἓ㦚G㝆ἶG㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am wearing glasses.”
⹮㰖⯒G⋒ἶG㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am wearing a ring.”
⍻䌖㧊⯒GⰺἶG㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am wearing a necktie.”

㠊V㞚䞮┺

The aforementioned auxiliary verbs are all mainly used with verbs. However,
Korean has a limited number of auxiliary verbs that are used primarily
with adjectives, such as ~

㠊/㞚䞮┺ and ~㠊/㞚㰖┺.

In English, one can state how another person feels, using emotion- or

sense-related adjectives, such as “sad,” “happy,” and “cold.” For instance,
it is grammatically correct to say a sentence like “Lisa is sad” or “Peter is
cold.” However, in Korean, one cannot use adjectives to express how a
third person or people feel or think. Since Korean emotive and/or sensory
adjectives denote unobservable internal feelings, a speaker cannot speak
for how other people feel or think. Consequently, a sentence like

Ⰲ㌂ṖG

㔂䗒㣪 “Lisa is sad” is grammatically incorrect.

In order to speak for a third person’s or people’s feelings or emotions,

one has to change an emotive or sensory adjective into a verb form, using
the auxiliary verb construction ~

㠊/㞚䞮┺, as shown below:

Adjective

Adjective stem +

G 㠊V㞚䞮┺

㠊V㞚䞮┺

㕁┺ “unpleasant”

㕁㠊䞮┺ “dislike”

㫡┺ “good”

㫡㞚䞮┺ “like”

⹟┺ “detestable”

⹎㤢䞮┺ “hate”

ⶊ㎃┺ “scary”

ⶊ㍲㤢䞮┺ “fear”

ᾊ⫃┺ “painful”

ᾊ⪲㤢䞮┺ “suffer (from)”

₆㊮┺ “glad”

₆ㄦ䞮┺ “rejoice”

㔂䝚┺ “sad”

㔂䗒䞮┺ “grieve”

⿖⩓┺ “enviable”

⿖⩂㤢䞮┺ “envy”

䞒Ἲ䞮┺ “tired”

䞒Ἲ䟊䞮┺ “feel tired”

‖㡓┺ “cute”

‖㡂㤢䞮┺ “hold (a person) dear”

Ṗ㡓┺ “pitiful”

Ṗ㡂㤢䞮┺ “pity”

㕌┺ “desirous”

㕌㠊䞮┺ “want”

㿻┺ “cold”

㿪㤢䞮┺ “feel cold”

▻┺ “hot”

▪㤢䞮┺ “feel hot”

For instance, compare the following three sentences:

㩲ṖG䞒Ἲ䟊㣪. “I am tired.”
㑮㧪, 䞒Ἲ䞮㎎㣪? “Susan, are (you) tired?”
䕆⳾䕆ṖG䞒Ἲ䟊䟊㣪. “Timothy feels tired.”

Notice that when the subject of the sentence is the third person, a verb

䞒Ἲ䟊䞮┺ “feel tired” is used instead of the adjective 䞒Ἲ䞮┺ “be tired.”
In addition, note that unlike other auxiliary verb compounding structures
that normally require a space between the main verb and the auxiliary
verb, as in

㡊㠊G⏩┺ “open (for later),” ~㠊/㞚䞮┺ does not leave a space

Auxiliary
verbs III

between the main adjective and

䞮┺ (e.g., 㔂䗒䞮┺ not 㔂䗒G䞮┺). This

is due to the Korean spelling convention.

Meanwhile, when speaking of another person’s emotion or feeling in

the past tense, one can use an adjective (without using ~

㠊/㞚䞮┺). This

is because the speaker could have information about the third person’s
internal feeling. Consider the following examples:

(X)

Ⰲ㌂ṖG㔂䗒㣪. “Lisa is sad.”

(O)

Ⰲ㌂ṖG㔂䗒䟊㣪. “Lisa grieves.”

(O)

Ⰲ㌂ṖG㔂䗦㠊㣪. “Lisa was sad.”

(O)

Ⰲ㌂ṖG㔂䗒䟞㠊㣪. “Lisa grieved.”

Notice that

㔂䗦㠊㣪 as well as 㔂䗒䟞㠊㣪 are both acceptable, since both

refer to the third person’s feeling in the past tense.

㠊V㞚㰖┺

㠊V㞚㰖┺G

The verb

㰖┺ means “bear/owe,” as shown in the following examples:

㩲Ṗ 㺛㧚㦚㰖Ỷ㔋┞┺. “I will take the responsibility.”
⁎G䂲ῂ䞲䎢Gグ㦚G㪢㠞㠊㣪. “(I) owed (money) to that friend.”

However, as an auxiliary verb, ~

㠊/㞚㰖┺ is typically used with an

adjective, and it is used to express a gradually intensified change that occurs
in the meaning of the adjective. It can be translated as “become/begin
to be/get to be” in English. For instance, compare the following two
sentences:

⋶㝾ṖG㿪㤢㣪. “The weather is cold.”
⋶㝾ṖG㿪㤢㪎㣪. “The weather becomes cold.”

Notice in the second sentence that ~

㠊/㞚㰖┺ changes the adjective 㿻┺

“cold” into an intransitive verb,

㿪㤢㰖┺ “becomes cold.” In addition, the

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚㰖┺ adds the meaning of progressive change in the

meaning of the adjective (e.g., “is cold” => “becomes cold”). Moreover,
just like ~

㠊/㞚䞮┺, ~㠊/㞚㰖┺ does not leave a space between the main

adjective and

㰖┺. Here are more examples:

Ṗ㦚㠦G⋶㝾ṖG㍲⓮䟊㪎㣪. “In autumn, the weather becomes cool.”
㡂⯚㠦G⌄㧊G₎㠊㪎㣪. “In summer, the daytime becomes long.”
⹎㎖㧊G㡞ㄦ㪢㠊㣪. “Michelle became pretty.”
⹿㧊G₾⊭䟊㰞GỆ㡞㣪. “The room will become clean.”

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 6
exercises

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 6 exercises

Ṩ price/value
ἶⰯ┺ to be thankful
ῗ⁞䞮┺ to be curious
₆㠋䞮┺ to remember/to memorize
₢ⰹ┺ to be black
ℒ㰖┺ to be extinguished/to die out
↙ flowers
⋶㝾 weather
⑫┺ to lie down
▻┺ to be hot (the weather)
Ⱗ┺ to be clear
⻞䢎 number
⿖⩓┺ to be envious
゚㕎┺ to be expensive
㔶ⶎ newspapers
㞑┺ to wash

㞚䝚┺ to be sick
㟒㺚 vegetables
㠒Ὴ face
㡞㊮┺ to be pretty
㡞㟓䞮┺ to reserve
㡺┺ to come
㦢㔳 food
㧋䧞┺ to make oneself familiar with
㧓┺ to read

㫢㍳ seat
㩚❇ electric lamp
㩚䢪 telephone
㩫㤦 garden
㰖Ⰲ geographical features
㰧 house
䂲ῂ friend
䂾╖ bed
䋂┺ to be big
䋺 height
䞒┺ to bloom
䢮㧦 patient

Auxiliary
verbs III

Exercise 6.1

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚G ⏩㦒㎎㣪 and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Open the window for later.” (

㺓ⶎ㦚G㡊┺)

= 㺓ⶎ㦚G㡊㠊G⏩㦒㎎㣪.

1 Finish (your) homework for later (

㑯㩲⯒G⊳⌊┺)

2 Draw a map for later (

㰖☚⯒G⁎Ⰲ┺)

3 Make a sauce for later (

㏢㓺⯒GⰢ✺┺)

4 Boil water for later (

ⶒ㦚G⊩㧊┺)

5 Receive money for later (

☞㦚G⹱┺)

Exercise 6.2

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚G ⚦㎎㣪, as shown in the example.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㩖⁞䞮┺

= 㩖⁞䟊G⚦㎎㣪. “Save money for later.”

㩚䢪G⻞䢎⯒G₆㠋䞮┺

㔶ⶎ㦚G㧓┺

㫢㍳㦚G㡞㟓䞮┺

㰖Ⰲ⯒G㧋䧞┺

㟒㺚⯒G㞑┺

Exercise 6.3

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚G 㧞┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The dress is wet.” (

㢍㧊G㩬┺)

= 㢍㧊G㩬㠊G㧞㠊㣪.

1 The gate is close (

ⶎ㧊G╁䧞┺)

2 The picture is hung on the wall (

㌂㰚㧊G⼓㠦GỎⰂ┺)

3 The store is open (

ṖỢṖG㡊Ⰲ┺)

4 The customer is seated on the sofa (

㏦┮㧊G㏢䕢㠦G㞟┺)

5 James is standing in front of the door (

㩲㧚㓺ṖGⶎG㞴㠦G㍲┺)

Exercise 6.4

Exercise 6.4

Conjugate the predicate with ~

㠊/㞚G㧞┺, as shown in the example. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

⳿㧊G⿩┺

= ⳿㧊G⿖㠊G㧞㠊㣪. “(My) throat is swollen.”

⻚㓺ṖG㡺┺

㩫㤦㠦G↙㧊G䞒┺

䂲ῂṖG㰧㠦G㡺┺

䢮㧦ṖG䂾╖㠦G⑫┺

㩚❇㧊Gℒ㰖┺

Exercise 6.5

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚䞮┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(He)

grieves.” (

㔂䝚┺)

= 㔂䗒䟊㣪.

1 (She) feels happy (

䟟⽋䞮┺)

2 (He) rejoices (

₆㊮┺)

3 (They) will feel bored (

㰖⬾䞮┺)

4 (She) felt depressed (

㤆㤎䞮┺)

5 (He) felt painful (

ᾊ⫃┺)

Exercise 6.6

Change the following adjective into a verb form, using ~

㠊/㞚䟊㣪. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

㣎⫃┺

= 㣎⪲㤢䟊㣪. “(He) feels lonely.”

▻┺

㞚䝚┺

ἶⰯ┺

ῗ⁞䞮┺

⿖⩓┺

Auxiliary
verbs III

Exercise 6.7

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚㰖┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The house has become quiet.” (

㰧㧊G㫆㣿䞮┺)

= 㰧㧊G㫆㣿䟊㪢㠊㣪.

1 (My) head has become dizzy (

ⲎⰂṖG㠊㰖⩓┺)

2 (Her) personality has become calm (

㎇ỿ㧊G㹾⿚䞮┺)

3 (Your) voice has become soft (

⳿㏢ⰂṖG⿖✲⩓┺)

4 (His) body has become strong (

ⴎ㧊G䔒䔒䞮┺)

5 (Your) car will become dirty (

㹾ṖG▪⩓┺)

Exercise 6.8

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚㰖┺, as shown in the example. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

⹿㧊G₾⊭䞮┺

= ⹿㧊G₾⊭䟊㪢㠊㣪. “The room has become clean.”

㞚㧊㦮G䋺ṖG䋂┺

㩲㔲䃊ṖG㡞㊮┺

㦢㔳GṨ㧊G゚㕎┺

⋶㝾ṖGⰧ┺

㠒Ὴ㧊G₢ⰹ┺

UNIT 7

Clausal conjunctives (purpose or intention)

This unit discusses some major characteristics of Korean clausal conjunc-
tives, and then introduces three clausal conjunctives, ~(

㦒)⩂, ~(㦒)⩺ἶ,

and ~

☚⪳, that indicate the purpose or intention of the speaker.

Clausal conjunctives

Clausal conjunctives are used to link two or more clauses and to add
special meanings, such as simultaneous actions, contrastive actions or states,
paralleling actions, and so on. Examples of English clausal conjunctives
include “and,” “whereas,” “while,” and “though.”

Korean has an extensive list of clausal conjunctives that indicate various

meanings, such as “and (e.g., ~

ἶ),” “because/and then (e.g., ~㠊/㞚㍲),”

“while (e.g., ~

㦒Ⳋ㍲),” “although (e.g., ~㰖Ⱒ),” “in order to (e.g., ~☚⪳),”

and so forth. Korean clausal conjunctives are non-sentence-final endings,
since they attach to the predicate stem of the preceding clause. Consider
how the conjunctive ~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲ “while” serves to connect two different

clauses:

[

䕳䆮㦚Gⲏ㠊㣪 “(I) eat popcorn”] + [㡗䢪⯒G⽦㣪 “(I) see a movie”] =G

䕳䆮㦚Gⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲G㡗䢪⯒G⽦㣪 “(I) see a movie, while eating popcorn.”

In the example above, the conjunctive ~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲ attaches to the verb

stem of the first clause

ⲏ “eat” and indicates the new meaning “while”

to the first clause:

䕳䆮㦚G ⲏ㠊㣪 “(I) eat popcorn” changes to 䕳䆮㦚G

ⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲ “while eating popcorn.” Notice that the conjunctive ~(㦒)Ⳋ㍲
is not a sentence-final ending, since it does not end the sentence. Instead,
~

㠊/㞚㣪 in the main clause (or the second clause) is the sentence-final

ending since it attaches to the verb stem of the main clause

⽊ “see” and

ends the whole sentence. Consider another example:

⑞㧊G⌊ⰂἶG⹪⧢㧊G⿧┞┺. “The snow falls and the wind blows.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(purpose or
intention)

The clausal conjunctive ~

ἶ “and” links two clauses: ⑞㧊G⌊Ⰲ┺ “Snow

falls” and

⹪⧢㧊G⿞┺ “Wind blows.” Again, the conjunctive ~ἶ ends the

verb stem of the first clause

⌊Ⰲ┺ “fall,” while the deferential speech

level ending ~

㔋┞┺/ථ┞┺Gends both the verb stem of the main clause

⿞┺ “blow” as well as the whole sentence.

Restrictions

Some Korean clausal conjunctives may be subject to various restrictions
regarding how they are used in sentences.

Tense agreement

The first restriction concerns the tense agreement. Since a clausal conjunc-
tive connects two different clauses, there are at least two predicates within
a clausal-conjunctive sentence. In English, the tense of each clause em-
bedded within the sentence must be the same. Consider the following
example:

“I eat a pizza and watched TV.”

The above sentence is grammatically incorrect because the tense of the two
predicates is not the same. In contrast to English, the tense of each clause
can be different in Korean. This is possible because some Korean conjunc-
tives are not conjugated for the tense. Consider the following examples:

㡊㕂䧞G Ὃ⿖䟞㰖ⰢG jG ⯒G ⹱㞮㠊㣪. “Although (I) studied hard, (I)
received a C.”
㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䟊㍲GhG⯒G⹱㞮㠊㣪. “Because (I) studied hard, (I) received
an A.”

Notice that both sentences are about past actions. In the first example,
both the conjunctive ~

㰖Ⱒ “although” in the first clause as well as the

predicate of the main clause

⹱┺ take the past tense marker. However,

in the second example, the conjunctive ~

㠊/㞚㍲ “because” of the first

clause does not take the past tense marker but only the predicate of the
main clause

⹱┺.

Subject agreement

The second restriction concerns the subject agreement. Some conjunctives
can have different subjects, while some cannot. In other words, for some
conjunctives, the subject of the clauses within a sentence must be the same.
Consider the following examples:

Restrictions

䂲ῂṖG䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㎾㰖ⰢG⋮⓪G㤆㥶⯒GⰞ㎾㠊㣪. “Although (my) friend
drank coffee, as for me (I) drank milk.”
㦮㌂ṖG♮⩺ἶG㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䟞㠊㣪. “(I) studied hard in order to become
a doctor.”

In the first example, each clause has its own subject. However, in the sec-
ond example, both clauses have the same subject.

Predicate types

The third restriction is about whether the conjunctive may be used with
adjectives, copulas, and/or verbs. Some conjunctives must be used only
with verbs, whereas some conjunctives may be used with verbs, adjectives,
as well as copulas. For instance, the conjunctive ~

㰖Ⱒ “although” can be

attached to verb, adjective, and copula stems, as shown below:

㡊㕂䧞G Ὃ⿖䞮㰖ⰢG 㠊⩺㤢㣪. “Although (I) study hard, (it) is
difficult.”
䞯ᾦṖG Ⲗ㰖ⰢG ⰺ㧒G Ṗ㣪. “Although the school is far, (I) go (there)
everyday.”
䕖㧊G 䞲ῃG ㌂⧢㧊㰖ⰢG 䞲ῃG 㡃㌂㠦G ╖䟊㍲G Ⱔ㧊G ⴆ⧒㣪. “Although
Tim is a Korean, (he) does not know much about Korean history.”

On the other hand, a certain conjunctive such as ~(

㦒)⩺ἶ “in order to”

must be used only with verb stems.

⻫╖㠦G ✺㠊Ṗ⩺ἶG 㭖゚䞮ἶG 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am preparing to enter law
school.”

Sentence types

The fourth restriction is that there are conjunctives that can be used for
all sentence types, such as declarative, interrogative, imperative, and pro-
positive, while some conjunctives must be used only for certain sentence
types. For instance, consider the conjunctive ~(

㦒)┞₢ and ~㠊/㞚㍲, which

both mean “because/since.”

㿪㤆┞₢G㺓ⶎ㦚G╁㔋┞┺. “(I) close the window because (it) is cold.”
㿪㤆┞₢G 㺓ⶎ㦚G ╁㔋┞₢? “Do (you) close the window because (it)
is cold?”
㿪㤆┞₢G 㺓ⶎ㦚G ╁㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Close the window because (it) is
cold.”
㿪㤆┞₢G 㺓ⶎ㦚G ╁㦣㔲┺. “(Let us) close the window because (it) is
cold.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(purpose or
intention)

㿪㤢㍲G㺓ⶎ㦚G╁㔋┞┺. “(I) close the window because (it) is cold.”
㿪㤢㍲G 㺓ⶎ㦚G ╁㔋┞₢? “Do (you) close the window because (it) is
cold?”
OP 㿪㤢㍲G 㺓ⶎ㦚G ╁㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Close the window because (it) is
cold.”
OP 㿪㤢㍲G 㺓ⶎ㦚G ╁㦣㔲┺. “(Let us) close the window because (it)
is cold.”

Notice that ~(

㦒)┞₢ can be used for all sentence types, whereas ~㠊/

㞚㍲ must be used only for declarative and interrogative sentences.

㦒)⩂

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)⩂ is used to express the purpose of the

speaker’s action. It is translated as “for the purpose of” or “to” in English.
~(

㦒)⩂ is a two-form ending: ~㦒⩂ is used after a verb stem that ends

in a consonant (e.g.,

ⲏ㦒⩂ “to eat”), while ~⩂ is used after a verb stem

that ends in a vowel (e.g.,

Ṗ⯊䂮⩂ “to teach”).

㦒)⩂ is usually used with a motion verb, such as Ṗ┺ “to go” and

㡺┺ “to come,” to indicate the purpose of going or coming, as shown in
the examples below:

䘎㰖⯒G ⿖䂮⩂G 㤆㼊ῃ㠦G Ṗ㣪. “(I) go to the post office to send a
letter.”
㡂㧦G 䂲ῂ⯒G Ⱒ⋮⩂G ㍲㤎⪲G ⟶⋮㎎㣪? “(Do you) leave for Seoul to
meet (your) girlfriend?”

㦒)⩂ is subject to some of the aforementioned restrictions. First, the

subjects of both clauses must be the same. Second, it is not conjugated for
the tense, as shown below:

㺛㦚G㌂⩂G㍲㩦㠦GṪ㠊㣪. “(I) went to the bookstore to buy books.”
OP 㺛㦚G ㌖⩂G ㍲㩦㠦G Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) went to the bookstore to buy
books.”

Third, it is used only with verbs.

䞲ῃ㠊⯒G Ὃ⿖䞮⩂G ㍲㤎㠦G 㢪㔋┞┺. “(I) came to Seoul to study the
Korean language.”
OP 䟟⽋䞮⩂Gἆ䢒䞮ἶG㕌㠊㣪. “(I) want to marry (her) to be happy.”

However, there is no restriction regarding sentence type. For instance,

it can be used with any of four sentence types as shown below:

O㦒P⩺ἶ

䂲ῂ⯒G Ⱒ⋮⩂G ₆㹾㡃㠦G ṧ┞┺. “(I) go to the train station to meet
(my) friends.”
㠎㩲G 㺛㦚G ㌂⩂G ㍲㩦㠦G ṞG Ệ㡞㣪? “When will (you) go to the book-
store to buy books?”
㩦㕂G ⲏ㦒⩂G 㞚䕢䔎㠦G ✺⯊㎎㣪. “Stop by (my) apartment to have
lunch.”
䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲⩂G㓺䌖⻛㓺㠦Gṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) go to Starbucks to drink
coffee.”

㦒)⩺ἶ

⩺ἶ

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)⩺ἶ is used to express the speaker’s intention

or plan. It is a two-form ending: ~

㦒⩺ἶ is used after a verb stem that

ends in a consonant (e.g.,

ⲏ㦒⩺ἶ “intending to eat”), and ~⩺ἶ is used

after a verb stem that ends in a vowel (e.g.,

Ⱒ⋮⩺ἶ “intending to meet”).

The meaning of ~(

㦒)⩺ἶ is similar to that of ~(㦒)⩂. However, in

contrast to ~(

㦒)⩂, which is normally collocated with motion verbs such

Ṗ┺ or 㡺┺, ~(㦒)⩺ἶ can be used with any verb, as shown below:

㡗㠊Gᾦ㌂⪲G㧒䞮⩺ἶG䞯㥚⯒G➚㠊㣪. “(I) earned the degree (intend-
ing) to work as an English teacher.”
㥶⩓㦚G㡂䟟䞮⩺ἶG☞㦚G⳾㦒ἶG㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am saving money (intend-
ing) to travel in Europe.”
h ⯒G ⹱㦒⩺ἶG 㡊㕂䧞G Ὃ⿖䟞㠊㣪. “(I) studied hard (intending) to
receive an A.”
⌊⎚㠦G㌞G㹾⯒G㌂⩺ἶG䟊㣪. “(I) intend to buy a new car next year.”
╖㔶G 㰧㠦㍲G Ὃ⿖䞮⩺ἶG ☚㍲ὖ㠦G 㞞G Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) did not go to the
library, intending to study at home instead.”
㫡㦖G䞯ᾦ㠦G✺㠊Ṗ⩺ἶG㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䟞㔋┞┺. “(I) studied hard (intend-
ing) to enter a good school.”

㦒)⩺ἶ is subject to the following restrictions: (1) it is not conjugated

for the tense; (2) the subject of the clauses must be the same; (3) it is
used only with verbs; (4) it is used only for declarative and interrogative
sentences.

㩲㧊㓾㦚G Ⱒ⋮⩺ἶG 䣢㌂㠦G Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) went to the company to meet
Jason.”
㠎㩲G 㺛㦚G ㌂⩺ἶG ㍲㩦㠦G ṞG Ệ㡞㣪? “When will (you) go to the
bookstore to buy the book?”
OP 㩖⎗㦚Gⲏ㦒⩺ἶGṖ㕃㔲㡺. “Go (intending to) have dinner.”
OP 䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲⩺ἶG㓺䌖⻛㓺㠦Gṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) go to Starbucks to
drink coffee.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(purpose or
intention)

☚⪳

The clausal conjunctive ~

☚⪳ is used to express “so that” or “to the point

where.”

⋮ⶊṖG 㧮G 㧦⧒☚⪳G ☢⽦G 㭒㎾㠊㣪. “(He) took care of (the tree), so
that the tree would grow better.”
⼧㧊GゾⰂG⌁☚⪳G₆☚䟞㠊㣪? “Did (you) pray so that the illness would
be healed soon?”
䐆㧊G㩲┞䗒⯒G㭓☚⪳G㌂⧧䟞㠊㣪. “Tom loved Jennifer to death.”
㤆Ⰲ⓪G⑞ⶒ㧊G⋮☚⪳G㤙㠞㠊㣪. “As for us, (we) laughed till tears ran
down our faces.”

☚⪳ is subject to only one restriction: It is not conjugated for the

tense. However, it can be used with any sentence type; it can be used with
any predicate type; its subject does not have to be the same as that of the
main clause.

Ṧ₆G㞞GỎⰂ☚⪳G㫆㕂䟞㔋┞┺. “(I) was careful so that (I) would not
catch a cold.”
㤆ⰂG 䕖㧊G Ợ㧚㦚G 㧊₆☚⪳G 㡊㕂䧞G 㦧㤦䞮ἶG 㧞㔋┞₢? “Are (they)
cheering (for our team) enthusiastically, so that our team may win?”
⳿㧊G㞚䝚☚⪳G㏢Ⰲ⯒G㰖⯊㕃㔲㡺. “Shout to the extent (your) throat
hurts.”
㑮㧪㧊GⓊ㣫㦒⪲G⟶⋶G㑮G㧞☚⪳G㑮㧪㦚G☚㤗㔲┺. “(Let us) help Susan
so that Susan can leave for New York.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 7 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṗ㫇 family
ṯ㧊 together
ἶ⯊┺ to select
Ὃ⿖䞮┺ to study
Ὃ䟃 airport
₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
₆㹾 train
₎ road/street
⋾㧦 man
⋾䘎 husband
☚㍲ὖ library

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 7
exercises

☞ money
⟶⋮┺ to leave/to depart

Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱒ⋮┺ to meet
ⰴ㿪┺ to set/to put together
ⲏ┺ to eat
⻢┺ to earn
゚䋺┺ to get out of the way
アⰂ┺ to borrow
ゾⰂ fast/immediately
㌂┺ to buy
㌳㧒 birthday
㍶ⶒ present/gift
㔲䠮㠦G⿯┺ to pass a test
㔳╏ restaurant
㕎Ợ at a cheap price
㞑┺ to wash

㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎 a side job
㞚䂾 morning/breakfast
㞢⧢ alarm (clock)
㟆な⧖㓺 ambulance
㟒㺚 vegetables
㠒Ὴ face
㡂㧦 woman
㡃 station
㡊㕂䧞 eagerly/enthusiastically/hard
㤙┺ to smile
㧎㌗ impression
㧒㠊⋮┺ to get up
㧒㹣 early

㧮 well/excellently
㩦㕂 lunch
㭒┺ to give
㭧ῃ China
㰖⋮Ṗ┺ to pass by
㹾 car
㺛 book
䂲ῂ friend
䌖┺ to ride
䞯ᾦ school
䢒⌊┺ to teach a lesson/to frighten (a person) out of his wits/to scare
䢪㧻㔺 toilet
䦻㩫 buying and selling/making a deal (with)

Clausal
conjunctives
(purpose or
intention)

Exercise 7.1

Complete the following translation using ~(

㦒)⩂ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) will go to the office to send the fax.”

(

䕿㓺⯒G⽊⌊┺G/G㌂ⶊ㔺⪲GṞGỆ㡞㣪)

= 䕿㓺⯒G⽊⌊⩂G㌂ⶊ㔺⪲GṞGỆ㡞㣪.

1 Come to the post office to get (your) package (

㏢䙂⯒G ⹱┺G /G 㤆㼊ῃ

㠦G㡺㎎㣪)

2 (They) are going to the service station to repair (their) car (

㹾⯒Gἶ䂮

┺G/G㩫゚㏢㠦GṖἶG㧞㠊㣪)

3 (Let us) go to the beach to do fishing (

⋰㔲㰞G 䞮┺G /G ⹪╍Ṗ⪲G ṧ㔲

┺)

4 (I) will go to the airport to catch the flight (

゚䟟₆⯒G䌖┺G/GὋ䟃㠦GṞG

Ệ㡞㣪)

5 Do (you) go to (your) friend’s house often to play computer games?

(

䅊䜾䎆GỢ㧚㦚G䞮┺G/G䂲ῂG㰧㠦G㧦㭒GṖ㎎㣪?)

Exercise 7.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)⩂. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㟧䕢⯒G㌂┺G/G㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦GṪ㠊㣪

= 㟧䕢⯒G㌂⩂G㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦GṪ㠊㣪.

“(I) went to the supermarket to buy onions.”

䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲┺G/G㓺䌖⻛㓺㠦GṪ㠊㣪

㔲䠮GὋ⿖䞮┺G/G☚㍲ὖ㠦GṖ㕃㔲㡺

㠒Ὴ㦚G㞑┺G/G䢪㧻㔺㠦GṖἶG㧞㠊㣪

㩦㕂㦚Gⲏ┺G/G㭧ῃG㔳╏㠦Gṧ㔲┺

䅖㧊䔎⯒GⰢ⋮┺G/GὋ䟃㠦Gṧ┞₢?

Exercise 7.3

Complete the following translation using ~(

㦒)⩺ἶ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) am studying hard to receive an A.”

(

h ⯒G⹱┺G/G㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪)

= h ⯒G⹱㦒⩺ἶG㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪.

Exercise 7.4

1 (I) exercise to lose weight (

㌊㦚Gヒ┺G/G㤊☯䟊㣪)

2 (She) was waiting in the office to meet the teacher (

㍶㌳┮㦚G Ⱒ⋮┺G

G㌂ⶊ㔺㠦㍲G₆┺ⰂἶG㧞㠞㠊㣪)

3 (He) is studying hard intending to enter medical school (

㦮ὒG ╖䞯㠦G

✺㠊Ṗ┺G/G㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪)

4 (I) reserved an airplane ticket intending to go to Korea this summer

(

㧊⻞G㡂⯚㠦G䞲ῃ㠦GṖ┺G/G゚䟟₆䚲⯒G㡞㟓䟞㠊㣪)

5 (She) was making efforts to get a job (

䀾㰗䞮┺G /G ⏎⩻䞮ἶG 㧞㠞

㠊㣪)

Exercise 7.4

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)⩺ἶ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

ⶊ㡃G䣢㌂㠦G䀾㰗䞮┺G/G㭧ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤆ἶG㧞㠊㣪

= ⶊ㡃G䣢㌂㠦G䀾㰗䞮⩺ἶG㭧ῃ㠊⯒G⺆㤆ἶG㧞㠊㣪.

“(I) am learning Chinese intending to get a job at a trading
company.”

⋾䘎䞲䎢G㌳㧒G㍶ⶒ⪲G㭒┺G/G㍶ⶒ㦚Gἶ⯊ἶG㧞㠊㣪

䕢Ⰲ⪲G⟶⋮┺G/G₆㹾G㡃㠦GṪ㠊㣪U

ṯ㧊G㩦㕂㦚Gⲏ┺G/G⪲゚㠦㍲G䂲ῂ⯒G₆┺⩺㣪

㕎ỢG㹾⯒G㌂┺G/G䦻㩫㦚G䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪

☞㦚G⻢┺G/G㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎⯒G䟞㠊㣪

Exercise 7.5

Complete the following dialogue using the sentence cue provided in par-
enthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: A:

㢲G㡂䟟㌂㠦G㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪?G

゚䟟₆䚲⯒G㌂⩺ἶG㩚䢪䟊㣪U

(

゚䟟₆䚲⯒G㌂┺)

1 A:

㠊❪㠦GṖ㎎㣪?

B: _____________________________

☚㍲ὖ㠦GṖ㣪.

(

㺛㦚GアⰂ┺)

2 A:

㠊❪GṖ㎎㣪?

B: _____________________________

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦GṖ㣪.

(

㟒㺚⯒ ㌂┺)

3 A:

㢲G㧻⹎⯒G㌂㎎㣪?

B: _____________________________

㌂㣪.

(

㡂㧦G䂲ῂ䞲䎢G㭒┺)

Clausal
conjunctives
(purpose or
intention)

4 A:

㢲G㰖䞮㻶㦚G䌪㠊㣪?

B: ____________________________

䌪㠊㣪.

(

䞯ᾦ㠦ゾⰂ Ṗ┺)

5 A:

㍲㤎㠦⓪ 㢶㧒㧊㎎㣪?

B: ____________________________

㢪㠊㣪.

(

⋾㧦G䂲ῂ㦮GṖ㫇㦚GⰢ⋮┺)

Exercise 7.6

Complete the following translation using ~

☚⪳ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Please prepare so that (we) can leave at 7 a.m.”

(

㡺㩚G^ 㔲㠦G⟶⋶G㑮G㧞┺G/G㭖゚䟊G㭒㎎㣪)

= 㡺㩚 ^ 㔲㠦G⟶⋶G㑮G㧞☚⪳G㭖゚䟊G㭒㎎㣪.

1 Please turn on the radio, so that (we) can listen to the news (

Ⓤ㓺⯒G✺

㦚G㑮G㧞┺G/G⧒❪㡺⯒G䅲G㭒㎎㣪)

2 Please allow (me) so that (I) can use (your) car (

㹾⯒G㝎G㑮G㧞┺G/G䠞

⧓䟊G㭒㎎㣪)

3 Please help (him) so that (he) can recover (his) health (

Ịṫ㦚G䣢⽋䞶G

㑮G㧞┺G/G☚㢖G㭒㎎㣪)

4 Please write (her) a recommendation letter so that (she) can get a job

(

䀾㰗䞶G㑮G㧞┺G/G㿪㻲㍲⯒G㖾G㭒㎎㣪)

5 Please turn off the electric lamp so that (she) can sleep (

㧮G 㑮G 㧞┺G /G

㩚❇㦚GℒG㭒㎎㣪)

Exercise 7.7

Connect the following two sentences using ~

☚⪳. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㫆㣿䧞GὋ⿖䞶G㑮G㧞┺G/G䎪⩞゚㩚㦚Gℒ 㭒㎎㣪

= 㫆㣿䧞GὋ⿖䞶G㑮G㧞☚⪳G䎪⩞゚㩚㦚Gℒ 㭒㎎㣪.

“Please turn off the TV so that (he) can study quietly.”

㟆な⧖㓺ṖG㰖⋮ṞG㑮G㧞┺G/G₎㦚G゚䅲G㭒㎎㣪

㫡㦖G㧎㌗㦚G㭚G㑮G㧞┺G/G㤙㠊G㭒㎎㣪

㔲䠮㠦G⿯┺G/G㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞮㕃㔲㡺

㞚䂾㠦G㧒㹣G㧒㠊⋶G㑮G㧞┺G/G㞢⧢㦚Gⰴ㿪㠊G㭒㎎㣪

㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞶G㑮G㧞┺G/G䢒⌊G㭒㎎㣪

UNIT 8

Clausal conjunctives (reasons and cause)

㠊V㞚㍲

Functions

The clausal conjunctive ~

㠊/㞚㍲ expresses two things. First, it indicates a

cause-and-effect relation between two actions or states, equivalent to “so”
or “because/since” in English. In other words, it is used when the action
and/or state of the first clause provides a cause or reason for the action
and/or state of the main clause. Consider the following example:

⍞ⶊG ₆ㄦ㍲G ⲪⰂ䞲䎢G 㩚䢪䞮ἶG 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am so glad, so (I) am
making a phone call to Mary.”

The state of the first clause

₆㊮┺ “glad” gives a reason for the action

of the main clause

㩚䢪䞮┺ “make a phone call.” Consider another

example:

㣪㯞㦢G㌞⼓㠦G㫆ₛ㦚G䟊㍲G㞚䂾㠦G⹪ザ㣪. “(I) jog at dawn nowadays,
so (I) am busy in the morning.”

Notice that the action of the first clause (e.g.,

㫆ₛ㦚G 䞮┺ “jog”) is the

reason for the state of the main clause (e.g.,

⹪㊮┺ “busy”). Here are

more examples:

Ṗỿ㧊G⍞ⶊG゚㕎㍲GⴑG㌂㣪. “The price is too expensive, so (I) cannot
buy (it).”
┺㦢G㭒㠦G㔲䠮㧊G㧞㠊㍲G⹪ザ㣪. “(I) have a test next week, so (I) am
busy.”

Second, ~

㠊/㞚㍲ links two chronologically ordered actions or events

without implying any cause-and-effect relation between them. Its English
translation is equivalent to “and then.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(reasons and
cause)

䞯ᾦ㠦G Ṗ㍲G ㍶㌳┮㦚G Ⱒ⋶G Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will go to school and then
meet the teacher.”

In the example above, ~

㠊/㞚㍲ indicates that the action of the first

clause

Ṗ┺ “go” occurrs before the action of the main clause Ⱒ⋮┺

“meet.” Here are more examples:

⺇䢪㩦㠦G Ṗ㍲G ㌳㧒G 䃊✲⯒G ㌊G Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) go to the depart-
ment store and then buy a birthday card?”
㌂ὒ⯒G₣㞚㍲Gⲏ㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Eat the apple after peeling (it).”
㡺⓮G 䞒䎆G 㰧㠦G Ṗ㍲G 㩖⎗㦚G ⲏ㦣㔲┺. “Today, (let us) go to Peter’s
house and then eat dinner (there).”

Forms

㠊/㞚㍲ is a two-form ending: ~㞚㍲ is used after a predicate stem that

ends in

㞚 or 㡺, whereas ~㠊㍲ is used after a predicate stem that ends

in all other vowels.

Verb ~

㠊V㞚㍲

Ṗ┺ “go”

Ṗ㍲ (contracted from ṖG+G㞚㍲)

㺔┺ “find”

㺔㞚㍲

Ṗ⯊䂮┺ “teach”

Ṗ⯊㼦㍲ (contracted from Ṗ⯊䂮G+G㠊㍲)

⹕┺ “believe”

⹕㠊㍲

Adjective ~

㠊V㞚㍲

㫡┺ “good”

㫡㞚㍲

₆㊮┺ “happy”

₆ㄦ㍲ (₆㊮G+G㠊㍲)

Copula ~

㠊V㞚㍲

㧊┺ “to be”

㧊㠊㍲V(㧊)⧒㍲

㞚┞┺ “not be”

㞚┞㠊㍲V㞚┞⧒㍲

Notice that the combination of ~

㠊/㞚㍲ with the copula 㧊┺ has two

forms:

㧊㠊㍲ and (㧊)⧒㍲. The negative copula, 㞚┞┺, also has two

forms:

㞚┞㠊㍲ and 㞚┞⧒㍲. The use of (㧊)⧒㍲/㞚┞⧒㍲ is more

common than that of

㧊㠊㍲/㞚┞㠊㍲.

䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧊⧒㍲/㧊㠊㍲

“since (I) am a Korean”

㏢ἶ₆⧒㍲/㡂㍲

“since (it) is beef”

䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧊㞚┞⧒㍲/㞚┞㠊㍲

“because (I) am not a Korean”

㏢ἶ₆ṖG㞚┞⧒㍲/㞚┞㠊㍲

“because (it) is not beef”

㠊V㞚㍲

Restrictions

㠊/㞚㍲ is subject to two restrictions. First, it is not conjugated for the

tense. Consider the following example:

㩖⎗㦚㞞 ⲏ㠊㍲⺆ἶ䕶㠊㣪. “(I) did not eat dinner, so (I) was
hungry.”

Notice that the past tense is not marked in the first clause (e.g.,

㞞 ⲏ㠊

㍲) but in the main clause (e.g., ⺆ἶ䕶㠊㣪). Here are more examples:

Ὃ⿖⯒ Ⱔ㧊䟊㍲ h ⯒ ⹱㞮㠊㣪. “(I) studied a lot, so (I) received an
A.”
⹪ザ㍲㰧㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) was busy, so (I) could not go home.”
㟓ῃ㠦G ✺⩂㍲G 㞚㓺䞒Ⰶ㦚G ㌖㠊㣪. “(I) bought aspirin after stopping
at the pharmacy.”

⌊㧒㧊G㞚⻚㰖G㌳㔶㧊⧒㍲ Ἵ 㰧㠦 ☢㞚㢂 Ệ㡞㣪. “Tomorrow is (her)
father’s birthday, so (she) will return home soon.”
☞㧊㠜㠊㍲䕢䕆㠦G 㞞G ṞG Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) do not have money, so (I) will
not go to the party.”

Second, when ~

㠊/㞚㍲ indicates a cause-and-effect relation, it can-

not be used for the imperative and/or propositive sentences, as shown
below:

OvP ⲎⰂṖG 㞚䕢㍲G 㟓㦚G ⲏ㔋┞┺. “(My) head aches, so (I) take
medicines.”
OvP ⲎⰂṖG 㞚䕢㍲G 㟓㦚G ⲏ㔋┞₢? “Do (you) take medicines, since
(your) head aches?”
OP ⲎⰂṖG 㞚䕢㍲G 㟓㦚G ⲏ㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Take medicines, since (your)
head aches.”
OP ⲎⰂṖG㞚䕢㍲G㟓㦚Gⲏ㦣㔲┺. “(Let us) take medicines, since (our)
heads ache.”

However, when ~

㠊/㞚㍲ is used to link two chronological actions or states,

it can be used for any sentence type, as shown below:

ⰾ䞮䎊㠦G Ṗ㍲G ぢ⪲✲㤾㧊G ⷺ㰖䅂㦚G ⽒G Ệ㡞㣪. “(We) will go to
Manhattan and then see Broadway musicals.”
㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦G Ṗ㍲G ㌊G Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) go to the supermarket and
then buy (it)?”
㡺⩢㰖⯒G㞑㠊㍲Gⲏ㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Wash the orange and then eat (it).”
㰧㠦GṖ㍲G㧊㟒₆䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) go home and then talk.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(reasons and
cause)

㦒)┞₢

┞₢

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)┞₢Gis used to specify a reason for the main

clause, and it can be translated as “since,” “so,” and “because” in English.
~(

㦒)┞₢ is a two-form ending: ~㦒┞₢ is used after a predicate stem

that ends in a consonant, and ~

┞₢ is used after a predicate stem that

ends in a vowel.

Verb ~(

㦒)┞₢

┞₢

⽊┺ “see”

⽊┞₢

⺆㤆┺ “learn”

⺆㤆┞₢

㧷┺ “catch”

㧷㦒┞₢

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ㦒┞₢

Adjective ~(

㦒)┞₢

┞₢

㕎┺ “cheap”

㕎┞₢

㧧┺ “small”

㧧㦒┞₢

Copula ~(

㦒)┞₢

┞₢

㧊┺ “to be”

㧊┞₢

㞚┞┺ “not be”

㞚┞┞₢

The function of ~(

㦒)┞₢ is similar to that of ~㠊/㞚㍲G since both

provide a cause or reason for the action and/or state of the main clause.
However, there are three differences between these two conjunctives.

First, the reason and/or cause provided by ~(

㦒)┞₢ sounds more

specific than those given by ~

㠊/㞚㍲. Second, while ~㠊/㞚㍲ “because/

since/so” must be used only for declarative and interrogative sentences,
~(

㦒)┞₢ may be used for any sentence type, as shown below:

OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (I) drink
(it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞₢? “Do (you) drink the coffee
slowly because (it) is hot?”
OP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㔲㕃㔲㡺. “Since the coffee is hot, drink
(it) slowly.”
OP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃㔲┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (let us)
drink (it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (I)
drink (it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞₢? “Do (you) drink the coffee
slowly because (it) is hot?”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㔲㕃㔲㡺. “Since the coffee is hot,
drink (it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃㔲┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (let
us) drink (it) slowly.”

ⓦ⧒ἶ

Third, ~(

㦒)┞₢ is conjugated for the tense, while ~㠊/㞚㍲ is not, as

shown below:

OvP 㠊㩲G ⌊ṖG ㍺Ệ㰖䟞㦒┞₢ 㡺⓮G ⍺ṖG 䟊. “Since I washed dishes
yesterday, you do (it) today.”
OP 㠊㩲G ⌊ṖG ㍺Ệ㰖G 䟞㠊㍲G 㡺⓮G ⍺ṖG 䟊. “Since I washed dishes
yesterday, you do (it) today.”
OvP ⌊㧒G 㞚䂾G 㧒㹣G ⽊㓺䏺㦒⪲G ⟶⋶G Ệ┞₢G 㧒㹣G 㧷㔲┺. “(Let
us) sleep early, since (we) will leave for Boston tomorrow early
morning.”
OP ⌊㧒G 㞚䂾G 㧒㹣G ⽊㓺䏺㦒⪲G ⟶⋶G Ệ㠊㍲G 㧒㹣G 㧷㔲┺. “(Let us)
sleep early, since (we) will leave for Boston tomorrow early morning.”

ⓦ⧒ἶ

The clausal conjunctive ~

ⓦ⧒ἶ is a one-form ending, and it means “as a

result of/because of.” Similar to ~

㠊/㞚㍲ and ~(㦒)┞₢, ~ⓦ⧒ἶ expresses

that the action of the first clause is the reason or cause for the main
clause.

However, there is a subtle meaning difference between ~

ⓦ⧒ἶ and

㠊/㞚㍲ (or ~(㦒)┞₢). The clause with ~ⓦ⧒ἶ generates a negative

implication that the action of the main clause is performed at the expense
of the action of the first clause. In other words, it indicates that the action
of the first clause leads to the undesirable action of the main clause.
Consider the following example:

⹺G㌞G䅊䜾䎆GỢ㧚㦚G䞮ⓦ⧒ἶG䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to
school because of playing computer games all night.”

Notice that the action of the first clause with ~

ⓦ⧒ἶ contributes to the

undesirable action of the main clause (e.g., could not go to school).

ⓦ⧒ἶ is subject to more restrictions than ~㠊/㞚㍲ and ~(㦒)┞₢.

First ~

ⓦ⧒ἶGcannot be used for imperative and/or propositive sentences.

Second, it must be used only with verbs. Third, it is not conjugated for the
tense. Finally, the subject of the ~

ⓦ⧒ἶ clause must be the same with

that of the main clause.

⓼Ợ 㧒㠊⋮ⓦ⧒ἶ 㞚䂾㦚 ⴑ ⲏ㠊㣪. “(I) cannot eat breakfast because
of getting up late.”
䎪⩞゚㩚㦚G⽊ⓦ⧒ἶG㩚䢪Gⴑ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) could not make a phone call,
because of watching TV.”
⍞ⶊ ゾⰂ ọⓦ⧒ἶ 㰖ṧ㦚 ⟾㠊⥾⪎㠊㣪. “(I) dropped (my) wallet
because of walking too fast.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(reasons and
cause)

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 8 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṧ₆ ỎⰂ┺ to catch (a cold)
Ἵ soon
₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
⋮Ṗ┺ to go out
⌊㧒 tomorrow
⍹┺ to insert/to put (something) in
⏖┺ to play/to enjoy (oneself)
⑞ snow/eyes
⓼┺ to be late
┺㧊㠊䔎 diet
▪ more
▻┺ to be hot/to be warm
☚㍲ὖ library
☚㹿䞮┺ to arrive
☫┺ to help
✹┺ to listen
⥾ỗ┺ to be hot/to be heated
⧒❪㡺 radio

Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱔ㧊 a lot/plenty
ⰱ㧞┺ to be delicious
ⲎⰂ head
ⲏ┺ to eat
⳾⧮ the day after tomorrow
ⶒ㠊⽊┺ to ask (a person about something)
ⷺ㰖䅂 musical
⹎㞞䞮┺ to be sorry
⹪㊮┺ to be busy
⹬ outside
⹺ night
⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read

㌂┺ to buy
㌂⧢✺ people
㌞㤆┺ to stay up all night
㌳㧒 birthday
㍶ⶒ present/gift
㏢⁞ salt

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 8
exercises

㏢Ⰲ sound
㑯㩲 homework
㔲Ṛ hour/time
㔳╏ restaurant
㕇ỗ┺ to be watery/to be insipid

㞚䂾 morning/breakfast
㞚䝚┺ to be painful/to be sore
㟓 medicine
㟓㏣ appointment
㠊㩲 yesterday
㠦㠊䆮 air conditioner
㡂₆ here
㡺┺ to come
㡺㩚 a.m.
㣪Ⰲ䞮┺ to cook
㤊☯䞮┺ to do (physical) exercise/sports
㦖䟟 bank
㦢㔳 food
㦢㞛 music
㧊㌂ moving (housing)
㧊㟒₆䞮┺ to talk
㧊㩲 now
㧒㠊⋮┺ to get up
㧒㹣 early

㧦㭒 often
㨂⹎㧞Ợ interestingly
㩖⎗ dinner/evening
㩚䢪 telephone
㫆⁞ little
㫡┺ to be good
㭒┺ to give
㰧 house
㺔┺ to look for/to seek for
㻲㻲䧞 slowly
㽞㧎㫛 doorbell
䂲ῂ friend
䋂Ợ greatly/loudly
䔖┺ to switch on
䕢䕆 party
䙂㧻䞮┺ to pack/to wrap
䞯ᾦ school
䦻ἏỢ merrily/pleasantly

Clausal
conjunctives
(reasons and
cause)

Exercise 8.1

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚㍲ “and then” and the sentence

cues provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) went to Hawaii and then met (his) parents.”

(

䞮㢖㧊㠦 Ṗ┺ / ⿖⳾┮㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪)

= 䞮㢖㧊㠦 Ṗ㍲⿖⳾┮㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪.

1 (I) will call the travel agency and then ask about the airfare (

㡂䟟㌂㠦

㩚䢪䞮┺ / 䟃Ὃ 㣪⁞㠦 ╖䟊㍲ ⶒ㠊⽒ Ệ㡞㣪)

2 (We) went to school and then met the professor (

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ┺ / ᾦ㑮┮

㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪)

3 Did (she) wash the strawberry and then eat (it)? (

➎₆⯒ 㞑┺ / ⲏ㠞

㠊㣪?)

4 Buy that ring and then give (it) to (your) girlfriend (

⁎ ⹮㰖⯒ ㌂┺ /

㡂㧦䂲ῂ䞲䎢㭒㎎㣪)

5 (Let us) learn the Korean language and then get a job in Seoul (

䞲ῃ

㠊⯒ ⺆㤆┺ / ㍲㤎㠦㍲䀾㰗䞿㔲┺)

Exercise 8.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~

㠊/㞚㍲ “and then.” Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 Ṗ┺ / ♒㰖ἶ₆⯒ ㌓㔲┺

= 㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 Ṗ㍲ ♒㰖ἶ₆⯒ ㌓㔲┺.

“(Let us) go the supermarket and then buy (some) pork.”

㞚䂾㠦㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮┺ / 㤊☯䞶⧮㣪

䂲ῂ 㰧㠦 Ṗ┺ / 㣪Ⰲ䞮㕃㔲㡺

㠎㩲 Ⓤ㣫㠦 Ṗ┺ / ⷺ㔲䅂㦚⽒ Ệ㡞㣪?

㍶ⶒ㦚䙂㧻䞮┺ / ㌳㧒䕢䕆 ➢ 㮂㠊㣪.

䕢䕆㠦 Ṗ┺ / 䦻ἏỢ ⏟㔲┺

Exercise 8.3

Exercise 8.3

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚㍲ “because/since” and the

sentence cues provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Since (it) is too expensive, (I) will not buy (it).”

(

⍞ⶊ ゚㕎┺ / 㞞㌊ Ệ㡞㣪)

= ⍞ⶊ ゚㕎㍲㞞㌊ Ệ㡞㣪.

1 Since traffic was held up, (I) was late for the class (

ᾦ䐋㧊 Ⱏ䧞┺ /

㑮㠛㠦 ⓼㠞㠊㣪)

2 Since (I) ate breakfast late, (I) have not had lunch yet (

㞚䂾㦚 ⓼Ợ

ⲏ┺ / 㞚㰗㩦㕂㦚㞞 ⲏ㠞㠊㣪)

3 Since (my) stomach hurts, (I) want to go home early (

⺆Ṗ 㞚䝚┺ /

㰧㠦㧒㹣 Ṗἶ 㕌㠊㣪)

4 Since the room is too dirty, (we) will clean (it up) today (

⹿㧊 ⍞ⶊ

▪⩓┺ / 㡺⓮ 㼃㏢䞶 Ệ㡞㣪)

5 Since (it) was (her) birthday, (he) went home early (

㌳㧒㧊┺ / 㧒㹣

㰧㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪)

Exercise 8.4

Connect the following two sentences using ~

㠊/㞚㍲ “because/since.”

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡┺ / ㌆㺛䟞㠊㣪

= ⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㞚㍲㌆㺛䟞㠊㣪.

“Since the weather was nice, (we) took a walk.”

㠊㩲Ṗ 䂲ῂ ㌳㧒㧊┺ / ㌳㧒䕢䕆㠦 Ṫ㔋┞┺.

㧊㔳╏ 㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㧞┺ / 㧦㭒㢖㣪.

⑞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㡺┺ / 䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṟ ộ ṯ㞚㣪.

Ṧ₆ ỎⰂ┺ / 㟓㦚 ⲏἶ 㧞㠊㣪.

㟓㏣㔲Ṛ㠦 ⓼┺ / ⹎㞞䞿┞┺.

Exercise 8.5

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)┞₢ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Since (it) is late night, (let us) call (him) tomorrow.”

(

⓼㦖 ⹺㧊┺ / ⌊㧒㩚䢪䞿㔲┺)

= ⓼㦖 ⹺㧊┞₢ ⌊㧒㩚䢪䞿㔲┺.

Clausal
conjunctives
(reasons and
cause)

1 Since (she) does not drink coffee, (let us) buy green tea instead (

䄺䞒

⯒ ⴑ Ⱎ㔲┺ / ╖㔶 ⏏㹾⯒ ㌓㔲┺)

2 Since (it) is the closing hour, traffic is held up (

䑊⁒ 㔲Ṛ㧊┺ / ᾦ䐋㧊

Ⱏ䧯┞┺)

3 Since (I) don’t have time, tell (me) only the main points (

㔲Ṛ㧊㠜┺

㣿ỊⰢ Ⱖ䞮㕃㔲㡺)

4 Since (my) back hurts, (I) do not want to meet anyone (

䠞ⰂṖ 㞚䝚┺

⑚ῂ☚ Ⱒ⋮ἶ 㕌㰖㞠㔋┞┺)

5 Since (it) is cold, close the window (

㿻┺ / 㺓ⶎ㦚 ╁㦒㕃㔲㡺)

Exercise 8.6

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)┞₢. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

⹿㧊㠊⚷┺ / 㩚❇㦚䅲㭒㎎㣪.

= ⹿㧊㠊⚦㤆┞₢ 㩚❇㦚䅲㭒㎎㣪.

“Since (my) room is dark, turn the light on.”

⌊㧒 ⹪㊮┺ / ⳾⧮ 㩚䢪䞶Ợ㣪.

☚㍲ὖ㧊┺ / 䋂Ợ 㧊㟒₆䞮㰖 Ⱎ㕃㔲㡺.

ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚┺ / 㟓㦚㌂㭒㎎㣪.

⌊㧒㞚䂾㠦㧊㌂䞮┺ / 㡺㩚 _ 㔲₢㰖㡺㎎㣪.

㦢㔳㧊㕇ỗ┺ / ㏢⁞㦚 ⍹㦒㕃㔲㡺.

▻┺ / 㠦㠊䆮㦚G䔖㠊㭒㎎㣪.

㧊㩲 Ἵ 䞒㧦Ṗ ☚㹿䞮┺ / 㫆⁞ ▪ ₆┺Ⱃ㔲┺.

Exercise 8.7

Finish the following translation using ~

ⓦ⧒ἶ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example:

“(I) could not sleep because of preparing for the interview.”

(

㧎䎆う⯒ 㭖゚䞮┺ / ⴑ 㧺㠊㣪)

= 㧎䎆う⯒ 㭖゚䞮ⓦ⧒ἶ ⴑ 㧺㠊㣪.

1 (I) spent all of (my) money because of buying beer (

ⰻ㭒⯒ ㌂┺ /

☞㦚 ┺ 㗒㠊㣪)

2 (I) could not leave (my) office yet because of repairing the computer

(

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ἶ䂮┺ / 㞚㰗䑊⁒㦚 ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪).

3 (I) could not eat dinner together because of talking over the phone for

a long time (

㡺⧮ 䐋䢪䞮┺ / 㩖⎗㦚 ṯ㧊 ⴑ ⲏ㠞㠊㣪)

Exercise 8.8

4 (I) dropped (my) wallet as a result of inserting coins (

☯㩚㦚 ⍹┺ /

㰖ṧ㦚 ⟾㠊⥾⪎㠊㣪)

5 (I) was late because of looking for keys (

㡊㐶⯒ 㺔┺ / ⓼㠞㠊㣪)

Exercise 8.8

Connect the following two sentences using ~

ⓦ⧒ἶ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

{} ⯒ ⽊┺ / 㩚䢪⯒ ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪

= {} ⯒ ⽊ⓦ⧒ἶ 㩚䢪⯒ ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪.

“(I) could not make a phone call because of watching TV.”

㑯㩲⯒ 䞮┺ / ⹺㦚㌞㤶㠊㣪.

⧒❪㡺⯒ ✹┺ / 㽞㧎㫛㏢Ⰲ⯒ ⴑ ✺㠞㠊㣪.

㌂⧒⯒ ₆┺Ⰲ┺ / ⓼㠞㠊㣪?

┺㧊㠊䔎⯒ 䞮┺ / 㩖⎗㦚 Ⱔ㧊㞞 ⲏ㔋┞┺.

㦖䟟㦚㺔┺ / ㌂⧢✺䞲䎢 ⶒ㠊⽊ἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪.

UNIT 9

Clausal conjunctives (conditions)

㦒)Ⳋ

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)Ⳋ is used to express that the first clause is

the condition of the main clause. It is equivalent to “if” and/or “when” in
English. It is a two-form ending: ~

㦒Ⳋ is used after a stem that ends in a

consonant (e.g.,

ⲏ㦒Ⳋ “if I eat”); ~Ⳋ is used after a stem that ends in

a vowel (e.g.,

⽊Ⳋ “if I see”).

㡺⓮ 㩖⎗㦒⪲ 䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ㦒Ⳋ 㡆⧓䞮㎎㣪. “If (you) eat Korean
food for dinner tonight, contact (us).”
┺㦢䞯₆㠦⼖ᾦ㑮┮㧊䞲ῃ㠊㑮㠛㦚 Ṗ⯊䂮㔲Ⳋ ✺㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If
Professor Byon teaches the Korean language class next semester,
(I) will take (it).”
⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎Ṗ 㰧㠦 ☢㞚㡺Ⳋ ⋮ṞỢ㣪. “When (my) roommate returns
home, (I) will go out.”

The conjugation of ~(

㦒)Ⳋ with the copula 㧊┺ has two forms: ~(㧊)

ⳊGand ~(㧊)⧒Ⳋ. ~Ⳋ/⧒Ⳋ is used after a noun that ends in a vowel (e.g.,
㦮㌂Ⳋ “if he is a doctor”), whereas ~㧊Ⳋ/㧊⧒Ⳋ is used after a noun that
ends in a consonant (e.g.,

⹎ῃ ㌂⧢㧊Ⳋ “if (he) is an American”).

䞯㌳㧊ⳊV㧊⧒Ⳋ 㩲 ⹿㦒⪲ ⽊⌊㎎㣪. “If (they) are students, send (them)
to my room.”
䄺䞒ⳊV⧒Ⳋ Ⱎ㔺 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it) is coffee, (I) will drink (it).”

When ~(

㧊)Ⳋ/(㧊)⧒Ⳋ occurs after a time word, it means “in” or “at

the end of,” as shown below:

䞲䞯₆Ⳋ 㫎㠛䟊㣪. “In one semester, (I will) graduate.”
㎎㔲Ⳋ 㡗䢪Ṗ ⊳⋶ Ệ㡞㣪. “By three o’clock, the movie will end” (lit.
“When it is three o’clock, the movie will end”).

O㦒PⳊ

㦒)Ⳋ is not subject to any restriction. For instance, it is conjugated

for the tense, as shown below:

Ỿ㤎㧊 ♮Ⳋ 㓺䋺䌖⩂ ṧ㔲┺. “When (it) becomes winter, (let us) go
for skiing.”
㑮㧪㧊䞲ῃ㠦 Ṫ㦒Ⳋ ⋮䞲䎢㩚䢪䟞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If Susan went to Korea,
(she) would have given me a call.”
㌳㧒䕢䕆⯒ 䞶GỆⳊ 㰧㠦㍲䞮㎎㣪. “If (you) will host a birthday party,
do (it) at home.”

Second, it can be used with any predicate type.

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮Ⳋ h ⯒ ⹱㦚㑮㧞㠊㣪. “If (you) study hard, (you) can
receive an A.”
⋶㝾Ṗ ⍞ⶊ 㿪㤆Ⳋ ⋮Ṗ㰖 Ⱟ㔲┺. “If the weather is too cold, (let us)
not go out.”
┺㦢㏦┮☚G䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊O⧒PⳊ 㩚䢪䟊㭒㕃㔲㡺. “If the next customer
is also a Korean, please call (me).”

Third, there is no restriction regarding subject agreement.

╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䞮Ⳋ 䞲ῃ㠦 Ṗἶ 㕌㠊㣪. “When (I) graduate from college,
(I) want to go to Korea.”
䏶Ⱎ㓺Ṗ 䄺䞒⯒ 㔲䋺Ⳋ 㩲Ṗ 䆲⧒⯒ 㔲䌂Ợ㣪. “If Thomas orders
coffee, I will order cola.”

Finally, ~(

㦒)Ⳋ may be used with any sentence type.

Ỿ㤎㧊 ♮Ⳋ ⑞╖㔶゚Ṗ 㢖㣪. “When (it) becomes winter, rain falls
instead of snow.”
㌞㹾⯒ ㌂Ⳋ Ⲓ㩖㠊❪㠦 Ṗἶ 㕌㠊㣪? “When (you) buy a new car,
where do (you) want to go first?”
㰧㠦 ☚㹿䞮Ⳋ ⋮䞲䎢㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪. “When (you) arrive at home, call
me.”
㞞 ⹪㊮Ⳋ ⌊㧒 Ⱒ⋿㔲┺. “If (you) are not busy, (let us) meet
tomorrow.”

㦒)Ⳋ 䞮┺V㫡Ỷ┺ “wish/hope”

The combination of ~(

㦒)Ⳋ and the verb 䞮┺ “do” or the adjective 㫡Ỷ

┺ “would/will be nice” expresses the speaker’s wish or hope. ~(㦒)Ⳋ
䞮┺ sounds slightly more polite than ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ┺. However, both can
be translated as “wish/hope” in English.

Clausal
conjunctives
(conditions)

㧊⻞䋂Ⰲ㓺Ⱎ㓺㠦 ⑞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㡺Ⳋ 䟊㣪. “(I) wish that (it) snows a lot
this Christmas.”
ゾⰂ ⽚㧊 ♮Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish spring comes early (lit. It would be
nice, if it would become spring soon).”
⌊⎚㠦㌞䅊䜾䎆⯒ ㌂Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (I) buy a new com-
puter next year.”

Adding the past tense marker

㠞/㞮 to ~(㦒)Ⳋ 䞮┺/㫡Ỷ┺ makes the

speaker’s desire or wish sound more assertive or emphatic.

㧊㩲⿖䎆 ☞ ệ㩫㦚㞞G䟞㦒ⳊG䟊㣪. “(I) wish that (I) would not worry
about money from now on.”
㑮㣪㧒㠦㔲䠮㦚⽺㦒ⳊG 䞿┞┺. “(I) wish that (I) would take the test
on Wednesday.”
㍲㤎㠦 Ṟ ➢ ☯ἓ㠦 ✺⩖㦒ⳊG䞿┞┺. “(I) wish that (I) would stop by
Tokyo on my way to Seoul.”
㧊⻞㡂⯚㠦㧒⽎㦚㡂䟟䟞㦒ⳊG㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (I) would travel
in Japan this summer.”
䞲ῃ㧊ゾⰂ 䐋㧒㧊 ♦㦒ⳊG 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that Korea would be
unified immediately.”

㦒)⩺Ⳋ

⩺Ⳋ

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)⩺Ⳋ “if one intends to do” is the combina-

tion of ~(

㦒)⩺ἶ “intending to” with the conjunctive ~(㦒)Ⳋ “if/when.”

It is a two-form ending: ~

⩺Ⳋ is used after a stem that ends in a vowel

(e.g.,

⺆㤆⩺Ⳋ “if you intend to learn”), and ~㦒⩺Ⳋ is used after a stem

that ends in a consonant (e.g.,

ⲏ㦒⩺Ⳋ “if you intend to eat”).

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 㧮䞮⩺Ⳋ 䞲ῃ㧎䂲ῂ✺㦚㌂‖㠊㟒䟊㣪. “If (you) intend
to speak Korean well, (you) need to make Korean friends.”
㧊㟧⽋㦚㧛㦒⩺Ⳋ ㌊㦚ヒ㟒䟊㣪. “If (you) intend to wear this suit,
(you) should lose weight.”
䞯ᾦ㠦 ┺┞⩺Ⳋ Ⲓ㩖 ❇⪳⁞㦚 ⌊㎎㣪. “If (you) intend to attend the
school, pay the tuition first.”
ᾦ㑮┮㦚 Ⱒ⋮⩺Ⳋ ⹎Ⰲ 㩚䢪䟊㟒 ♒㣪. “If (you) intend to meet the
professor, (you) must call in advance.”
䝚⪲ṯ㧊䞒㞚⏎⯒ 㧮䂮⩺Ⳋ 㡊㕂䧞㡆㔋䟊㟒 ♒㣪. “If (you) intend
to play the piano like a professional, (you) need to practice hard.”
㫡ἶ 㕒 ⶒỊ㦚㌂⩺Ⳋ 㠊❪⪲ Ṗ㟒䟊㣪? “If (we) intend to buy good
and cheap items, where should (we) go?”
䑊⁒䞮⩺Ⳋ ZW ⿚ ▪ ₆┺Ⰲ㎎㣪. “If (you) intend to leave office, wait
30 more minutes.”

O㦒Pඥ㑮⪳

㦒)ඥ㑮⪳

ඥ㑮⪳

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)ඥ㑮⪳Gexpresses continuous increase in the

nature of an action or state. It can be translated as “the more . . . the
more” in English. ~(

㦒)ඥ㑮⪳ is a two-form ending: ~㦚㑮⪳ is used after

a stem that ends in a consonant (e.g.,

⹕㦚㑮⪳ “the more I believe”),

while ~

ඥ㑮⪳ is used after a stem that ends in a vowel (e.g., Ⱎ㔺㑮⪳

“the more I drink”).

ₖ䂮Ṗ ⲏ㦚㑮⪳ ⰱ㧞㠊㣪. “The more (I) eat kimchi, the more tasty
(it) is.”
䌲ῢ☚⓪ ⺆㤎㑮⪳ 㨂⹎㧞㠊㣪. “As for Taekwondo, the more (I) learn
(it), the more interesting (it) is.”

In addition, ~(

㦒)Ⳋ “if/when” can be optionally used along with ~(㦒)

ඥ㑮⪳, as shown below:

Ἶ䝚⓪ 䂮ⳊG 䂶㑮⪳ 㠊⩺㤢㣪. “As for golf, the more (you) play (it),
the more difficult (it) is.”
ṫ㞚㰖⯒ ⽊ⳊG⽒㑮⪳ ‖㡂㤢㣪. “The more (I) look at the puppy, the
more cute (it) is.”
㌂⧧㦖㔲Ṛ㧊㰖⋮ⳊG 㰖⋶㑮⪳ ㏢㭧䟊㪎㣪. “As for love, the more
time passes, the more precious (it) becomes.”
㧦ⳊG 㧮㑮⪳ 䞒Ἲ䟊㣪. “The more (you) sleep, the more tired (you)
are.”
⏎䔎⿗㦖㧧㦒ⳊG 㧧㦚㑮⪳ ゚㕎㣪. “As for notebook, the smaller (it)
is, the more expensive (it) is.”

㠊V㞚㟒

The clausal conjunctive ~

㠊/㞚㟒 indicates that the ~㠊/㞚㟒 ending clause

is a prerequisite or necessary condition of the main clause. It is correspond-
ing to “only if” in English. Consider the following example:

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ㟒 ᾦ㑮┮㦚 Ⱒ⋶ 㑮㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (you) go to school, (you)
can meet the professor.”

Notice that the action of the first clause “going to school” is the necessity
for the action of the main clause “meeting the professor.”

㠊/㞚㟒 is a two-form ending: ~㞚㟒 is used after a stem that ends in

either

㞚 or 㡺, whereas ~㠊㟒 is used after a stem that ends in all other

vowels.

Clausal
conjunctives
(conditions)

Verb

Verb stem +

㠊V㞚㟒

㡺┺ “see”

㢖㟒 (contracted from 㡺 + 㞚㟒)

㧷┺ “catch”

㧷㞚㟒

⺆㤆┺ “learn”

⺆㤢㟒 (contracted from ⺆㤆 + 㠊㟒)

⹕┺ “believe”

⹕㠊㟒

Adjective

Adjective stem +

㠊V㞚㟒

㕎┺ “cheap”

㕎㟒

㧧┺ “small”

㧧㞚㟒

㔂䝚┺ “sad”

㔂䗒㟒 (㔂䝚 + 㠊㟒)

㠊⪋┺ “difficult”

㠊⩺㤢㟒 (㠊⩺㤆 + 㠊㟒)

Copula

Copula stem +

㠊V㞚㟒

㧊┺ “to be”

㧊㠊㟒/㧊⧒㟒

㞚┞┺ “not be”

㞚┞㠊㟒/㞚┞⧒㟒

To add an emphatic meaning, one can use the particle

Ⱒ “only” along

with ~

㠊/㞚㟒, as shown below:

㞺✲⮮⯒ Ⱒ⋮㟒Ⱒ ◆┞㠮㠦╖䟊 ✺㦚㑮㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (you) meet
Andrew, (you) can hear about Daniel.”
㦮ὒ ╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䟊㟒Ⱒ 㦮㌂Ṗ ♶ 㑮㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (you) graduate
from a medical school, (you) can become a doctor.”
㡊㐶⯒ 㺔㞚㟒Ⱒ 㰧㠦 Ṟ 㑮㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (we) find the key, (we)
can go home.”

Ệ✶

The clausal conjunctive ~

Ệ✶ is used to indicate that the ~Ệ✶G ending

clause is the condition for the main clause. It is equivalent to “if” in English.
~

Ệ✶ is subject to one restriction: It must be used only with imperative

and/or propositive sentences, as shown in the following examples:

䞶 Ⱖ㧊㧞Ệ✶ 䞮㕃㔲㡺. “If (you) have something to say, say (it).”
⹪㊮㰖㞠Ệ✶ 㡆⧓䟊㣪. “If (you) are not busy, contact (me).”
䘎㰖Ṗ ☚㹿䞮Ệ✶ ⰺ䓲䞲䎢㩚䢪䞮㕃㔲㡺. “If the letter arrives, give
Matthew a phone call.”
㞾Ⰲ㓺Ṗ 䞲ῃ㠦 ṖỆ✶ 㤆Ⰲ☚ ṧ㔲┺. “If Alice goes to Korea, (let
us) go (there) as well.”
㔲䠮㧊 ⊳⋮Ệ✶ ṯ㧊㩖⎗ ⲏ㦣㔲┺. “If the test ends, (let us) have
dinner together.”

Meanwhile, in spoken communication, ~

Ệ✶ (or ~Ệ✶㣪) is often used

as a sentence ending. The sentence ending ~

Ệ✶㣪 expresses an emphatic

meaning, and it can be translated as “you know,” “you see (because),” and
“indeed” in English. Consider the following dialogue:

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 9
exercises

㧒㣪㧒㧎◆ ☚㍲ὖ㠦㠊⠑Ợ 㡺㎾㠊㣪?

“(It) is Sunday, but what brought you to the library?”

⌊㧒㔲䠮㧊㧞Ệ✶㣪.

“(I) have a test tomorrow, you know.”

Notice that B’s response ends with ~

Ệ✶㣪. By using ~Ệ✶㣪, B offers a

kind of follow-up explanation (e.g., having a test tomorrow) to what
has been implied (e.g., to be in the library on Sunday). Here are more
examples:

⡦ 䞲㧪㔲䋺㎎㣪?

“(You) order a cup again?”

㩲Ṗ 㡂₆ 䄺䞒⯒ 㫡㞚䞮Ệ✶㣪.

“I like the coffee of this place, you know.”

䞒Ἲ䟊⽊㡂㣪.

“(You) look tired.”

㠊㩲 ⹺ ⓼Ợ₢㰖㧒䟞Ệ✶㣪.

“(I) worked late last night, you know.”

㠊㩲 ⲏ㦖㦢㔳㦚 ⡦ 㔲䌂 Ệ㡞㣪?

“Will (you) order the food (you) ate yesterday, again?”

㞚㭒 ⰱ㧞㠞Ệ✶㣪.

“(It) was really delicious, you know.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 9 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṗ₳┺ to be near
Ṗ⯊䂮┺ to teach
Ịṫ health
ệ㩫ỆⰂ source of anxiety
Ὃ ball
⊠┺ to quit
⊩㧊┺ to boil
⋾㧦 man
⋾䘎 husband
⋶㝾 weather
⌊┺ to pay
⌊㧒 tomorrow
⌚゚ pot
⍞ⶊ too (much)
⏎⧮ song

Clausal
conjunctives
(conditions)

⏎䔎⿗ notebook
⏖┺ to play
⑚ῂ who
⓼Ợ late

┺㦢 next
╊⺆ cigarette
╖䞯 college
▻┺ to be hot (the weather)
☚㤖 help
✲㔲┺ to eat
✺㠊Ṗ┺ to enter
➆⦑䞮┺ to be warm/to be mild
⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎 roommate
Ⱖ䞮┺ to speak
Ⱒ⋮┺ to meet
Ⱔ㧊 a lot
ⲎⰂ head/hair (of one’s head)
ⲏ┺ to eat
⳾⯊┺ do not know
⳾㧦⧒┺ to be short of
⳿ throat
ⶑ┺ to ask
ⶒ water
⹎ῃ U.S.A.

⹪∎┺ to change
⹪㊮┺ to be busy
⹱┺ to receive
⺆ stomach
⺆㤆┺ to learn
⻫╖ law school
⼧㤦 hospital
⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read
゚㧦 visa

㌂┺ to buy
㌂⧢ person/people
㌂㣿䞮┺ to use
㌂㧊㯞 size
㌊┺ to live
㌳㧒 birthday
㍶ⶒ present/gift
㏢䕢 sofas
㔲䠮㦚⽊┺ to take tests/exams
㔳╏ restaurant

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 9
exercises

㔳㌂ meal
㕂㕂䞮┺ to be bored
㝆┺ to use

㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎 a side job
㞚䝚┺ to be sore
㠊㩲 yesterday
㟓 medicine
㡂䟟 trip/travel
㡆⧓䞮┺ to contact
㡊┺ to open
㡞㟓䞮┺ to make a reservation
㡺┺ to come
㣪⁞ fee
㥶䞯Ṗ┺ to go abroad for study
㧛ῃ䞮┺ to enter a country
㧒㹣 early

㧦┺ to sleep
㧧┺ to be small
㧮 well/expertly
㩖⁞ saving
㩖⎗ dinner/evening
㩚䢪 telephone
㩲㿲䞮┺ to submit
㫆⁞ little
㫆㕂䞮┺ to be careful/to take care of
㫎㠛㧻 diploma
㭒㧒 week (day)
㰖䞮㻶 subway
㰗㧻 one’s place of work
㰧 house

㺓ⶎ window
㺛 book
㿪㻲㍲ recommendation letter
㿻┺ to be cold
䀾㰗 getting employment
䂮┺ to play/to strike
䂲ῂ friend
䅲┺ to switch on
䌖┺ to ride
䞒Ἲ䞮┺ to be tired
䞚㣪䞮┺ to be in need of
䞯₆ semester
䞲ῃ Korea

Clausal
conjunctives
(conditions)

䢪㧻㔺 toilet
䣢㌂ company
䧞䎆 heater

Exercise 9.1

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ and the sentence cues pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “If (it) is cold outside, (let us) not go out.” (

⹬㧊㿻┺ / ⋮

Ṗ㰖 Ⱟ㔲┺)

= ⹬㧊㿪㤆Ⳋ ⋮Ṗ㰖 Ⱟ㔲┺.

1 When (I) have time, (I) will make a phone call to Bill (

㔲Ṛ㧊㧞┺ /

ア䞲䎢㩚䢪䞶 Ệ㡞㣪)

2 If the road is congested, (let us) take a subway (

₎㧊 Ⱏ䧞┺ / 㰖䞮㻶

㦚䌧㔲┺)

3 If (it) is expensive, will (you) buy (it)? (

゚㕎┺ / ㌂Ỷ㠊㣪?)

4 If (you) get up early tomorrow morning, wake (me) up (

⌊㧒㞚䂾㧒

㹣㧒㠊⋮┺ / ₾㤢㭒㎎㣪)

5 If (I) told (him), (he) probably would get angry (

㧊㟒₆䟞┺ / 䢪⌞㦚

Ệ㡞㣪)

Exercise 9.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

Ṗỿ㧊㕎┺ / ㌂㎎㣪

= Ṗỿ㧊㕎Ⳋ ㌂㎎㣪. “If (its) price is cheap, buy (it).”

⺆ṖG㞚䝚┺G/G⼧㤦㠦GṖ㎎㣪

⋶㝾ṖG⍞ⶊG㿻┺G/G䧞䎆⯒G䅲Ỷ㠊㣪

⳾⯊┺G/Gⶒ㠊G⽊㎎㣪

▻┺G/G㺓ⶎ㦚G㡓㔲┺

☚㤖㧊G䞚㣪䞮┺G/G⑚ῂ䞲䎢G㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪?

Exercise 9.3

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Exercise 9.4

Example: “(I) wish that (it) snows tomorrow.” (

⌊㧒 ⑞㧊㡺┺)

= ⌊㧒 ⑞㧊㡺Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.

1 (I) wish that (we) meet at the airport (

Ὃ䟃㠦㍲ Ⱒ⋮┺)

2 (I) wish that (I) receive a watch for (my) birthday present (

㌳㧒㍶ⶒ

⪲ 㔲Ἒ⯒ ⹱┺)

3 (I) wish that (we) order red wine (

⩞✲ 㢖㧎㦚㔲䋺┺)

4 (I) wish that (we) have Korean food for dinner (

㩖⎗㦒⪲ 䞲ῃ㦢㔳㦚

ⲏ┺)

5 (I) wish that (I) make a lot of money (

☞㦚 Ⱔ㧊⻢┺)

Exercise 9.4

Conjugate the following predicate using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ┺. Then translate

the sentence.

Example:

ゾⰂG㹾⯒G䕪┺

= ゾⰂG㹾⯒G䕪ⳊG㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.

“(I) wish that (I) sell (my) car immediately.”

⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎Ṗ 䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊┺

䃦⋮┺⪲ 㥶䞯Ṗ┺

㰗㧻㧊㰧㠦㍲ Ṗ₳┺

⌊㧒 ⋶㝾Ṗ ➆⦑䞮┺

⋾䘎㧊㧒㹣㧦┺

┺㦢䞯₆㠦 ₖᾦ㑮┮㧊 Ṗ⯊䂮㔲┺

⋾㧦䂲ῂṖ ╊⺆⯒ ⊠┺

⏎䔎⿗㦚㌳㧒㍶ⶒ⪲ ⹱┺

Exercise 9.5

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)⩺Ⳋ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

ₖ䂮⯒ Ⱒ✺┺ / ⺆㿪Ṗ 䞚㣪䟊㣪

= ₖ䂮⯒ Ⱒ✺⩺Ⳋ ⺆㿪Ṗ 䞚㣪䟊㣪.

“If (you) intend to make kimchi, (you) need Chinese
cabbage.”

ⶒ㦚 ⊩㧊┺ / ⌚゚Ṗ 䞚㣪䟊㣪

㧊㔳╏㠦㍲㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ┺ / 㡞㟓䞮㕃㔲㡺

⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ┺ / 㰖䞮㻶㦚䌖㎎㣪

Clausal
conjunctives
(conditions)

⹎ῃ㠦㧛ῃ䞮┺ / ゚㧦⯒ ⹱㞚㟒䟊㣪

㧊䣢㌂㠦䀾㰗䞮┺ / ╖䞯㫎㠛㧻㦚㩲㿲䞮㎎㣪

ぢ⪲✲㤾㧊G㑒⯒G⽊┺ / Ⓤ㣫㠦 Ṗ㟒 ♒㣪

䎢┞㓺⯒ 䂮┺ / Ὃ䞮ἶ ⧒䅩㧊䞚㣪䟊㣪

䢪㧻㔺㦚㌂㣿䞮┺ / 㣪⁞㦚 ⌊㎎㣪

Exercise 9.6

Finish the following translation using the ~(

㦒)Ⳋ ~(㦒)ඥ㑮⪳ pattern and

the sentence cues provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The more (I) meet that friend, the more (I) want to meet

(him).”

(

⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮┺ / ▪ Ⱒ⋮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪)

= ⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮Ⳋ Ⱒ⋶㑮⪳ ▪ Ⱒ⋮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪.

1 The more (I) read the letter, the angrier (I) am (

䘎㰖⯒ 㧓┺ / 䢪⋮

㣪)

2 The cloudier the weather is, the colder (it) is (

⋶㝾Ṗ 䦦Ⰲ┺ / 㿪㤢

㣪)

3 The more time passes, the more (I) long for old days (

㔲Ṛ㧊㰖⋮┺ /

㡱⋶㧊 ⁎Ⰲ㤢㣪)

4 The bigger (it) was, the more expensive (it) was (

䋂┺ / ゚㕢㠊㣪)

5 The more (I) read that book, the more interesting (it) was (

⁎ 㺛㦚㧓

┺ / 㨂⹎㧞㠞㠊㣪)

Exercise 9.7

Connect the following sentences using the ~(

㦒)Ⳋ ~(㦒)ඥ㑮⪳ pattern.

Then translate the sentence.

Example:

╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆┺ / 㭧☛♒㣪

= ╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆Ⳋ 䞒㤎㑮⪳ 㭧☛♒㣪.

“The more (you) smoke, the more (you) become addicted
to (it).”

䞲ῃ㠦㍲㌊┺ / 㫡㞚㣪

㌂⧢✺㦚 Ⱒ⋮┺ / 䞒Ἲ䞿┞┺

☞㦚㝆┺ / 䞚㣪䞿┞┺

㡂䟟㦚䞮┺ / Ⱔ㧊⺆㤎 Ệ㡞㣪

⹪㊮┺ / Ịṫ 㫆㕂䞮㎎㣪

Exercise 9.8

Exercise 9.8

Finish the following translation using ~

Ệ✶ and the sentence cues provided

in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Do not call (me) if (you) are busy.” (

⹪㊮┺ / 㩚䢪䞮㰖

Ⱎ㎎㣪)

= ⹪㊮Ệ✶ 㩚䢪䞮㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

1 Hug the baby if the baby cries (

㞚₆Ṗ 㤎┺ / 㞚₆⯒ 㞞㞚㭒㎎㣪)

2 If (it) is tasty, (let us) order (it) more (

ⰱ㧞┺ / ▪ 㔲䌋㔲┺)

3 If (you) make a Christmas tree, take a picture (

䋂Ⰲ㓺Ⱎ㓺䔎Ⰲ⯒

Ⱒ✺┺ / ㌂㰚㦚㹣㦒㎎㣪)

4 If (you) work this weekend, do not come to the party (

㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦

㧒䞮┺ / 䕢䕆㠦㡺㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪)

5 If (we) meet Mary later, (let us) convey the message (

⋮㭧㠦 ⲪⰂ⯒

Ⱒ⋮┺ / Ⲫ㎎㰖⯒G㩚䟊G㭣㔲┺)

Exercise 9.9

Connect the following two sentences using ~

Ệ✶. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㰧㠦 ☚㹿䞮┺ / 㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪

= 㰧㠦 ☚㹿䞮Ệ✶ 㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪.

“If (you) arrive at home, please call (me).”

㿪㻲㍲Ṗ 䞚㣪䞮┺ / 㩖䞲䎢㡆⧓䞮㎎㣪

⡦ ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚┺ / 㟓㦚 ✲㎎㣪

ệ㩫ỆⰂṖ 㧞┺ / Ⱖ䞮㎎㣪

㕂㕂䞮┺ / {} ⽊㎎㣪

⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ┺ / ⹫㍶㌳┮㦚 Ⱒ⋮㎎㣪

Exercise 9.10

Answer to the following question using ~

Ệ✶㣪 and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example. Then translate the
answer.

Example:

㢲䕢䕆㠦㞞 Ṗ㎎㣪? (㟓㏣㧊㧞┺)

= 㟓㏣㧊㧞Ệ✶㣪. “(I) have an appointment, you know.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(conditions)

㢲㩖⎗ 㔳㌂⯒ 㞞䞮㎎㣪? (㩦㕂㦚 ⓼Ợ ⲏ㠞┺)

㢲 ⏎⧮ 㞞䞮㎎㣪? (⳿㧊㞚䝚┺)

㢲㫆⁞ ✲㎎㣪? (┺㧊㠊䔎⯒ 䞮ἶ 㧞┺)

㢲㞞㌂㎎㣪? (☞㧊㠜┺)

㢲㞞 Ⱎ㔲㎎㣪? (㑶㦚 ⴑ Ⱎ㔲┺)

㢲㢍㦚 ⹪∎㎾㠊㣪? (㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 㧧㞮┺)

Exercise 9.11

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚㟒 and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Only if (we) have money, (we) can go to Hawaii.”

(

☞㧊㧞┺ / 䞮㢖㧊㠦 Ṟ 㑮㧞㠊㣪)

= ☞㧊㧞㠊㟒䞮㢖㧊㠦 Ṟ 㑮㧞㠊㣪.

1 Only if (my) girlfriend is happy, (I) am also happy (

㡂㧦䂲ῂṖ 䟟⽋

䞮┺ / 㩖☚ 䟟⽋䟊㣪)

2 Only if (it) is on sale, (I) can buy (it) (

㎎㧒㦚G䞮┺ / ㌊G㑮G㧞㠊㣪)

3 Only if (you) study hard, (you) can become a doctor (

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮┺

㦮㌂Ṗ ♶ 㑮㧞㠊㣪)

4 Only if (he) quits (his) work, (he) can travel (

㧒㦚G ⁎Ⱒ⚦┺ / 㡂䟟㦚

䞶㑮㧞㠊㣪)

5 Only if (she) quits smoking, (her) illness can be cured (

╊⺆⯒ ⊠┺ /

⼧㧊 ⋮㦚㑮㧞㠊㣪)

Exercise 9.12

Connect the following two sentences using ~

㠊/㞚㟒. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

ⰺ㧒㤊☯㦚䞮┺ / Ịṫ䟊㰞G㑮G㧞㠊㣪

= ⰺ㧒G㤊☯㦚G䟊㟒GỊṫ䟊㰞G㑮G㧞㠊㣪.

“Only if (you) exercise everyday, (you) can become healthy.”

㔲䠮㦚㧮⽊┺ / ⻫╖㠦 ✺㠊Ṟ 㑮㧞㠊㣪

㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎⯒ 䞮┺ / 䞯゚⯒ ⌒ 㑮㧞㠊㣪

㩖⁞㦚䞮┺ / ㌞㏢䕢⯒ ㌊㑮㧞㠊㣪

䕢Ⰲ㠦 Ṗ┺ / 㠦䗶䌖㤢⯒G⽒G㑮G㧞㠊㣪

䋂Ⰲ㓺䕊㦚GⰢ⋮┺ / 㺛㦚 ⹱㦚㑮㧞㠊㣪

UNIT 10

Clausal conjunctives (listing and choice)

ἶ

The function of the clausal conjunctive ~

ἶ is twofold. First, it simply con-

nects two different clauses, regardless of their sequence. It corresponds
to “and” in English. Consider the following examples:

㩲┞䗒Ṗ 㼃㏢䞮ἶ ⰺ䓲Ṗ 㣪Ⰲ䟊㣪. “Jennifer cleans up, and Matthew
cooks.”
ⰺ䓲Ṗ 㣪Ⰲ䞮ἶ 㩲┞䗒Ṗ 㼃㏢䟊㣪. “Matthew cooks, and Jennifer
cleans up.”

Notice that the meanings of the sentences above are the same, even if the
sequences of the clauses are different. Here are more examples:

㫊㦖G 㔶ⶎ㦚G 㧓ἶG 㑮㧪㦖G 䎪⩞゚㩚㦚G ⽦㣪. “As for John, (he) reads
newspaper, and as for Susan, (she) watches TV.”
㞺㧊G㧒⽎㦒⪲GṖἶG䐆㧊G䞲ῃ㦒⪲GṖ㣪. “Ann goes to Japan, and Tom
goes to Korea.”
ⲎⰂṖG㞚䝚ἶG㫎⩺㣪. “(My) head aches, and (I) am sleepy.”
㞺✲⮮ṖG㓺䗮㧎㠊⯒G㩚Ὃ䞮ἶG㧊㌂⻾㧊G䝚⧧㓺㠊⯒G㩚Ὃ䟊㣪. “Andrew
majors in Spanish, and Isabel majors in French.”

Second, ~

ἶ links two sequential actions or events, equivalent to “and

then” in English. Consider the following examples:

㑯㩲⯒ 䞮ἶ 㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ㠊㣪. “(I) do the homework and then eat
lunch.”
㩦㕂㦚 ⲏἶ 㑯㩲⯒ 䟊㣪. “(I) eat lunch and then do the homework.”

Notice that ~

ἶ indicates the order of the action. In other words, the change

in the sequence of the clauses generates a different meaning. Here are
more examples:

Clausal
conjunctives
(listing and
choice)

㩖⎗㦚 ⲏἶ ㍲㩦㠦 ṧ┞┺. “(I) eat dinner and then go to a bookstore.”
㌺㤢⯒ 䞮ἶ 㧦㣪? “Do (you) take a shower and then go to bed?”
㏦㦚㞑ἶ 㣪Ⰲ䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Wash (your) hands and then cook.”
䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮ἶ 㰧㠦 ṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) meet (our) friends and then go
home.”

ἶ is subject to one restriction: It is not conjugated for the tense.

Consider the following examples:

㞚䂾㦚GⲏἶG㤆㼊ῃ㠦GṪ㠊㣪. “(I) ate breakfast and then went to the
post office.”
㠊㩲⓪G ⋶㝾ṖG 䦦ⰂἶG 㿪㤶㠊㣪. “As for yesterday, the weather was
cloudy and cold.”

Notice that both sentences are about the past action and state. However,
the past tense is not marked by the ~

ἶ ending clauses but by the main

clauses.

㦒)Ⳇ

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)Ⳇ means “and” or “while.” It is a two-form

ending: ~

㦒Ⳇ is used when the preceding stem ends in a consonant (e.g.,

ⲏ㦒Ⳇ “eat and”); ~Ⳇ is used when the preceding stem ends in a vowel
(e.g.,

Ṗ⯊䂮Ⳇ “teach and”).

Verbs/adjectives

Stem + (

㦒)Ⳇ

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ㦒Ⳇ

⹕┺ “believe”

⹕㦒Ⳇ

㧷┺ “catch”

㧷㦒Ⳇ

㫡┺ “good”

㫡㦒Ⳇ

Ⱔ┺ “many”

Ⱔ㦒Ⳇ

Ṗ⯊䂮┺ “teach”

Ṗ⯊䂮Ⳇ

Ṗ┺ “go”

ṖⳆ

⽊┺ “see”

⽊Ⳇ

₆㊮┺ “glad”

₆㊮Ⳇ

䋂┺ “big”

䋂Ⳇ

The meaning of ~(

㦒)Ⳇ is similar to that of ~ἶ since both connect two

actions or states. However, while ~

ἶ can indicate both the non-sequential

as well as sequential actions/states (e.g., “and” and “and then”), ~(

㦒)Ⳇ

indicates only non-sequential actions/states. In addition, while ~

ἶ is widely

used both in spoken and written communication, ~(

㦒)ⳆGtends to be used

only in writing. Consider the following sentences:

Ệ⋮

䞚Ⱃ㦖Gἓ㩲䞯㦚G㩚Ὃ䞮ⳆG㺆㓺⓪G㕂Ⰲ䞯㦚G㩚Ὃ䞿┞┺. “As for Philip,
(he) majors in economics, and as for Charles, (he) majors in psychology.”
Ⰲ㌂⓪G 㨂㯞⯒G 㫡㞚䞮ⳆG 㩲㧚㓺⓪G 䋊⧮㔳㦚G 㫡㞚䟊㣪. “As for Lisa,
(she) likes jazz, and as for James, (he) likes classic.”

㡺⓮㦖 ⹪⧢㧊 Ⱔ㧊⿞Ⳇ 㿻Ỷ㔋┞┺. “As for today, (it) will be very
windy and cold.”
㧊G 㢍㦖G 㢍Ṧ㧊G 㫡㦒ⳆG ❪㧦㧎㧊G 㡞㊿┞┺. “As for this dress, the
fabric is good, and the design is pretty.”
㤆㼊ῃ㧊G 㣒㴓㠦G 㧞㦒ⳆG Ὃ㤦㧊G 㡺⯎㴓㠦G 㧞㠊㣪. “The post office is
on the left side, and the park is on the right side.”
㠦✲㤢✲⓪G 䃦⋮┺G ㌂⧢㧊ⳆG ⰞⰂ㡺⓪G ⲫ㔲䆪G ㌂⧢㧊㠦㣪. “As for
Edward, (he) is a Canadian, and as for Mario, (he) is a Mexican.”

Notice in the examples above that ~(

㦒)Ⳇ simply links two separate

and/or non-sequential actions or states.

When the subjects of both clauses are the same, ~(

㦒)Ⳇ indicates that

two or more actions or events occur simultaneously. Consider the follow-
ing examples:

ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱎ㔲Ⳇ 㧊㟒₆䟊㣪. “(We) talk while drinking beer.”
⁎⩞㧊㓺Ṗ 㦢㞛㦚 ✺㦒Ⳇ 㫆ₛ㦚䟊㣪. “Grace jogs, while listening to
music.”

Note in the above examples that ~(

㦒)Ⳇ is translated as “while” rather

than “and” in English.

㦒)Ⳇ is subject to one restriction: It is not conjugated for the tense,

as shown below:

ᾦ㑮┮㦮 ṫ㦮⯒ ✺㦒Ⳇ ⏎䔎⯒ 㩗㠞㠊㣪. “While listening to the pro-
fessor’s lecture, (I) took notes.”
㿺㦚㿪Ⳇ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿞⩖㠊㣪? “Did (you) sing, dancing?”

Notice in the examples that only the main clauses are conjugated for the
past tense.

Ệ⋮

The clausal conjunctive ~

Ệ⋮ is used to list two or more actions/states.

It is equivalent to “or” in English, as shown in the following examples:

䏶㣪㧒㠦⓪ ⽊䐋䂲ῂ✺䞮ἶ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽊Ệ⋮ 㰧㠦㍲㓂㠊㣪. “As for
Saturday, (I) normally see a movie with (my) friends or take a rest at
home.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(listing and
choice)

㞚䝚Ệ⋮ 䞒Ἲ䞶 ➢ 㰧㌳ṗ䟊㣪? “When (you) are sick or tired, do
(you) think about (your) home?”
䞒䎆㦮㞚⻚㰖Ṗ ㍶㌳┮㧊Ệ⋮ Ὃⶊ㤦㧒 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I guess that) Peter’s
father is either a teacher or a government officer.”
㧊Ⲫ㧒㦚G⽊⌊Ệ⋮G㩚䢪⯒G䞮㎎㣪. “Send (him) an e-mail or give (him)
a call.”
☚㍲ὖ㠦G ṖỆ⋮G 䄺䞒㑣㠦G ṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) go to the library or the
coffee shop.”

Ệ⋮ may imply that the actions or states listed by the conjunctive are

trivial, while the predicate or the content of the main clause is essential.
In such case, ~

Ệ⋮ is translated as “whether . . . or” in English. Consider

the following example:

⋶㝾Ṗ 㿻Ệ⋮G ▻Ệ⋮ ⰺ㧒 ⥆㠊㣪. “Whether the weather is cold or
hot, (I) run everyday.”

Notice that the two states denoted by two adjectives,

㿻┺ “cold” and

▻┺ “hot,” are trivial, whereas the predicate of the main clause, ⥆┺ “run”
is important. Here are more examples:

ⰱ㧞Ệ⋮ ⰱ㠜Ệ⋮ ⺆ ἶ䝚Ⳋ 㞚ⶊỆ⋮ ⲏ㠊㣪. “Whether (it) is delicious
or not, (we) eat anything if (we) are hungry.”
㠊⪋Ệ⋮G 㓓Ệ⋮ 㡊㕂䧞⺆㤎⧮㣪? “Whether (it) is hard or easy, will
(you) learn (it) enthusiastically?”
{}⯒G⽊Ệ⋮G㧦Ệ⋮ 㡺䤚 ^ 㔲₢㰖㰧㠦㧞㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Stay home until
7 p.m., whether (you) watch TV or sleep.”
㔂䝚Ệ⋮ ₆㊮Ệ⋮ 㠎㩲⋮ 㩚䢪䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Whether (you) are sad or
happy, call (me) anytime.”
゚ṖG㡺Ệ⋮G⑞㧊G㡺Ệ⋮ ⰺ㧒㤊☯䞿㔲┺. “Whether (it) rains or snows,
(let us) exercise everyday.”

✶㰖

The clausal conjunctive ~

✶㰖 is used to list a series of selections or to

imply an unenthusiastic or indifferent attitude toward the selections. It can
be translated in English as “or,” “no matter,” and/or “regardless.” Consider
the following example:

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲✶㰖㞚㧊㓺䋂Ⱂ㦚 ⲏ✶㰖 ⶪṖ 㔲䌋㔲┺. “(Let us) order
something, whether (we) drink coffee or eat ice creams.”

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 10
exercises

Notice in the example above that ~

✶㰖 enumerates two activities (e.g.,

drinking coffee and eating ice creams). However, it also implies that
the speaker is not enthusiastic about these activities. Here are more
examples:

⌊㧒゚Ṗ 㡺✶㰖 ⑞㧊㡺✶㰖㡞㩫╖⪲ 㰚䟟䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺. “(We) will
proceed (the event) according to the schedule, regardless (it) rains or
snows tomorrow.”
⁎ 㢍㧊 ⹪㕎✶㰖G 㕎✶㰖 Ↄ ㌂㭒㎎㣪. “Please buy (me) that dress
whether (it) is expensive or inexpensive.”
⁎ 㞚㧊✺㦖㡜㠦㌂⧢㧊㧞✶㰖G㠜✶㰖䟃㌗㔲⊚⩂㤢㣪. “As for those
kids, (they) are always noisy, whether people are around or not.”
㠊❪⯒ Ṗ✶㰖 ⶊ㠝㦚䞮✶㰖 Ịṫ䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Wherever (you) go and
whatever (you) do, be healthy.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 10 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṟ㞚㧛┺ to change (clothes)
₎┺ to be long
↙ flowers
⋶㞂䞮┺ to be slim
⋶㝾 weather
⌊┺ to pay out
♒㰖ἶ₆ pork
➖ sweat
Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱒ✺┺ to make
ⰱ㠜┺ to be tasteless
ⲎⰂ head/hair (of the head)
ⲏ┺ to eat

⹪╍Ṗ beach
⹿ room
⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read
⽊䐋 usually
゚ rain
㌂┺ to buy
㌆ mountain
㌊ age
㎇ỿ personality

Clausal
conjunctives
(listing and
choice)

㎎㑮 face washing
㏢ἶ₆ beef
㏢Ⰲ sound/noise
㑯㩲 homework
㔲㤦䞮┺ to be cool/to be refreshing
㔶ⶎ newspapers
㕎┺ to be cheap
㝆┺ to use

㞚䂾 morning/breakfast
㠎㩲 when
㠒Ὴ face
㡗䢪 movie
㡞㊮┺ to be pretty
㢍 clothes
㣎㔳 dining out
㤎┺ to cry
㦮㌂ doctor
㧎䎆⎍ internet
㧓┺ to read

㧧┺ to be small
㩖⎗ dinner/evening
㫡┺ to be good
㰖⯊┺ to cry out
㰖⿞䞮┺ to pay
㹿䞮┺ to be good/to be kindhearted
㿻┺ to be cold
䂮┺ to play/to strike
䂲㩞䞮┺ to be kind
䋂┺ to be big
䋺 height
䡚⁞ cash
䦦Ⰲ┺ to be cloudy
䦮Ⰲ┺ to spill/to drop

Exercise 10.1

Complete the following translation using ~

ἶ and the sentence cues pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) will listen to (my) friend’s story and then decide.”

(

㩲䂲ῂ㦮㧊㟒₆⯒ ✹┺ / ἆ㩫䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺)

= 㩲䂲ῂ㦮㧊㟒₆⯒ ✹ἶ ἆ㩫䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺.

Exercise
10.2

1 (I) eat breakfast and then exercise (

㞚䂾㦚 ⲏ┺ / 㤊☯䞿┞┺)

2 Brush (your) teeth and then go to bed (

㧊⯒ ┼┺ / 㧦㣪)

3 Do (you) ask the teacher first and then go to the restroom? (

㍶㌳┮

䞲䎢 Ⲓ㩖 ⶒ㠊⽊┺ / 䢪㧻㔺㠦 ṧ┞₢?)

4 (Let us) leave after making a reservation (

㡞㟓㦚䞮┺ / ⟶⋿㔲┺)

5 (I) want to get a job after graduating from college (

╖䞯ᾦ⯒ 㫎㠛䞮┺

䀾㰗䞮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪)

6 As for Susan, (her) eyes are big and (she) is quiet (

㑮㧪㦖 ⑞㧊䋂┺ /

㫆㣿䟊㣪)

7 As for Tim, (his) voice is good and (he) has humor (

䕖㦖 ⳿㏢ⰂṖ 㫡

┺ / 㥶ⲎṖ 㧞㠊㣪)

8 As for Andrew, (he) is humble and diligent (

㞺✲⮮⓪ Ἆ㏦䞮┺ / ⿖㰖

⩆䟊㣪)

Exercise 10.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~

ἶ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㩖⎗㦚 Ⲓ㩖 ⲏ┺ / 㑯㩲⯒ 䞶 Ệ㡞㣪?

= 㩖⎗㦚 Ⲓ㩖 ⲏἶ 㑯㩲⯒ 䞶 Ệ㡞㣪?

“Will (you) eat dinner first and then do (your) homework?”

㎎㑮⯒ 䞮┺ / 㢍㦚 Ṟ㞚㧛㦒㎎㣪

㑯㩲⯒ 䞮┺ / 㧎䎆⎍㦚㝆Ỷ㠊㣪

㌺㤢⯒ 䞮┺ / 㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㦣㔲┺

䋺Ṗ 䋂┺ / 㠒Ὴ㧊㧧㞮㠊㣪

㫊㧊 31 ㌊㧊┺ / 㦮㌂㧛┞┺

Exercise 10.3

Complete the following translation using ~(

㦒)Ⳇ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The subway is convenient and fast.” (

㰖䞮㻶㧊䘎䞮┺ /

ザ⯛┞┺)

= 㰖䞮㻶㧊䘎䞮Ⳇ ザ⯛┞┺.

1 Paul’s voice is loud and soft (

䙊㦮 ⳿㏢ⰂṖ 䋂┺ / ⿖✲⩓㔋┞┺)

2 James is a scientist and an inventor (

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ ὒ䞯㧦㧊┺ / ⹲ⳛṖ㧛

┞┺)

3 Wendy is an actress and a singer (

㥂❪Ṗ ⺆㤆㧊┺ / Ṗ㑮㧛┞┺)

Clausal
conjunctives
(listing and
choice)

4 Today’s weather is clear and cool (

㡺⓮ ⋶㝾Ṗ Ⱗ┺ / ㍶㍶䞿┞┺)

5 That school is good and famous (

⁎ 䞯ᾦṖ 㫡┺ / 㥶ⳛ䞿┞┺)

6 Train is safe and convenient (

₆㹾Ṗ 㞞㩚䞮┺ / 䘎䞿┞┺)

Exercise 10.4

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)Ⳇ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䡂⩢㧊㤙┺ / 㧊㟒₆䟞㠊㣪

= 䠦⩢㧊㤙㦒Ⳇ 㧊㟒₆䟞㠊㣪. “Helen talked, smiling.”

䎢⩢㓺Ṗ 䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺ / 㔶ⶎ㦚㧓ἶ 㧞㠊㣪

⁎⩞㧊㓺Ṗ 䎪⩞゚㩚㦚⽊┺ / 㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㠞㠊㣪

Ⰲ㻮✲Ṗ 䕳䆮㦚 ⲏ┺ / 㡗䢪⯒ ⽦㣪

㠦㓺▪Ṗ ➖㦚䦮Ⰲ┺ / 䎢┞㓺⯒ 䂮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪

⪲⻚䔎Ṗ 㤎┺ / ㏢Ⰲ 㰞⩖㠊㣪

┞䆲㧊 ⋶㞂䞮┺ / 㹿䟊㣪

䋊⧒⧒Ṗ 㡞㊮┺ / ㎇ỿ㧊㫡㞚㣪

⪲⧒⓪ ⲎⰂṖ ₎┺ / 䂲㩞䟞㠊㣪

㍲㤎㦖 ⋶㝾Ṗ 䦦Ⰲ┺ / ゚Ṗ 㡺Ỷ㠊㣪

㧊 ⹿㧊䋂┺ / 㔲㤦䟊㣪

Exercise 10.5

Complete the following translation using ~

Ệ⋮ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) will buy (it) whether (it) is cheap or expensive.”

(

㕎┺ / ゚㕎┺ / ㌊ Ệ㡞㣪)

= 㕎Ệ⋮ ゚㕎Ệ⋮ ㌊ Ệ㡞㣪.

1 (He) is (my) older brother whether (he) is a rich man or a beggar

(

⿖㧦㧊┺ / Ệ㰖㧊┺ / 㩲䡫㧊㠦㣪)

2 (I) want to study Korean whether (it) is difficult or easy (

㠊⪋┺ /

㓓┺ / 䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪)

3 (I) will wait (for her), whether (she) comes or not (

㡺┺ / 㞞㡺┺ /

₆┺Ⰺ Ệ㡞㣪)

4 (I) will try asking (him), whether (he will) lend (it to me) or not (

ア⩺

㭒┺ / 㞞ア⩺㭒┺ / ⶒ㠊⽒ Ệ㡞㣪)

5 Watch that drama again whether (it) is interesting or dull (

㨂⹎㧞┺ /

㨂⹎㠜┺ / ⁎ ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ┺㔲⽊㕃㔲㡺)

Exercise
10.6

Exercise 10.6

Connect the following two sentences using ~

Ệ⋮. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

{} ⯒ ⽊┺ / 䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㝎 Ệ㡞㣪

= {} ⯒ ⽊Ệ⋮ 䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㝎 Ệ㡞㣪.

“(I) will watch TV or use the computer.”

⽊䐋G㠎㩲G㡗䢪⯒G⽊┺G/G㣎㔳㦚G䞿┞₢?

↙㦚G㌂┺G/G䅖㧊䋂⯒GⰢ✲㕃㔲㡺

㞚䂾㠦G㫆ₛ㦚G䞮┺G/G㣪Ṗ⯒G䟊㣪

䡚⁞㦒⪲G⌊┺G/G䃊✲⪲G㰖⿞䞶GỆ㡞㣪

㌆㦒⪲GṖ┺G/G⹪╍Ṗ⪲Gṧ㔲┺

Exercise 10.7

Complete the following translation using ~

✶㰖 and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(Let us) clean the room or do the laundry.”

(

⹿㦚G㼃㏢䞮┺G/Gゾ⧮⯒G䞿㔲┺)

= ⹿㦚G㼃㏢䞮✶㰖Gゾ⧮⯒G䞿㔲┺.

1 (We) will eat lunch or drink coffee (

㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ┺ / 䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔺 Ệ㡞

㣪)

2 (Let us) go home or a coffee shop (

㰧㠦 Ṗ┺ / 䄺䞒㑣㠦Gṧ㔲┺)

3 Drink apple juice or tomato juice (

㌂ὒ 㭒㓺⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺ / 䏶Ⱎ䏶㭒㓺

⯒ Ⱎ㔲㎎㣪)

4 (Let us) see an action movie or a horror movie (

㞷㎮㡗䢪⯒ ⽊┺ /

Ὃ䙂㡗䢪⯒ ⽛㔲┺)

5 (We) will play tennis whether (it) is cold or hot (

㿻┺ / ▻┺ / 䎢┞

㓺⯒ 䂶 Ệ㡞㣪)

Exercise 10.8

Connect the following two sentences using ~

✶㰖. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㦖䟟㠦 Ṗ┺ / 㤆㼊ῃ㠦 Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪.

= 㦖䟟㠦 Ṗ✶㰖㤆㼊ῃ㠦 Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪.

“(I) will go to the bank or the post office.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(listing and
choice)

䆲⧒⯒G㌂┺G/G㭒㓺⯒G㌂Ỷ㠊㣪U

㏢ἶ₆⯒Gⲏ┺G/G♒㰖ἶ₆⯒Gⲏ㦣㔲┺U

䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲┺G/G䅖㧊䋂⯒Gⲏ㠊㣪U

⋶㝾ṖG䦦Ⰲ┺G/G㿪㤎GỆ㡞㣪U

㔶ⶎ㦚G㧓┺ / {} ⯒G⽒GỆ㡞㣪U

UNIT 11

Clausal conjunctives (time)

㦒)Ⳋ㍲

Ⳋ㍲

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲Gis used when two actions (or states) are

carried out simultaneously by the same subject. It corresponds to “while”
in English. ~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲ is a two-form ending: ~㦒Ⳋ㍲ is used after a stem

that ends in a consonant (e.g.,

ⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲ “while eating”); ~Ⳋ㍲ is used

after a stem that ends in a vowel (e.g.,

Ⱎ㔲Ⳋ㍲ “while drinking”).

䕳䆮㦚 ⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲㡗䢪⯒ ⽊ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(He) is seeing a movie, eating
popcorn.”
㤊㩚䞮Ⳋ㍲㩚䢪䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪? “Are (you) calling (someone), while
driving?”
䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲Ⳋ㍲㧊㟒₆䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Talk, drinking coffee.”
䞲ῃ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊Ⳋ㍲ ṯ㧊 Ỏ㦒㕃㔲┺. “(Let us) walk together, singing
Korean songs.”

❪㧦㧎㧊㡞㊮Ⳋ㍲ Ṩ㧊㕎㣪. “While the design is pretty, the price is
inexpensive.”
㧊㰧㧊䋂Ⳋ㍲䞯ᾦ㠦㍲☚ Ṗ₢㤢㣪. “While this house is big, (it) is
also near from school.”
㦢㔳㧊゚㕎Ⳋ㍲㍲゚㓺☚ ⋮ザ㣪. “While (their) food is expensive,
(their) service is also bad.”
ῆ㧎㧊Ⳋ㍲䞯㌳㧊㠦㣪. “While (he) is a military man, (he) is a
student.”

㦒)Ⳋ㍲ is not conjugated for the tense. Consider the following

examples:

☞㦚⻢Ⳋ㍲ ╖䞯㠦 ┺⎪㠊㣪. “(I) attended the college, while earning
money.”
䘎㰖⯒ 㧓㦒Ⳋ㍲㤎㠞㠊㣪? “Did (she) cry, while reading the letter?”
⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ ㌳ṗ䞮Ⳋ㍲㧊㌂㰚✺㦚⽊ἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪. “(I) was looking at
these pictures, while thinking about that friend.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(time)

Notice in the examples above that only the predicates of the main clauses
are conjugated for the tense.

㦒)Ⳋ㍲ is often used for disapproving, criticizing or complaining. This

is when two simultaneous actions or states, connected by ~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲, are

disagreeing or inconsonant each other. Consider the following example:

Ὃ⿖⯒ 㞞G䞮Ⳋ㍲ h ⯒ ⹱ἶ 㕌㠊䟊㣪. “While (he) does not study, (he)
wants to receive an A.”

Notice that the action of the first clause (e.g., not studying) and that of
the main clause (want to receive an A) are inconsonant each other. In
addition, the sentence is a speech act of complaining or disapproving.
Here are more examples:

㩲㧒 ⏨㦖⽟ 㦚 ⹱㦒Ⳋ㍲㔺⩻㧊㠜㠊㣪. “While (he) receives the
highest salary, (he) does not have any merit.”
㰗㠛☚ 㠜㦒Ⳋ㍲゚㕒㹾Ⱒ 㺔㞚㣪. “While (he) does not even have a
job, (he) only looks for expensive cars.”

㧦Ⱎ㧦

The clausal conjunctive ~

㧦Ⱎ㧦 means “as soon as” or “immediately after.”

㧦Ⱎ㧦 is subject to the following restrictions. First, it must be used only

with verbs, as shown below:

㧒㦚 Ⱎ䂮㧦Ⱎ㧦㰧㠦 Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will go home as soon as (I) finish
with (my) work.”
㧒㠊⋮㧦Ⱎ㧦㌺㤢䞶 Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) take a shower as soon as
(you) get up?”
Ὃ䟃㠦 ☚㹿䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦㡆⧓䞮㎎㣪. “Contact (them) as soon as (you)
arrive in the airport.”

Second, it is not conjugated for the tense.

㥶┞㓺ṖG⹿㠦G✺㠊㡺㧦Ⱎ㧦G䞒䎆ṖG㩚❇㦚G䆆㠊㣪. “Peter turned the
electric lamp on as soon as Eunice entered the room.”
䘎㰖⯒ 㧓㧦Ⱎ㧦㤎㠞㠊㣪. “(She) cried as soon as (she) read the
letter.”
㏢㔳㦚 ✹㧦Ⱎ㧦 ⹬㦒⪲ ⋮Ṫ㠊㣪. “(He) went outside as soon as (he)
heard the news.”

Notice in the examples above that only the main clauses are conjugated
for the tense.

┺Ṗ

The clausal conjunctive ~

┺ṖGis used to express the shift in action or state.

When it is attached to a verb stem, it indicates that the subject shifts his/
her action to another. Consider the following examples:

㺛㦚㧓┺Ṗ 㧺㠊㣪. “As (I) read the book, (I) slept.”
䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ┺Ṗ 㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 ✺⩖㠊㣪. “On my way to school, (I) stopped
by the supermarket.”

Notice in the examples above that the subjects shifted certain actions (e.g.,
reading, going to school) to another actions (e.g., sleeping, stopping by the
supermarket). Here are more examples:

XW ⿚㩚₢㰖 ⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ ₆┺Ⰲ┺Ṗ 㰧㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “(He) waited for that
friend until 10 minutes ago and then went home.”
䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪. “While drinking coffee, (I) met (my)
friends.”
㤆㼊ῃ㠦GṖ┺ṖGⶊ㠝㦚G㌖㠊㣪? “What did (you) buy on (your) way
to the post office?”
⥆┺Ṗ XW ⿚㩫☚ 㓂㎎㣪. “Run and then rest about 10 minutes.”
ⲪⓊ⯒ ⽊┺Ṗ 㦢㔳㦚㔲䌋㔲┺. “(Let us) look at the menu and then
order food.”

When ~

┺Ṗ is attached to an adjective stem, it indicates the shift in

state to another. Consider the following example:

ⰱ㧊㕇ỗ┺Ṗ 㰲㣪. “The taste was watery and then (it) is salty
(now).”

Notice in the example above that there was a shift in the state (e.g., from
“being watery” to “being salty”). The first state is no longer in effect in
favor of the second state. Here are more examples:

㡺㩚₢㰖 ⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡┺Ṗ 㰖⁞㦖䦦Ⱃ┞┺. “The weather was good until
a.m. and then (it) is cloudy now.”
䋂Ⰲ㓺Ⱎ㓺㩚₢㰖゚㕎┺Ṗ XY 㤪G Y] 㧒⿖䎆⓪ 㕎㪢㠊㣪. “(They)
were expensive before Christmas but then (they) became inexpensive
(starting) from December 26.”

The use of the past tense marker

㠞/㞮 is optional for ~┺Ṗ. If the

speaker wishes to highlight the past action rather than the shift in the
action, he/she can optionally use the past tense marker. Compare the fol-
lowing two sentenes:

Clausal
conjunctives
(time)

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ✺㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪. “On (my) way to school, (I) met
(my) friends.”
䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṫ┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ✺㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) went to school and then met
(my) friends.”

Notice that there is a subtle meaning difference between the two sentences:
While the first sentence simply indicates the shift in the action, the second
sentence highlights the completed past action that took place before the
shift of the action took place. Here are more examples:

㟓㏣㦚䟞┺Ṗ 䀾㏢䟞㠊㣪. “(I) made a promise and then (I) cancelled
(it).”
㠊❪ Ṫ┺Ṗ 㡺㎾㠊㣪? “Where did you go and come back?”
䅊䜾䎆⯒ ㌖┺Ṗ 䕪㞮㠊㣪. “(We) bought the computer and then sold
(it).”
㩚❇㦚䆆┺ṖGΩ┺Ṗ ⁎⧮㣪. “(They) do things like turning the elec-
tric lamp on and off.”
㠎㩲 ╖㌂ὖ㠦 Ṫ┺Ṗ 㢪㠊㣪? “When did (you) go to the embassy and
come back?”

┺Ṗ⓪

The topic particle

⓪ can be optionally attached to the conjunctive ~┺Ṗ.

┺Ṗ⓪ is used to warn about the action or state of the prior clause.

Consider the following examples:

ⰺ㧒G㑶㦚GⰞ㔲┺Ṗ⓪GỊṫ㦚G䟊䂶㑮㧞㠊㣪. “If (you) drink alcohol
everyday, (you) can harm (your) health.”
㿪㤊G⋶㝾㠦G⹬㠦㍲G㡺⧮G㤊☯䞮┺Ṗ⓪GṦ₆GỎⰊ 㑮㧞㠊㣪. “If (you)
exercise for a long time under the cold weather outside, (you) can catch
a cold.”

Notice in the examples above that ~

┺Ṗ⓪ indicates that the continual

action of the first clause may generate an unpleasant or troublesome
consequence.

㦒)⩺┺Ṗ

The combination of ~(

㦒)⩺ἶ “intending to” with ~┺Ṗ creates a new

clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)⩺┺Ṗ. The conjunctive ~(㦒)⩺┺Ṗ is used when

one tries to do something but comes across another situation. It indicates
that the intentional action of the first clause was never actualized, but the
action of the main clause was realized instead. Consider the following
example:

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 11
exercises

㰧㠦 Ṗ⩺┺Ṗ ㍲㩦㠦 Ṫ㔋┞┺. “As (I) intended to go home, (I) went
to a bookstore.”

Notice that the action of the first clause (e.g., going home) was never
actualized. Instead, the action of the main clause was realized. Here are
more examples:

Ṳ⯒ 㧷㦒⩺┺Ṗ ⍮㠊㪢㠊㣪. “As (I) intended to catch the dog, (I) fell
(on the ground).”
☚㍲ὖ㠦 Ṗ⩺┺Ṗ ₎㠦㍲㩲㧚㓺⯒ Ⱒ⋮㍲ ṯ㧊㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㠞㠊㣪.
“As (I) intended to go to the library, (I) met James on the street and
had dinner together.”
䝚Ⰶ䎆⯒G ㌂⩺┺ṖG ╖㔶G 䅊䜾䎆⯒G ㌖㠊㣪. “As (we) intended to buy
a printer, (we) bought a computer instead.”
ⶊ㠝㦚䕪⩺┺Ṗ ⴑ 䕪㞮㠊㣪? “What did (you) intend to sell, but could
not sell?”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 11 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ệ㰖 beggar
ọ┺ to walk
Ἒ┾ stairs
Ἒ㏣ continually
Ἶ┺ to snore
₎ road
₾┺ to break/to smash
⍮㠊㰖┺ to fall (down over)
⏎⧮ song
⏖┺ to play/to amuse
╖䞯 college
☞ money
♮┺ to become/to get to/to elapse
⟾㠊㰖┺ to fall/to drop

Ⱔ㧊 a lot
ⲏ┺ to eat
Ⲟ㿪┺ to stop
ⶊ㠎Ṗ something
⹪∎┺ to change
⺆䌞⋮┺ to have a stomachache

Clausal
conjunctives
(time)

100

⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read
㌂┺ to buy
㌊㹢┺ to gain weight
㎎㑮 face washing
㔲䋺┺ to order
㔲䠮 test/exam
㔶ⶎ newspapers
㝆┺ to use

㟧䂮㰞 brushing teeth
㡊㕂䧞 hard/earnestly/enthusiastically
㡗䢪 movie
㡺⯎㴓 right side
㢂⧒Ṗ┺ to climb/to go up
㣪Ⰲ cooking
㤎┺ to cry
㤙┺ to smile
㧊㌂ (house) moving
㧊㟒₆䞮┺ to talk
㧒䞮┺ to work
㧒㠊⋮┺ to get up
㧓┺ to read

㧦┺ to sleep
㩚㠦 before
㩦㕂 lunch
㩧㔲 dish
㫎┺ to doze off
㫎㠛䞮┺ to graduate
㭒㏢ address
㭧㠒ỆⰂ┺ to mutter/to murmur
㴩Ỿ⋮┺ to be expelled
㹾 car
㺔┺ to look for/to seek for
㺛 book
䢒㧦 alone
䣢㌂ company/firm

Exercise 11.1

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Exercise
11.2

101

Example: “Do not chew a gum, while working.”

(

㧒䞮┺ / ™㦚㞏㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪)

= 㧒䞮Ⳋ㍲ ™㦚㞏㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

1 (She) is calling (someone), crying (

㤎┺ / 㩚䢪⯒ 䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪)

2 Will (you) make friends while traveling? (

㡂䟟㦚䞮┺ / 䂲ῂ⯒ ㌂„ Ệ

㡞㣪?)

3 Do not fall from the bed, while getting up (

㧒㠊⋮┺ / 䂾╖㠦㍲ ⟾㠊

㰖㰖 Ⱎ㕃㔲㡺)

4 (Let us) not break dishes while cooking (

㣪Ⰲ䞮┺ / 㩧㔲⯒G ₾⥾Ⰲ㰖G

Ⱟ㔲┺)

5 Did (you) fall, while riding a bike? (

㧦㩚Ệ⯒ 䌖┺ / ⍮㠊㪢㔋┞₢?)

Exercise 11.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ㍲ as shown in the

example. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺ / 㤊㩚㦚䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪

= 䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲Ⳋ㍲㤊㩚㦚䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪.

“(I) am driving, while drinking coffee.”

䐆䞮ἶG㩲ⰂṖG㤙┺G/G㧊㟒₆䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪

㓺䕆ぢṖG㺛㦚G㧓┺G/G䢒㧦G㭧㠒Ệ⩺㣪

⬾㧊㓺ṖG㧦┺G/G䆪⯒GἾ㞮㠊㣪

䟊ⰂṖG⏎⧮⯒G䞮┺G/G㌺㤢⯒G䟊㣪

㫆❪ṖG₎㦚Gọ┺G/Gⶊ㠎ṖG㺔ἶG㧞㠞㠊㣪

Exercise 11.3

Finish the following translation using ~

㧦Ⱎ㧦 and the sentence cues pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(He) danced as soon as (he) wore shoes.”

(

㔶⹲㦚G㔶┺G/G㿺㦚G䀚㠊㣪)

= 㔶⹲㦚G㔶㧦Ⱎ㧦G㿺㦚G䀚㠊㣪.

1 (I) want to get married as soon as (I) get a job (

䀾㰗䞮┺ / ἆ䢒䞮ἶ

㕌㔋┞┺)

2 (She) cried as soon as (she) met (her) boyfriend (

⋾㧦䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮

┺ / 㤎㠞㠊㣪)

Clausal
conjunctives
(time)

102

3 (He) will snore as soon as (he) lies down on the bed (

䂾╖㠦G ⑫┺ /

䆪⯒ Ἶ Ệ㡞㣪)

4 What do (you) want to do as soon as (you) graduate from college?

(

╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䞮┺ / ⶊ㠝㦚䞮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪?)

5 Call (your) older sister as soon as (you) arrive in London (

⩆▮㠦G

☚㹿䞮┺ / ⑚⋮䞲䎢G㩚䢪䞮㕃㔲㡺)

6 (Let us) buy (some) popcorn as soon as (we) enter the theatre (

㡗䢪

ὖ㠦 ✺㠊Ṗ┺ / 䕳䆮㦚㌓㔲┺)

Exercise 11.4

Connect the following two sentences using ~

㧦Ⱎ㧦. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺ / ㌂ⶊ㔺⪲ ☢㞚Ṫ㠊㣪

= 䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲㧦Ⱎ㧦㌂ⶊ㔺⪲ ☢㞚Ṫ㠊㣪.

“(He) returned to the office, as soon as (he) drank coffee.”

㧒㠊⋮┺G/G㎎㑮⯒G䞿┞┺

㌞G㰧㦒⪲G㧊㌂⯒G䞮┺G/G㭒㏢⯒G⹪∾㠊㣪

╖䞯㦚G㫎㠛䞮┺G/G㹾⯒G㌊GỆ㡞㣪?

㩦㕂㦚Gⲏ┺G/G䄺䞒⯒G㔲䌋㔲┺

㎎㑮⯒G䞮┺G/G㟧䂮㰞㦚G䞮㕃㔲㡺

Exercise 11.5

Finish the following translation using ~

┺Ṗ and the sentence cues provided

in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “As (I) did laundry, (I) answered the phone.”

(

ゾ⧮⯒ 䞮┺ / 㩚䢪⯒ ⹱㞮㠊㣪)

= ゾ⧮⯒ 䞮┺Ṗ 㩚䢪⯒ ⹱㞮㠊㣪.

1 (I) watched TV and then slept (

䎪⩞゚㩚㦚⽊┺ / 㧺㠊㣪)

2 As (he) bought vegetables in the supermarket and (he) ran into (his)

friend (

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦㍲G㟒㺚⯒G㌂┺ / 䂲ῂ㢖GⰞ㭒㼺㠊㣪)

3 As (she) opened the door, (she) got (her) wrist injured (

ⶎ㦚㡊┺ /

㏦⳿㦚G┺㼺㠊㣪)

4 As (he) played basketball, (he) sprained (his) ankle (

⏣ῂ⯒ 䞮┺ /

⹲⳿㦚㋦㠞㠊㣪)

5 (I) wrote a letter and then went to the restroom (

䘎㰖⯒ 㝆┺ / 䢪㧻㔺

㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪)

103

Exercise
11.6

Exercise 11.6

Connect the following two sentences using ~

┺Ṗ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ┺ / 㩚䢪⯒ ⹱㞮㠊㣪.

= 㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ┺Ṗ 㩚䢪⯒ ⹱㞮㠊㣪.

“As (he) ate lunch, (he) answered the phone.”

㔶ⶎ㦚㧓┺ / 㫎㞮㠊㣪

㡗䢪⯒ ⽊┺ / 㤎㠞㠊㣪

㡺⯎㴓㦒⪲ Ṗ┺ / Ⲟ㿪㎎㣪

Ἒ┾㦚㢂⧒Ṗ┺ / ⍮㠊㪢㠊㣪?

⑚Ṗ 㣪Ⰲ⯒ 䞮┺ / 㩧㔲⯒ ⃒㠊㣪?

Exercise 11.7

Finish the following translation using ~

┺Ṗ⓪ and the sentence cues pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “If (you) leave late, (you) can miss the bus.”

(

⓼Ợ ⟶⋮┺ / ⻚㓺⯒ ⏩䂶㑮㧞㠊㣪)

= ⓼Ợ ⟶⋮┺Ṗ⓪ ⻚㓺⯒ ⏩䂶㑮㧞㠊㣪.

1 If (you) do not study hard, (you) cannot enter college (

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖⯒

㞞䞮┺ / ╖䞯㠦 ⴑ ✺㠊Ṗ㣪)

2 If (you) continue to smoke, (you) can get a cancer (

╊⺆⯒ Ἒ㏣䞒㤆

┺ / 㞪㠦 ỎⰊ 㑮㧞㠊㣪)

3 If (you) overspeed, an accident may occur (

ὒ㏣㦚䞮┺ / ㌂ἶṖ ⋶ Ệ

㡞㣪)

4 If (you) do not contact (each other), (you) can end up forgetting each

other (

㡆⧓㦚㞞䞮┺ / ㍲⪲ 㧠㠊⻚Ⰺ 㑮㧞㠊㣪)

5 If (you) continue to turn down, (you) can miss an opportunity (

Ἒ㏣ Ệ

㩞䞮┺ / ₆䣢⯒ ⏩䂶㑮㧞㠊㣪)

6 If (he) drinks whisky everyday, (he) may become an alcoholic (

ⰺ㧒㥚

㓺䋺⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺ / 㞢䆲㭧☛㧦Ṗ ♶ Ệ㡞㣪)

Clausal
conjunctives
(time)

104

Exercise 11.8

Connect the following two sentences using ~

┺Ṗ⓪. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䎪⩞゚㩚㦚㡺⧮ ⽊┺ / 㔲⩻㧊 ⋮ザ㰞㑮㧞㠊㣪

= 䎪⩞゚㩚㦚㡺⧮ ⽊┺Ṗ⓪ 㔲⩻㧊 ⋮ザ㰞㑮㧞㠊㣪.

“If (you) watch TV for a long time, (your) vision can become
worse.”

㧦₆G㩚㠦GⰤ㧊Gⲏ┺G/G㌊㹪GỆ㡞㣪

Ἒ㏣G⏖┺G/G㔲䠮㠦G⟾㠊㰞G㑮G㧞㠊㣪U

☞ⰢG㝆┺G/GỆ㰖ṖG♶GỆ㡞㣪U

㡊㕂䧞G㧒㦚G㞞G䞮┺G/G䣢㌂㠦㍲G㴩Ỿ⋶G㑮G㧞㠊㣪U

Ⱔ㧊Gⲏ┺G/G⺆䌞⋶GỆ㡞㣪

UNIT 12

Clausal conjunctives (background)

105

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)ච◆

ච◆

Function

The clausal conjunctive ~

⓪ /(㦒)ච◆ is used to provide background in-

formation for the main clause. Consider the following example:

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮⓪◆ 㨂⹎㧞㠊㣪. “(I) study Korean, and (it) is
interesting.”

In this example, the first clause

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮┺ “(I) study Korean” is

the background information for the main clause

㨂⹎㧞┺ “(it) is interest-

ing.” Here are more examples:

㡺⓮ ⹺ ⋶㝾Ṗ 㿪㤊◆ ⹬㠦 ⋮Ṗ㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪. “The weather is cold tonight,
so do not go outside.”
㩦㕂 ➢Ṗ ♦⓪◆ 㠊❪ Ṗ㍲ ⶪṖ ⲏ㦣㔲┺. “(It) has become lunchtime,
so (let us) go somewhere and eat something.”
㧊⻞㭒㠦㟓㏣㧊㧞⓪◆ ┺㦢㭒Ṗ 㠊➢㣪? “(I) have an appointment
this week, so how about next week?”
⌊㧒₢㰖㧒㦚 Ⱎ㼦㟒G䞮⓪◆ 䞮⋮☚ 㞞䟞㠊㣪. “(I) have to finish the
work by tomorrow, but (I) have not done anything.”
㡺⓮㦖 ⹪㊲◆ ⌊㧒 Ⱒ⋿㔲┺. “As for today, (I) am busy, so (let us)
meet tomorrow.”

How it is conjugated

⓪◆ is used after a verb stem.

Verb

Verb stem +

⓪◆

Ṗ┺ “go”

Ṗ⓪◆

⺆㤆┺ “learn”

⺆㤆⓪◆

Ṗ⯊䂮┺ “teach”

Ṗ⯊䂮⓪◆

㣪Ⰲ䞮┺ “cook”

㣪Ⰲ䞮⓪◆

Clausal
conjunctives
(background)

106

Verb

Verb stem +

⓪◆

Ὃ⿖䞮┺ “study”

Ὃ⿖䞮⓪◆

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ⓪◆

㺔┺ “find”

㺔⓪◆

㧞┺ “have/exist”

㧞⓪◆

㠜┺ “not have/exist”

㠜⓪◆

As for adjectives and copulas, ~

㦖◆ is used after a stem that ends

in a consonant, and ~

ච◆ is used after a stem that ends in a vowel, as

shown below:

Adjective

Adjective stem + (

㦒)ච◆

ච◆

㧧┺ “small”

㧧㦖◆

㫡┺ “good”

㫡㦖◆

Ⱗ┺ “clear”

Ⱗ㦖◆

㿻┺ “cold”

㿪㤊◆

㕎┺ “cheap”

㕒◆

䟟⽋䞮┺ “happy”

䟟⽋䞲◆

㧊㌗䞮┺ “strange”

㧊㌗䞲◆

Copula

Copula stem + (

㦒)ච◆

ච◆

㧊┺ “be”

㧎◆

㞚┞┺ “be not”

㞚┢◆

As for an adjective that is made of

㧞┺/㠜┺, such as 㨂⹎㧞┺ “inter-

esting” and

ⰱ㠜┺ “tasteless,” ~⓪◆ is used.

Adjective

Adjective stem +

⓪◆

㨂⹎㠜┺ “uninteresting”

㨂⹎㠜⓪◆

ⰱ㧞┺ “delicious”

ⰱ㧞⓪◆

ⲡ㧞┺ “stylish”

ⲡ㧞⓪◆

As for the past tense, ~

⓪◆ is used after the past tense marker 㠞/㞮,

and this applies to any predicate type, as shown below:

Verb stem + Past tense marker +

⓪◆

⓪◆: 㠊㩲䞲ῃ 㔳╏㠦 Ṫ⓪◆ ㏦┮

㧊 Ⱔ㞮㠊㣪. “(I) went to the Korean restaurant yesterday, and there
were many customers.”

Adjective stem + Past tense marker +

⓪◆

⓪◆: 㠊㩲㿪㤶⓪◆ ㌂⧢㧊 Ⱔ

㞮㠊㣪. “(It) was cold yesterday, but there were many people.”

Copula stem + Past tense marker +

⓪◆

⓪◆: 㧧⎚₢㰖 ἶ❇ 䞯㌳㧊㠞⓪◆

㧊㩲 ╖䞯㌳㧊㠦㣪. “Until last year, (she) was a high school student,
but (she) is a college student now.”

107

⓪VO㦒P

ච◆☚

⓪/(㦒)ච◆㣪 as a sentence ender

In spoken communication, conjunctives often end a sentence. For instance,
in a delicate or face-threatening communicative situation, such as express-
ing disagreement, requesting, complaining, and refusing, people often opt
out of saying the main clause as a strategy to be indirect and polite (e.g.,
so that they may reduce the degree of imposition when requesting or they
may not hurt the addressee’s feeling when refusing or complaining). For
instance, consider the following dialogue:

A: Can you come to my birthday party tonight?
B: I have a test tomorrow so . . . (I will not be able to make it).

Notice that the speaker B uses the ellipsis, leaving the main clause out.

In a similar manner the English conjunctive “so” ends the first clause

in the example above, ~

⓪/(㦒)ච◆ may be used as a sentence ender. The

politeness ending

㣪 is optionally attached to ~⓪/(㦒)ච◆, as in ~⓪/(㦒)

ච◆㣪, to sound more polite. Consider the following dialogue:

⌊㧒䕢䕆㠦 ṯ㧊 Ṟ⧮㣪?

“Would (you) like to go to the party together tomorrow?”

㧊⻞㭒⓪ ⹪㊲◆㣪.

“(I) am busy this week (so).”

Notice that the speaker B just provides background information (e.g., he/
she is busy), and opts out saying the main clause. In this way, the speaker
B makes the speaker A figures out the implicit message (e.g., so I can’t go
to the party tomorrow).

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)ච◆☚

ච◆☚

The combination of the conjunctive ~

⓪/(㦒)ච◆ and the particle ☚ “even/

also” is a new conjunctive ~

⓪/(㦒)ච◆☚ “although/despite (the fact that)/

even if.” Consider the following examples:

㧧㦖◆☚ ⹿㎎Ṗ ゚㕎㣪. “Although (it) is small, the room rent is
expensive.”
㭒Ⱖ㧎◆☚ ㏦┮㧊⼚⪲ 㠜㠊㣪. “Although (it) is a weekend, there are
not many customers.”
Ⱔ㧊㧺⓪◆☚ 㞚㰗☚ 䞒Ἲ䟊㣪. “Although (I) slept a lot, (I) am still
tired.”
㟓㦚 ⲏ㠞⓪◆☚ ⺆Ṗ 㡂㩚䧞㞚䕢㣪. “Although (I) took the medicine,
(my) stomach still aches.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(background)

108

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 12 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṗ⹿ bag/suitcase
ṯ㧊 together
⁞⹿ just now/at once
₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
₆䌖 guitar
⊩㧊┺ to boil
⌊㧒 tomorrow
⍞ⶊ too much
┺㦢 next
☚㹿䞮┺ to arrive
☫┺ to help

Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱔ┺ to be many/to be much
ⲎⰂ head/hair (of one’s head)
ⲏ┺ to eat
⳿Ⱎ⯊┺ to be thirsty
ⶊỗ┺ to be heavy
ⶊ㻯 very much/extremely
ⶒ water
⹎ῃ U.S.A.
⹎㞞䞮┺ to be sorry
⹪㊮┺ to be busy
⹿ room
⺆㤆┺ to learn
⺇䢪㩦 department store
⿖㠢 kitchen
⿖䂮┺ to send/to mail
゚㕎┺ to be expensive
アⰂ┺ to borrow

㌂┺ to buy
㌂⧢ person/people
㏢Ⰲ sound/noise
㏢䙂 parcel/package
㑮Ⰲ䞮┺ to fix/to repair
㔲⊚⩓┺ to be noisy
㞚䝚┺ to be sore
㟓 medicine
㠜┺ do not have/do not exist

109

Exercise
12.1

㡆⧓ contact
㣪㯞㦢 nowadays
㦢㔳 food
㧞┺ to have/to exist

㫖 a little/please
㭒 week
㭒┺ to give
㭚㧊┺ to reduce
㰖⁞ now
㰖⋲ last
㹾 car/tea
䅲┺ to switch on
㿻┺ to be cold
䂲ῂ friend
䞯ᾦ school
䞲ῃ Korea
䧞䎆 heater

Exercise 12.1

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪◆ and the sentence cues provided

in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(We) saw the movie, and (it) was really interesting.”

(

㡗䢪⯒ ⽺┺ / 㞚㭒㨂⹎㧞㠞㠊㣪)

= 㡗䢪⯒ ⽺⓪◆ 㞚㭒㨂⹎㧞㠞㠊㣪.

1 (I) am chewing a gum, but (my) tooth aches (

™㦚㞏ἶ 㧞┺ / 㧊Ṗ

㞚䕢㣪)

2 (I) am sweeping the street, and will (you) help (me)? (

₎㦚㼃㏢䞮ἶ

㧞┺ / ☚㢖㭚⧮㣪?)

3 (I) have to buy a gift, and (let us) go to the department store together

(

㍶ⶒ㦚㌂㟒䞮┺ / ⺇䢪㩦㠦 ṯ㧊 ṧ㔲┺)

4 (We) met Eric yesterday, but (he) was exactly the same as before

(

㠊㩲㠦Ⰳ㦚 Ⱒ⌂┺ / 㩚䞮ἶ ⡧ṯ㞮㠊㣪)

5 (He) studied hard but (he) failed the exam (

Ὃ⿖⯒ 㡊㕂䧞䟞┺ / 㔲䠮

㠦 ⟾㠊㪢㠊㣪)

Exercise 12.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~

⓪◆. Then translate the

sentence.

Clausal
conjunctives
(background)

110

Example:

㰖⁞ 㞚䂾㦚 ⲏἶ 㧞┺ / ₆┺⩺ 㭒㎎㣪.

= 㰖⁞ 㞚䂾㦚 ⲏἶ 㧞⓪◆ ₆┺⩺ 㭒㎎㣪.

“(She) is eating breakfast now, so please wait.”

⿖㠢㦚㑮Ⰲ䞮ἶ 㧞┺ / ゚㕎㣪

㰖⁞ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ┺ / ṯ㧊 ṧ㔲┺

ⶒ㦚 ⊩㧊ἶ 㧞┺ / Ⱎ㔺⧮㣪?

⺇䢪㩦㠦 Ṫ┺ / ㌂⧢✺㧊 ⍞ⶊ Ⱔ㞮㠊㣪

㰖⋲ 㭒㠦㏢䙂⯒ ⿖㼺┺ / ☚㹿䟞㠊㣪?

Exercise 12.3

Finish the following translation using ~

㠞/㞮⓪◆ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) was hungry, but (l) could not eat lunch.”

(

⺆Ṗ ἶ䝚┺ / 㩦㕂㦚 ⴑ ⲏ㠞㠊㣪)

= ⺆Ṗ ἶ䕶⓪◆ 㩦㕂㦚 ⴑ ⲏ㠞㠊㣪.

1 (She) was a student last year, but (she) is a teacher now (

㧧⎚㠦䞯㌳

㧊㠞┺ / 㧊㩲㍶㌳┮㧊㠦㣪)

2 There were many people before, but there are not many now. (

㩚㠦

㌂⧢✺㧊 Ⱔ㞮┺ / 㧊㩲⼚⪲ 㠜㠊㣪)

3 As for yesterday, (it) was hot, but as for today, (it) is cool (

㠊㩲⓪

▪㤶┺ / 㡺⓮㦖㍶㍶䟊㣪)

4 As for the price, (it) was cheap, but the quantity was small (

Ṩ㦖

㕢┺ / 㟧㧊㩗㠞㠊㣪)

5 The weather was bad, but there were many customers (

⋶㝾Ṗ ⋮ナ

┺ / ㏦┮㧊 Ⱔ㞮㠊㣪)

Exercise 12.4

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)ච◆. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡┺ / ㌆㺛䞶₢㣪?

= ⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㦖◆ ㌆㺛䞶₢㣪?

“The weather is good, so shall (we) take a walk?”

₆䌖⯒ ⺆㤆ἶ 㕌┺ / ṯ㧊⺆㤗㔲┺

ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚┺ / 㟓㧞㠊㣪?

Ṗ⹿㧊 ⶊỗ┺ / ☚㢖㭒㔺⧮㣪?

111

Exercise
12.5

㞺✲⮮⓪ ⹎ῃ ㌂⧢㧊┺ / 㓺䗮㧎㠊☚ 㧮䟊㣪

㣪㯞㦢 ⶊ㻯 ⹪㊮┺ / ┺㦢㭒㠦㡆⧓㭒㎎㣪

Exercise 12.5

Complete the following dialogue using the sentence cue provided in par-
enthesis and ~

⓪/(㦒)ච◆㣪, as shown in the example.

Example: A:

㡺⓮ 㩖⎗ 㔲Ṛ 㧞㦒㎎㣪?

B: __________________

(

㩖⎗㠦㧒䞮┺)

= 㩖⎗㠦㧒䞮⓪◆㣪

1 A:

⌊㧒䕢䕆㠦 ṯ㧊 Ṟ₢㣪?

⹎㞞䟊㣪. __________________ (⌊㧒㦖㫖 ⹪㊮┺)

2 A:

ⶦ ⲏ㦚₢㣪?

B: ____________________

(

䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㧊 ⲏἶ 㕌┺)

3 A:

XW ╂⧒Ⱒ ア⩺ 㭚⧮㣪?

B: ____________________

(

\ ╂⧒⹬㠦㠜┺)

4 A: _________________ (

㞚㰗㦢㔳㧊㞞 ⋮㢪┺)

㬚㏷䞿┞┺. ⁞⹿ ⋮㢂 Ệ㡞㣪.

5 A:

㫖 ________________ (㔲⊚⩓┺)

⹎㞞䞿┞┺. ㏢Ⰲ⯒ 㭚㧊Ỷ㔋┞┺.

Exercise 12.6

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච◆☚ and the sentence

cues provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Although the house is big, the house rent is inexpensive.”

(

㰧㧊䋂┺ / 㰧㎎Ṗ 㕎㣪)

= 㰧㧊䋆◆☚ 㰧㎎Ṗ 㕎㣪.

1 Although (he) is an English teacher, (he) can’t speak English well

(

㡗㠊㍶㌳┮㧊┺ / 㡗㠊⯒ 㧮 ⴑ䟊㣪)

2 Although the quantity is small, (it) is delicious (

㟧㧊㩗┺ / ⰱ㧞㠊㣪)

3 Although the salary is much, (I) will quit (it) (

㤪 㧊 Ⱔ┺ / ⁎Ⱒ⚮

Ệ㡞㣪)

4 Although the test was hard, (he) passed (the test) (

㔲䠮㧊㠊⩺㤶┺ /

䞿ỿ䟞㠊㣪)

5 Although (they) were poor, (they) were happy (

Ṗ⋲䟞┺ / 䟟⽋䟞

㠊㣪)

Clausal
conjunctives
(background)

112

Exercise 12.7

Connect the following two sentences using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච◆☚. Then translate

the sentence.

Example:

⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡┺ / 㰧㠦㧞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪?

= ⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㦖◆☚ 㰧㠦㧞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪?

“Although the weather is nice, will (you) stay home?”

㟓㦚 ⲏ㠞┺ / ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䕢㣪

ⶒ㦚 ⚦ 䅋㧊⋮ Ⱎ㎾┺ / ⳿Ⱖ⧒㣪?

⁎ 㹾Ṗ ゚㕎┺ / ㌊ Ệ㡞㣪

䧞䎆⯒ 䆆┺ / ⹿㧊㿪㤶㠊㣪

☞㧊㠜㠞┺ / ㍲㤎㠦 Ṗἶ 㕌㠞㠊㣪

113

UNIT 13

Clausal conjunctives (although)

㰖Ⱒ

㰖ⰢG

The clausal conjunctive ~

㰖ⰢG is used to acknowledge the action and/or

state of the first clause but to indicate something contrary or opposite
to that of the main clause. It is equivalent to “but” or “although” in
English.

⑞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㡺㰖Ⱒ 㞞㿪㤢㣪. “(It) snows a lot, but (it) is not cold.”
㰧㧊䞯ᾦ㠦㍲ Ⲗ㰖Ⱒ ᾦ䐋㧊䘎䟊㣪. “Although the house is far from
school, the traffic is convenient.”

㰖Ⱒ is not subject to any restriction. For instance, it is conjugated for

the tense, as shown below:

䞲ῃ㠦 ṖἶG 㕌㰖Ⱒ ☞㧊㠜㠊㣪. “Although (I) want to go to Korea,
(I) do not have money.”
㧒⽎㠊⯒ ⺆㤶㰖Ⱒ 㧮 ⴑ 㧓㠞㠊㣪. “(I) learned Japanese, but (I) could
not read (it) well.”

Second, there is no subject agreement restriction.

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮㰖Ⱒ 㧮 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) study hard, but (I) do not under-
stand (it) well.”
㠎┞⓪ ⏎⧮⯒ 㧮䞮㰖Ⱒ, 㩖⓪ 㧮 ⴑ 䟊㣪. “As for my older sister, (she)
sings well, but as for me (I) cannot sing well.”

Third, it may be used with any predicate type.

ₖ䂮⯒ ⲏ㰖Ⱒ 㫡㞚䞮㰖㞠㞚㣪. “(I) eat Kimchi, but (I) do not like
(it).”
ⴎ㧊䞒Ἲ䞮㰖Ⱒ 䟟⽋䟊㣪. “Although (my) body is tired, (I) am
happy.”

Clausal
conjunctives
(although)

114

䡫㦖 ἓ㺆ὖ㧊㰖Ⱒ 䡫㦮㡂㧦䂲ῂ⓪ ㍶㌳┮㧊㠦㣪. “As for my older
brother, (he) is a policeman, but as for his girlfriend, (she) is a
teacher.”

Finally, it can be used for all sentence types, as shown below:

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䟞㰖Ⱒ h ⯒ ⴑ ⹱㞮㠊㣪. “Although (I) studied hard, (I)
could not receive an A.”
Ἵ ₆㹾Ṗ ☚㹿䞶GỆ㰖Ⱒ 㞞 ₆┺Ⰺ Ệ㡞㣪? “The train will arrive (here)
soon, but won’t (you) wait?”
Ṩ㦖゚㕎㰖Ⱒ ゾⰂ ㌂㎎㣪. “As for the price, (it) is expensive, but buy
(it) immediately.”
⹬㠦゚Ṗ 㡺㰖Ⱒ ⋮ṧ㔲┺! “Although (it) rains outside, (let us) go
out!”

㦒)⋮

⋮G

The clausal conjunctive ~(

㦒)⋮ is used to indicate that the content of the

first clause does not comply with that of the main clause. It is also equiv-
alent to “but/although” in English. ~(

㦒)⋮ is a two-form conjunctive: ~㦒

⋮ is used after a stem that ends in a consonant (e.g., 㧓㦒⋮ “read but”),
and ~

⋮ is used after a stem that ends in a vowel (e.g., ⺆㤆⋮ “learn but”).

In addition, just like ~

㰖Ⱒ, ~(㦒)⋮ is not subject to any restriction.

Ṗỿ㦖゚㕎⋮ ₆⓻㧊 Ⱔ㞚㣪. “As for the price, (it) is expensive, but
(it) has many functions.”
Ἶ䝚⯒ 䂮ἶG 㕌㦒⋮ 㔲Ṛ㧊㠜㠊㣪. “Although (I) want to play golf,
(I) do not have time.”
㞚䂾㦚 ⲏ㠞㦒⋮ 㡂㩚䧞⺆Ṗ ἶ䕶㠊㣪. “Although (I) ate breakfast,
(I) was still hungry.”

㦒)⋮ may be used with two or more clauses, before the main clause

(e.g., ~

㦒⋮ ~㦒⋮). In such cases ~(㦒)⋮Gis used to list selections of actions

or states that have opposite meanings and to indicate that the content of
the main clause happens regardless of the selections indicated by ~(

㦒)⋮.

Consider the following example:

㧊₆⋮ 㰖⋮ 㡊㕂䧞䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “Whether (we) win or lose, (we) will do
(our) best.”

Notice that ~(

㦒)⋮ lists two activities that have opposite meanings (e.g.,

winning or losing), while the main clause occurs anyway regardless of the
activities of the previous clauses. Here are more examples:

115

㠊V㞚☚

㯦Ệ㤆⋮G 㔂䝚⋮ ⿖㧎㦚㌂⧧䞮㔲Ỷ㔋┞₢? “Will (you) love (your)
wife, whether (you) are happy or sad?”
㞟㦒⋮G㍲⋮ ╏㔶Ⱒ㦚㌳ṗ䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “Whether (I) sit or stand, (I) will
think only of you.”

㠊V㞚☚

The clausal conjunctive ~

㠊/㞚☚ is also equivalent to “but/although” in

English. In addition, it is not subject to any restriction. ~

㞚☚ is used after

a stem that ends in

㞚 or 㡺, whereas ~㠊☚ is used after a stem that ends

in all other vowels.

ⰺ㧒㡆㔋䟊☚ 㔺⩻㧊㞞 ⓮㠊㣪. “Although (I) practice (it) everyday,
(my) skill does not make any progress.”
䄺䞒⯒ Ⱔ㧊 Ⱎ㎪☚ 㫎⩺㣪? “(You) drink coffee a lot, but do (you)
feel drowsy?”
⓼Ợ 㧒㠊⋮☚ Ↄ 㡺㕃㔲㡺. “Come by all means, even if (you) get up
late.”
☞㧊㧞㠊☚ ㌂㰖 Ⱟ㔲┺. “Although (we) have money, (let us) not buy
(it).”
ⴎ㧊䞒Ἲ䟊☚ 䟟⽋䟊㣪. “Although my body is exhausted, (I) am
happy.”
䄺䞒⧒☚ 㫡㞚㣪. “Even if (it) be coffee, (it) is fine.”
㞚䂾㦚 Ⱔ㧊 ⲏ㠞㠊☚ 㡂㩚䧞⺆ἶ䕶㠊㣪. “Although (I) ate breakfast
a lot, (I) was still hungry.”
㰧㧊䣢㌂㠦㍲ Ⲗ㠞㠊☚ 㩖⓪ ὲ㺄㞮㠊㣪. “Although the house was far
from the company, (it) was fine with me.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 13 exercises

Ṗ₳┺ to be near
Ṗ┺ to go
ệ㩫♮┺ to be anxious/to feel uneasy
Ợ㦒⯊┺ to be lazy
ἶ₆ meat
‖㡓┺ to be cute
₎┺ to be long
⋮㊮┺ to be bad/to be wrong
⌊㎇㩗 introvert
┺Ⰲ legs/bridge

Clausal
conjunctives
(although)

116

❇⪳⁞ tuition
⡧⡧䞮┺ to be smart
⤇⤇䞮┺ to be chubby
ⰱ㧞┺ to be delicious
ⱋ┺ to be spicy
ⲏ┺ to eat
Ⲗ┺ to be far
⹎ῃ U.S.A.

⽊⌊┺ to send
⺇䢪㩦 department store
゚㕎┺ to be expensive
㌂┺ to buy
㕎┺ to be cheap
㠊⪋┺ to be difficult
㠊Ⰲ┺ to be young/to be juvenile/to be immature
㡃 station
㡗ⶎ䞯 English literature
㡗㠊 English
㡺┺ to come
㢍 clothes
㥶䞯 studying abroad
㦢㔳 food
㧦㭒 often
㧧┺ to be small
㧮 well
㨂⹎㧞┺ to be interesting
㩚Ὃ䞮┺ to major in
㫡㞚䞮┺ to like
㰖䞮㻶 subway
㽞╖㧻 invitation
䋺Ṗ 䋂┺Gto be tall
䘎䞮┺ to be convenient
䞲ῃ㠊 the Korean language
䢲⹲䞮┺ to be active

Exercise 13.1

Finish the following translation using ~

㰖Ⱒ and the sentence cues provided

in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Although (it) is expensive, (it) is delicious.” (

゚㕎┺ / ⰱ㧞

㠊㣪)

= ゚㕎㰖Ⱒ ⰱ㧞㠊㣪.

117

Exercise
13.2

1 Although Dave is in Seoul, (he) calls Barbara everyday (

◆㧊ぢṖ ㍲

㤎㠦㧞┺ / ⹪⹪⧒䞲䎢 ⰺ㧒㩚䢪䟊㣪)

2 Although the bag is big, (it) is light (

Ṗ⹿㧊䋂┺ / Ṗ⼒㤢㣪)

3 Although (I) want to go (there) together, (I) have an appointment

(

ṯ㧊 Ṗἶ 㕌┺ / 㟓㏣㧊㧞㠊㣪)

4 Although (I) will take an exam tomorrow, (I) did not study (

⌊㧒㔲䠮

㦚⽒ Ệ┺ / Ὃ⿖⯒ 㞞䟞㠊㣪)

5 Although (it) was hot in summer, (it) was cold in winter (

㡂⯚㠦 ▻㤶

┺ / Ỿ㤎㠦㿪㤶㠊㣪)

Exercise 13.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~

㰖Ⱒ. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㭧ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ┺ / 㫡㞚䞮㰖㞠㞚㣪

㭧ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ㰖Ⱒ 㫡㞚䞮㰖㞠㞚㣪.

“Although (I) eat Chinese food, (I) do not like (it).”

䞲ῃ㠊⓪ 㠊⪋┺ / 㨂⹎㧞㠊㣪

⹎ῃ㦒⪲ 㥶䞯㦚 Ṗἶ 㕌┺ / ❇⪳⁞➢ⶎ㠦 ệ㩫♒㣪

ἶ₆⯒ 㫡㞚䞮┺ / 㧦㭒 ⲏ㰖 ⴑ 䟊㣪

㡗ⶎ䞯㦚㩚Ὃ䟞┺ / 㡗㠊⯒ 㧮 ⴑ䟊㣪

㽞╖㧻㦚⽊⌞┺ / 㞞㢂 ộ ṯ㞚㣪

Exercise 13.3

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)⋮ and the sentence cues pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) slipped in the bathroom, but (I) was fine.”

(

䢪㧻㔺㠦㍲ ⹎⊚⩂㰖┺ / ὲ㺄㞮㠊㣪)

= 䢪㧻㔺㠦㍲ ⹎⊚⩂㪢㦒⋮ ὲ㺄㞮㠊㣪.

1 (I) learned the Korean language for a year, but (it) is still difficult

(

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 㧒⎚ ⺆㤆┺ / 㞚㰗㠊⩺㤢㣪)

2 (They) waited for one hour, but (she) did not come (

䞲㔲Ṛ ₆┺Ⰲ┺

㞞㢪㠊㣪)

3 (I) argued with (my) older brother, but (I) reconciled with (him) at

once (

㡺ザ䞮ἶ ┺䒂┺ / ⁞⹿ 䢪䟊䟞㠊㣪)

4 The living room is spacious but the kitchen is small (

Ệ㔺㧊 ⍩┺ / ⿖

㠢㧊㫗㞚㣪)

5 The room is clean but noisy (

⹿㧊 ₾⊭䞮┺ / 㔲⊚⩂㤢㣪)

Clausal
conjunctives
(although)

118

Exercise 13.4

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)⋮. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䄺䞒⯒ Ṗ⊪ Ⱎ㔲┺ / 㞞㫡㞚䟊㣪

= 䄺䞒⯒ Ṗ⊪ Ⱎ㔲⋮ 㞞㫡㞚䟊㣪.

“Although (I) drink coffee sometimes, (I) do not like (it).”

⩞㧊Ⲓ✲⓪ 䋺Ṗ 䋂┺ / ⤇⤇䟊㣪

㫆㰖⓪ 䢲⹲䞮┺ / ◆㧊キ㦖 ⌊㎇㩗㧊㠦㣪

⺇䢪㩦㧊 Ṗ₳┺ / 㰖䞮㻶㡃㧊 Ⲗ㠊㣪

䌳㔲⓪ 䘎䞮┺ / ゚㕎㣪

㦢㔳㦖㕢┺ / ㍲゚㓺Ṗ ⋮ナ㠊㣪

Exercise 13.5

Finish the following translation using the [~(

㦒)⋮ . . . ~(㦒)⋮] pattern and

the sentence cues provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Whether (it) is cold or hot, (let us) go outside.”

(

㿻┺ / ▻┺ / ⹬㦒⪲ ⋮ṧ㔲┺)

= 㿪㤆⋮ ▪㤆⋮ ⹬㦒⪲ ⋮ṧ㔲┺.

1 Whether the food is delicious or not, (let us) eat (it) all (

㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㧞

┺ / ⰱ㠜┺ / ┺ ⲏ㦣㔲┺)

2 Whether the test is easy or difficult, (I) must take (it) (

㔲䠮㧊㓓┺ /

㠊⪋┺ / ⽦㟒䟊㣪)

3 Whether (you) jog or do yoga, do (it) everyday (

㫆ₛ㦚䞮┺ / 㣪Ṗ⯒

䞮┺ / ⰺ㧒䞮㕃㔲㡺)

4 Whether (you) go to Korea or Japan, (you) need a visa (

䞲ῃ㦒⪲

Ṗ┺ / 㧒⽎㦒⪲ Ṗ┺ / ゚㧦Ṗ 䞚㣪䟊㣪)

5 Whether (it) is pork or beef, (they) are all expensive (

♒㰖ἶ₆㧊┺ /

㏢ἶ₆㧊┺ / ┺ ゚㕎㣪)

119

Exercise
13.6

Exercise 13.6

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚☚ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Even if (I) drink water, (I) am still thirsty.”

(

ⶒ㦚 Ⱎ㔲┺/ ⳿㧊㡂㩚䧞 Ⱖ⧒㣪)

= ⶒ㦚 Ⱎ㎪☚ ⳿㧊㡂㩚䧞 Ⱖ⧒㣪.

1 Even if (I) turn the heater on, (it) is still cold (

䧞䎆⯒ 䅲┺ / 㡂㩚䧞

㿪㤢㣪)

2 Even if (he) smoked, (he) was healthy (

╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆┺ / Ịṫ䟞㠊㣪)

3 Even if (she) eats a lot, (she) does not gain weight (

Ⱔ㧊 ⲏ┺ / ㌊㧊

㞞㳚㣪)

4 Even if (I) waited two hours, there was no contact (

⚦ 㔲Ṛ㦚 ₆┺Ⰲ

┺ / 㡆⧓㧊㠜㠞㠊㣪)

5 Even if (I) am sick, (I) will go to school (

㞚䝚┺ / 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪)

Exercise 13.7

Connect the following two sentences using ~

㠊/㞚☚. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䞒Ἲ䞮┺ / ⰺ㧒㫆ₛ䟊㣪

= 䞒Ἲ䟊☚ ⰺ㧒㫆ₛ䟊㣪.

“Even if (I) am tired, (I) jog everyday.”

㠦⹖ⰂṖ 㠊Ⰲ┺ / 䋺Ṗ 䄺㣪

䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㧊 ⱋ┺ / ⰱ㧞㠊㣪

⪲⻚䔎Ṗ Ợ㦒⯊┺ / ⡧⡧䟊㣪

㢍㧊゚㕎┺ / ㌂ἶ 㕌㠞㠊㣪

㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 㧧┺ / ‖㡂㤶㠊㣪

120

UNIT 14

Permission, prohibition, and obligation

Permission

Seeking and/or giving permission in Korean is typically carried out by the
form ~

㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺. This form is constructed from ~㠊/㞚☚ “even if” and

the verb

♮┺ “become/get/turn into.” Some other adjectives, such as ὲ㺄

┺ “be fine” or 㫡┺ “be good,” can be used instead of ♮┺ to indicate
the similar meaning. Consequently, the construction ~

㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺ (or ὲ

㺄┺/㫡┺) literally means “it is all right even if . . .”

The selection between ~

㠊☚Gand ~㞚☚Gdepends on the same principle

of choosing between ~

㠊㣪 and ~㞚㣪, the informal polite speech level

endings. ~

㞚☚Gis used after a stem that ends in 㞚 or 㡺 (e.g., Ṗ☚ “even

if I go”), whereas ~

㠊☚ is used after a stem that ends in all other vowels

(e.g.,

⺆㤢☚ “even if I learn”).

㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺ in an interrogative sentence is used to ask for permission.

On the other hand, ~

㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺Gin a declarative sentence is used to give

permission, as shown in the examples below.

Asking for permission

㧊㩲㰧㠦 Ṗ☚G♒㣪? “May (I) go home now (lit. Is it all right even if
I go home now)?”
ⶒ㦚 Ⱎ㎪☚ ♒㣪? “May (I) drink water?”
Ⲓ㩖 ⲏ㠊☚Gὲ㺄㞚㣪? “May (I) eat first?”
ⰺ㤢☚ ὲ㺄㞚㣪? “Is (it) okay even if (it) is spicy?”
₊ 㡂䟟㧊⧒☚ 㫡㞚㣪? “Is (it) all right even if (it) is a long trip?”

Giving permission

䎪⩞゚㩚㦚⽦☚G♒㣪. “(You) may watch TV (lit. It is okay even if you
watch TV).”
㧊㩲㹾⯒ 䕪㞚☚G♒㣪. “(You) may sell the car now.”
Ⲓ㩖㔲䅲☚Gὲ㺄㞚㣪. “(You) may order (it) first.”

121

Prohibition

㫖 ▪ ゚㕎☚Gὲ㺄㞚㣪. “(It) is fine even if (it) is a little more expensive.”
ⶒ㧊㞚┞⧒☚G㫡㞚㣪U “(It) is fine even if (it) is not water.”

㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺ in a negative sentence means “. . . do not have to . . . ” as

shown in the examples below:

⹪㊮Ⳋ 㞞GṖ☚G㫡㞚㣪. “If (you) are busy, (you) do not have go (lit. If
you are busy, it is all right, even if you do not go).”
⿞䘎䞮Ⳋ 㟧⽋㦚㧛㰖G 㞠㞚☚G ὲ㺄㞚㣪. “If (you) feel uncomfortable,
(you) do not have to put on a suit.”
⍞ⶊ ゚㕎Ⳋ ⁎ 㺛㦚㞞G ㌂☚G ♒㣪. “If (it) is too expensive, (you) do
not have to buy that book.”

Prohibition

For denying permission, prohibiting some action, or giving a warning, the
form ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ is used. This form is the combination of ~(㦒)Ⳋ

“if,” the negative

㞞 “not,” and the verb ♮┺ “become/get/turn into.” It

can be translated as “(it) would not be all right if . . .” or “you should/must
not” in English.

Ệ㰩Ⱖ 䞮ⳊG㞞G♒㣪. “(You) should not lie.”
ἆ䢒㔳 ➢ 㤎ⳊG 㞞G ♒㣪. “(You) should not cry during the wedding
ceremony.”
Ⲓ㩖 ⟶⋮ⳊG㞞G♒㣪. “(You) should not leave first.”
㡂₆㍲ ╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆ⳊG㞞G♿┞┺. “(You) should not smoke here.”
㡂₆㠦㝆⩞₆⯒ ⻚ⰂⳊG 㞞G ♿┞┺. “(You) should not throw garbage
away here.”
㢍㧊 ⍞ⶊ ゚㕎ⳊG 㞞G ♒㣪. “(It) would not be all right if the dress is
too expensive.”
⋶㝾Ṗ 䦦ⰂⳊG 㞞G ♒㣪. “(It) would not be all right if the weather is
cloudy.”
㑮㠛㠦 ⓼㦒ⳊG㞞G♒㣪. “(It) would not be all right if (you) are late for
the class.”
⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎Ṗ ⋾䞯㌳㧊ⳊG 㞞G ♒㣪. “(It) would not be all right if the
roommate is a male student.”

Meanwhile, the non-negating form of ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ would be ~(㦒)

Ⳋ ♮┺. Note that ~(㦒)Ⳋ ♮┺ means literally “it would be all right if . . .”
or “it would do if.” ~(

㦒)Ⳋ ♮┺ is typically used when one wishes to stress

what is minimally necessary or required. It is equivalent to “all one has to
do is . . .” Consider the following examples:

Permission,
prohibition,
and
obligation

122

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮ⳊG♒㣪. “(It) would do if (you) study hard.”
䞲ῃ㠦 ṖⳊG♒㣪. “All (you) have to do is to go to Korea.”
❪㧦㧎㧊㡞㊮ⳊG♒㣪. “(It) would do if the design is pretty.”
⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㦒ⳊG♒㣪. “(It) would do if the weather is good.”
䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊ⳊG♒㣪. “(It) would do if (they) are Koreans.”
⳿㩗㰖Ṗ ⩆▮㧊ⳊG♒㣪. “(It) would do if the destination is London.”

Obligation

In English, a sense of obligation or necessity is expressed by various
auxiliary verbs, such as “should,” “must,” “ought to,” “need to,” and “have
to.” In Korean, a sense of obligation can be expressed by the following
two constructions: (1)

㞞 ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺/~㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ and (2)

㠊/㞚㟒 ♮┺.

㞞 ~O㦒PⳊG㞞G♮┺VG~㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㞞G♮┺

Previously, it was noted that ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ is used to express “prohibi-

tion” or “warning.” Notice that

㞞 ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺Gor ~㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺

are the combinations of ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ and the negative form. Consider

the following examples:

[

㞞 ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺]

ⶒ㦚㞞GⰞ㔲ⳊG㞞G♒㣪U “(You) must drink water.”

㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺]

ⶒ㦚 Ⱎ㔲㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㞞G♒㣪. “(You) must drink water.”

Notice that the meanings of both sentences are the same. The difference
between

㞞 ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ and ~㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ is that while the first

is the short-form negation, the second is the long-form negation. Here are
more examples:

㞚䂾㠦㧒㹣㞞G㧒㠊⋮ⳊG㞞G♒㣪.
㞚䂾㠦㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㞞G♒㣪.
“(You) must get up early in the morning.”

䏶㣪㧒㠦㔲䃊ἶ㠦㞞GṖⳊG㞞G♒㣪.
䏶㣪㧒㠦㔲䃊ἶ㠦 Ṗ㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㞞G♒㣪.
“(We) must go to Chicago on Saturday.”

㔲䠮 Ὃ⿖⯒ 㞞G䞮ⳊG㞞G♒㣪.
㔲䠮 Ὃ⿖⯒ 䞮㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㞞G♒㣪.
“(I) must study for the test.”

123

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 14
exercises

㠊V㞚㟒G♮┺G

The idea of obligation or necessity can be also expressed by ~

㠊/㞚㟒

♮┺ (or ~㠊/㞚㟒䞮┺ for more formal usage).

⌊㧒㍲㤎㠦 Ṗ㟒G♒㣪U “(I) must go to Seoul tomorrow.”
ⰺ㧒 ⹺ 㟓㦚 ⲏ㠊㟒G♒㣪. “(I) must take medicines every night.”
䋂Ⰲ㓺Ⱎ㓺㩚₢㰖䃊✲⯒ ⽊⌊㟒G䞿┞┺. “(I) must send the card before
Christmas.”
㎇⓻㧊㫡㞚㟒G♒㣪. “The function has to be good.”
Ↄ 䟟⽋䟊㟒G♒㣪. “(You) must be happy by all means.”
㰧㧊䄺㟒G䞿┞┺. “The house has to be big.”
䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊⧒㟒G♒㣪. “(He) has to be a Korean.”
㠊⯎㧊⧒㟒G♒㣪. “(They) must be adults.”
㞚⻚㰖㦮㌂㧎㧊⧒㟒G䞿┞┺. “(It) must be (your) father’s signature.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 14 exercises

ṖỢ store
Ṗỿ price
Ṗ⹿ bag
ἶ❇䞯㌳ high-school student
Ὃ⿖ study
ῃ soup
₎ road/street
⋶㝾 weather
⌊┺ to pay
⌊㧒 tomorrow
⑞ snow/eyes

╁┺ to close
☚㍲ὖ library
➆┺ to obtain
⥾┺ to open (one’s eyes)
ⲏ┺ to eat
⹮㺂 side dishes
⹿ room
㏦ hands
㔲㧧䞮┺ to begin
㔲䠮 test/examination/experiment
㕇ỗ┺ to be watery
㕎┺ to pack/to be cheap

Permission,
prohibition,
and
obligation

124

㝆┺ to use
㞑┺ to wash

㞚㰗 yet/even now
㞚䂾 morning/breakfast
㠒Ὴ face
㡂䟟 traveling
㡗䢪 movie
㤊㩚Ⳋ䠞 driving license
㥚䠮䞮┺ to be dangerous
㧊㩲 now/this time
㧒 work/matter/affair
㧒㠊⋮┺ to get up
㧒㹣 early

㧧┺ to be small
㧷┺ to hold/to capture
㨂⹎㠜┺ to be uninteresting/to be dull
㩚₆㎎ electricity usage bill
㩦㕂 lunch
㫗┺ to be narrow/to be small
㫡┺ to be good
㰧 house
㰲┺ to be salty
㼃㏢ cleaning
䌖┺ to ride
䑊⁒䞮┺ to leave one’s office/to go home

Exercise 14.1

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(You) may leave tomorrow.” (

⌊㧒 ⟶⋮┺)

= ⌊㧒 ⟶⋮☚ ♒㣪.

1 (You) may trust Peter’s story (

䞒䎆㦮㧊㟒₆⯒ ⹕┺)

2 (You) may use my computer (

⌊ 䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㝆┺)

3 (You) may turn on the air conditioner (

㠦㠊䆮㦚G䔖┺)

4 (You) may turn off the electric lamp (

㩚❇㦚 ⊚┺)

5 (You) may close the door (

ⶎ㦚 ╁┺)

125

Exercise
14.2

Exercise 14.2

Conjugate the following using ~

㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

䞒㞚⏎⯒ 䂮┺

= 䞒㞚⏎⯒ 㼦☚ ♒㣪. “(You) may play the piano.”

㧊㩲䑊⁒䞮┺

⑞㦚 ⥾┺

㠒Ὴ㦚㞑┺

㏦㦚㧷┺

㌺㤢⯒ 䞮┺

Exercise 14.3

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(You) should not leave tomorrow.” (

⌊㧒 ⟶⋮┺)

= ⌊㧒 ⟶⋮Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

1 (You) should not lose the key (

㡊㐶⯒ 㧙㠊⻚Ⰲ┺)

2 (You) should not cross the bridge (

┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞┺)

3 (You) should not drink beer (

ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺)

4 (You) should not dump refuse (

㝆⩞₆⯒ ⻚Ⰲ┺)

5 (You) should not smoke here (

㡂₆㍲ ╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆┺)

Exercise 14.4

Conjugate the following using ~(

㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

⋶㝾Ṗ 㿻┺

= ⋶㝾Ṗ 㿪㤆Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

“It would not be all right if the weather is cold.”

ῃ㧊㕇ỗ┺

⹮㺂㧊㰲┺

㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㠜┺

⹿㧊㧧┺

₎㧊㫗┺

Permission,
prohibition,
and
obligation

126

Exercise 14.5

Finish the following translation using ~

㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺ and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(You) must hurry.” (

㍲⚦⯊┺)

= ㍲⚦⯊㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

1 (You) must study hard (

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮┺)

2 (I) must clean up the office (

㌂ⶊ㔺㦚㼃㏢䞮┺)

3 (He) must do the dishes (

㍺Ệ㰖⯒ 䞮┺)

4 (They) must go outside (

⹬㠦 ⋮Ṗ┺)

5 (She) must stay home (

㰧㠦㧞┺)

Exercise 14.6

Conjugate the following using ~

㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㟓㦚 ⲏ┺

㟓㦚 ⲏ㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “(You) must take the

medicine.”

㔲䠮 Ὃ⿖⯒ 䞮┺

㧒㦚㔲㧧䞮┺

㏦㦚㞑┺

⌊㧒㞚䂾㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮┺

㤊㩚Ⳋ䠞⯒ ➆┺

Exercise 14.7

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚㟒 ♮┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(You) must tie a necktie.” (

⍻䌖㧊⯒ ⰺ┺)

= ⍻䌖㧊⯒ ⰺ㟒 ♒㣪.

1 (He) has to be a doctor (

㦮㌂㧊┺)

2 (You) must wear a uniform (

㥶┞䙒㦚㧛┺)

3 (We) must make money (

☞㦚⻢┺)

4 (You) must wash (your) face (

㠒Ὴ㦚㞑┺)

5 (I) must go to the hospital (

⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ┺)

127

Exercise
14.8

Exercise 14.8

Conjugate the following using ~

㠊/㞚㟒 ♮┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

Ὃ䟃㠦 Ṗ┺

= Ὃ䟃㠦 Ṗ㟒 ♿┞┺. “(I) must go to the airport.”

㡂䟟 Ṗ⹿㦚㕎┺

㩚₆㎎⯒ ⌊┺

⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡┺

Ṗỿ㧊㕎┺

ἶ❇䞯㌳㧊┺

Exercise 14.9

Complete the following dialogue, as shown in the example.

Example: A:

㡺⩢㰖㭒㓺⯒ Ⱎ㎪☚ ♒㣪? “May (I) drink orange
juice?”

㞚┞㡺, _______________ “No, (you) should not drink
(it).”

= Ⱎ㔲Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

1 A:

䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㖾☚ ♒㣪? “May (I) use (your) computer?”

㞚┞㡺, _____________________. “No, (you) should not use (it).”

2 A:

㧊㩲䑊⁒䟊☚ ♶₢㣪? “May (I) leave the office?”

⍺, __________________________. Yes, (you) may leave the office.”

3 A:

㺓ⶎ㦚 ╁㞚☚ ♒㣪? “May (I) close the window?”

⍺, _______________________. “Yes, (you) may close the window.”

4 A:

㡺䏶⹪㧊⯒ 䌖☚ ♒㣪? “May (I) ride (your) motorcycle?”

㞚┞㡺, ___________________. No, (you) should not ride (it).”

Exercise 14.10

Finish the following translation using the sentence cues provided in par-
enthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(You) should not do laundry here.”

(

㡂₆㍲ゾ⧮⯒ 䞮┺ / ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺)

= 㡂₆㍲ゾ⧮⯒ 䞮Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

Permission,
prohibition,
and
obligation

128

1 (You) may smoke there (

㩖₆㍲ ╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆┺ / ~㠊/㞚☚ ♮┺)

2 (You) may take pictures in the room (

⹿㠦㍲㌂㰚㦚㹣┺ / ~㠊/㞚☚

♮┺)

3 (I) must take a Korean language class (

䞲ῃ㠊㑮㠛㦚 ✹┺ / 㞞 ~(㦒)

Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺)

4 (You) must buy a coat (

䆪䔎⯒ ㌂┺ / 㞞 ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺)

5 (I) must talk in a loud voice (

䋆㏢Ⰲ⪲ Ⱖ䞮┺ / ~㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞

♮┺)

6 (You) must wear seat belts (

㞞㩚⻾䔎⯒ ⰺ┺ / ~㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♮┺)

7 (You) must park (your car) here (

㡂₆㠦㭒㹾䞮┺ / ~㠊/㞚㟒 ♮┺)

8 (I) must leave Paris (

䕢Ⰲ⯒ ⟶⋮┺ / ~㠊/㞚㟒 ♮┺)

9 (You) should not open the refrigerator (

⌟㧻ἶ⯒ 㡊┺ / ~(㦒)Ⳋ

㞞 ♮┺)

10 (You) should not touch the painting (

⁎Ⱂ㦚 Ⱒ㰖┺ / ~(㦒)Ⳋ 㞞

♮┺)

129

UNIT 15

Passives and causatives

Passives

A sentence can be said either in the active voice or the passive voice. In
the active sentence, the subject is the “doer” of the action. For instance,
consider the following two sentences:

“John opens the door.” (active)
“The door is opened by John.” (passive)

In the first sentence, John is the doer, and the situation is depicted from

the doer’s standpoint. However, in the second sentence, the situation is
depicted from the standpoint of the object (e.g., the door) instead. In this
passive sentence, the focus is not on the doer but on the object of the
action.

In English, one can change a verb into a passive form by using the

copula “to be” along with the past particle of the verb (e.g., ~ed), as in
“the door was opened.” In Korean, one can change a verb into a passive
verb by attaching the suffix ~

㧊, ~䧞, ~Ⰲ, or ~₆ to the stem of verbs:

Suffix

㧊

⽊┺ “to see”

⽊㧊┺ “to be seen”

㝆┺ “to use”

㝆㧊┺ “to be used”

⏩┺ “to place”

⏩㧊┺ “to be placed”

㍴┺ “to mix”

㍴㧊┺ “to be mixed”

㕩┺ “to pile up”

㕩㧊┺ “to be piled up”

Suffix

䧞

╁┺ “to close”

╁䧞┺ “to be closed”

Ⱏ┺ “to block”

Ⱏ䧞┺ “to be blocked”

㧷┺ “to catch”

㧷䧞┺ “to be caught”

ọ┺ “to lift”

ọ䧞┺ “to be lifted”

⹵┺ “to step on”

⹵䧞┺ “to be stepped on”

Passives and
causatives

130

Suffix

Ⰲ

ⶒ┺ “to bite”

ⶒⰂ┺ “to be bitten”

㡊┺ “to open”

㡊Ⰲ┺ “to be opened”

✹┺ “to hear”

✺Ⰲ┺ “to be heard”

䕪┺ “to sell”

䕪Ⰲ┺ “to be sold”

⹖┺ “to push”

⹖Ⰲ┺ “to be pushed”

Suffix

₆

ュ┺ “to take away”

ュ₆┺ “to be taken away”

㞞┺ “to hold”

㞞₆┺ “to be held”

㴩┺ “to chase”

㴩₆┺ “to be chased”

⦅┺ “to tear out”

⦅₆┺ “to be torn out”

⊠┺ “to disconnect”

⊠₆┺ “to be disconnected”

The use of passives is more common in English than in Korean. For

instance, most English transitive verbs can be changed into passives (e.g.,
“I placed the book on the desk” vs. “The book was placed on the desk by
me”). However, in Korean, there is only a limited set of transitive verbs
that can be made passive (like the verbs listed above). One has to mem-
orize both the verbs that can be changed into a passive verb as well as
the suffix each verb takes.

When an active sentence is changed into a passive sentence, the subject

and object relationship changes. For instance, the object of the active
sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. Consider the fol-
lowing two sentences.

䞲ῃ 䞯㌳✺㧊㧊㺛㦚㧓⓪┺. “Korean students read this book.”
㧊㺛㧊䞲ῃ 䞯㌳✺䞲䎢 (or 㠦Ợ) 㧓䧢┺. “This book is read by Korean
students.”

In the first sentence, the subject is

䞲ῃ 䞯㌳✺, whereas the subject is

㺛 in the second sentence. In addition, notice in the second sentence that
䞲ῃ 䞯㌳✺Gis marked by 䞲䎢. When the object is an animate noun (e.g.,
human or animals),

䞲䎢 (or 㠦Ợ) marks the object. However, when it is

an inanimate noun (e.g., wind, car),

㠦 marks the object.

㫊㧊㞶₆⯒ 㞞㞚㣪. “John holds the baby.”
㞶₆Ṗ 㫊䞲䎢 (㠦Ợ) 㞞Ỿ㣪. “The baby is held by John.”

䌲䛣㧊 ₎㦚 Ⱏ㞮㠊㣪. “The storm blocks the road.”
₎㧊䌲䛣㠦 Ⱏ䡪㠊㣪. “The road was blocked by the storm.”

131

Causatives

Causatives

The function of a causative is to (i) make someone or something to do
something or (ii) to cause a change of state. In Korean, one can change a
verb or adjective into a causative by attaching a causative suffix to the
stem of verbs and/or adjectives. There are seven suffixes: ~

㧊, ~䧞, ~Ⰲ,

₆, ~㤆, ~ῂ, and ~㿪.

Suffix

㧊

ⲏ┺ “to eat”

ⲏ㧊┺ “to feed someone”

⽊┺ “to see”

⽊㧊┺ “to show”

㭓┺ “to die”

㭓㧊┺ “to kill someone”

⊩┺ “to boil”

⊩㧊┺ “to boil something”

Suffix

䧞

㧛┺ “to wear”

㧛䧞┺ “to dress someone”

⑫┺ “to lie down”

⑫䧞┺ “to lay someone down”

㞟┺ “to sit”

㞟䧞┺ “to put someone into a seat”

⍩┺ “to be wide”

⍩䧞┺ “to widen”

㫗┺ “to be narrow”

㫗䧞┺ “to narrow”

Suffix

Ⰲ

㤎┺ “to cry”

㤎Ⰲ┺ “to make someone cry”

㠒┺ “to freeze”

㠒Ⰲ┺ “to freeze something”

⋶┺ “to fly”

⋶Ⰲ┺ “to let something fly”

㞢┺ “to know”

㞢Ⰲ┺ “to inform”

Suffix

₆

⻭┺ “to take off ”

⻭₆┺ “to undress someone”

㤙┺ “to laugh”

㤙₆┺ “to make someone laugh”

㔶┺ “to wear”

㔶₆┺ “to put shoes on someone”

⋾┺ “to remain”

⋾₆┺ “to leave something behind”

Suffix

㤆

㧦┺ “to sleep”

㨂㤆┺ “to put someone to sleep”

䌖┺ “to burn”

䌲㤆┺ “to burn something”

₾┺ “to wake”

₾㤆┺ “to wake someone up”

⋒┺ “to join in”

⋒㤆┺ “to put in”

Suffix

ῂV㿪

☡┺ “to rise”

☡ῂ┺ “to make higher”

ⰴ┺ “to be suited”

ⰴ㿪┺ “to make fit”

⌄┺ “to be low”

⌄㿪┺ “to lower”

There are some similarities between the causatives and passives. First,

you may notice that both passive and causative suffixes contain ~

㧊, ~䧞,

Passives and
causatives

132

Ⰲ, and ~₆. In fact, some verbs such as ⽊㧊┺, 㠛䧞┺ and 㞞₆┺Gcan

function both as causatives as well as passives. For example, consider the
following two sentences:

㞚㧊Ṗ Ⰲ㌂䞲䎢㠛䡪㠊㣪. “The child was put on Lisa’s back.”
㠊Ⲏ┞Ṗ Ⰲ㌂䞲䎢㞚㧊⯒ 㠛䡪㠊㣪. “The mother put the child on
Lisa’s back.”

In such cases, one can only tell whether

㠛䡪㠊㣪 is a causative or a

passive verb by its context.

In addition, as with passives, only a restricted number of verbs and

adjectives (e.g., like the verbs and adjectives listed above) can take the
suffixes and be changed into causative verbs.

Since there is no rule that specifies which verb/adjective can take

which causative suffix, one has to learn both the verb/adjective that can
be changed into a causative as well as the suffix each verb/adjective takes.

The long-form causative construction ~

ỢG䞮┺

Besides changing verbs/adjectives into causatives by adding the suffixes,
there is one more way to change verbs/adjectives into causative construc-
tions. One can add the causative meaning to the verbs and/or adjectives
by attaching ~

Ợ 䞮┺ after their stems.

Ṗ┺ “to go”

ṖỢ 䞮┺ “to make someone go”

ⲏ┺ “to eat”

ⲏỢ 䞮┺ “to make someone eat”

⺆㤆┺ “to learn”

⺆㤆Ợ 䞮┺ “to make someone learn”

⽊┺ “to watch”

⽊Ợ 䞮┺ “to make someone watch”

➆⦑䞮┺ “to be warm”

➆⦑䞮Ợ 䞮┺ “to make something warm”

ⰱ㧞┺ “to be delicious” ⰱ㧞Ợ 䞮┺ “to make something delicious”
₆㊮┺ “to be happy”

₆㊮Ợ 䞮┺ “to make someone happy”

㓓┺ “to be easy”

㓓Ợ 䞮┺ “to make something easy”

The ~

Ợ 䞮┺ construction is a much more productive means to indicate

causative function than the adding the causative suffix, since its usage is
not restricted to the certain verbs and adjectives.

133

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 15
exercises

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 15 exercises

ἶ㟧㧊 cat
὆ bear
₎┺ to be long
™ chewing gum
⑚⋮ older sister
┺䟟䧞 fortunately
▪ more
▻┺ to be hot
⛺ back
Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
ⰱ㧞┺ to be delicious
ⰺ㧒 everyday
ⲏ┺ to eat
Ⲓ㩖 first
⳾₆ mosquito
ⶒἶ₆ fish

⹲䚲 presentation
⹻ meal
⽊䐋 usually
゚ rain
ゾ⧮ laundry
ゾ⧮㭚 clothes-line
㍲㨂 a study/library
㓺㤾䎆 sweater
㔲䠮 test/exam
㕎┺ to be cheap
㞏┺ to chew

㞚㧊 child
㞞Ṳ fog
㞴㭚 front row
㡺⓮ today
㧦㭒 often
㨂䌍 jacket
㩖⎗ evening/dinner
㩚₆ electricity
㩚䢪 telephone
㺛 book
㼃⹪㰖 jeans
㿻┺ to be cold

Passives and
causatives

134

Exercise 15.1

Complete each sentence with an appropriate active or passive form of the
verb indicated.

1 To sell (

䕪┺ / 䕪Ⰲ┺)

⁎ ṖỢṖ pTw ⯒G___________. “That store sells I-Pods.”

pTw ➢ⶎ㠦 jk w G ⓪ Ⱔ㧊㞞G ___________. “Because of
I-Pods, CD players are not sold much.”

2 To listen (

✹┺ / ✺Ⰲ┺)

㩚䢪⻾㏢Ⰲ⯒ ⴑ ________. “(I) could not hear the phone ring.”

㦢㞛㏢ⰂṖ 㞞 __________. “Music is not heard.”

3 To place (

⏩┺ / ⏩㧊┺)

䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㠊❪㠦 _______? “Where should (I) place the computer?”

䅊䜾䎆Ṗ 㺛㌗㥚㠦 ______. “The computer is placed on the table.”

Exercise 15.2

Finish the following translation using the cues provided in parenthesis.

Example: “The mountain is seen.” (

㌆ / ⽊㧊┺)

= ㌆㧊⽊㡂㣪.

1 (I) only use olive oil (

㢂Ⰲぢ ₆⯚ / 㝆┺)

2 This balloon is used for the birthday party (

㧊䛣㍶ / ㌳㧒䕢䕆 /

㝆㧊┺)

3 What time do (you) close the store? (

ⳝ 㔲 / ṖỢ / ╁┺)

4 The door was closed by the wind (

ⶎ / ⹪⧢ / ╁䧞┺)

5 (I) caught a mouse (

㮦 / 㧷┺)

6 The thief was caught by the police (

☚⚧ / ἓ㺆 / 㧷䧞┺)

7 Mosquitoes bite (

⳾₆ / ⶒ┺)

8 John was bitten by mosquitoes a lot (

㫊 / ⳾₆ / Ⱔ㧊 ⶒⰂ┺)

9 If the baby cries, please hug (him) (

㞚₆ / 㤎┺ / 㞞┺)

10 The baby was held by (her) dad (

㞚₆ / 㞚ザ / 㞞₆┺)

Exercise 15.3

Translate the following sentences into English.

Example:

⹿ⶎ㧊 ΈỢ ╁䡖㧞㠊㣪.

= “The door is firmly closed.”

135

Exercise
15.4

㺛㌗㠦㺛㦚㕩㞚㣪.

㔲䠮➢ⶎ㠦㓺䔎⩞㓺Ṗ 㕩㡂㣪.

ゾ⧮⯒ ゾ⧮㭚㠦㍲ ọ㠞㠊㣪.

┺䟟䧞㞞ṲṖ ọ䡪㠊㣪.

὆㧊 ⶒἶ₆⯒ ⶒ㠞㠊㣪.

⳾₆䞲䎢 ⶒ⪎㠊㣪.

㕎Ợ 䕢㎎㣪.

㓺㤾䎆Ṗ 㧮䕪⩺㣪.

Ⲓ㩖㩚䢪 ⊠㦒㎎㣪.

゚➢ⶎ㠦㩚₆Ṗ ⊠ἒ㠊㣪.

Exercise 15.4

Complete the following sentences, as shown in the example. Pay special
attentions to the causative form.

Example:

㠊Ⲏ┞⓪ 㞚㧊㠦Ợ ⹻㦚G___________ (to feed)

= 㠊Ⲏ┞⓪ 㞚㧊㠦Ợ ⹻㦚 ⲏ㧛┞┺.

㞚䂾 ^ 㔲㠦㞚㧊⯒ ______________ (to wake)

㞚㧊㠦Ợ 㢍㦚 _______________ (to dress)

㞚㧊㠦Ợ ㌞㔶⹲㦚 ______________ (to put shoes on)

㞚㧊⯒ 㦮㧦㠦 _______________ (to put someone into a seat)

㩖⎗ _ 㔲㠦㞚㧊⯒ ______________ (to put someone to sleep)

Exercise 15.5

Finish the following translation using the cues provided in parenthesis.

Example: “(I) lowered the radio volume.” (

⧒❪㡺⽒⮾ / ⌄㿪┺)

= ⧒❪㡺⽒⮾㦚 ⌄䀚㠊㣪.

1 Don’t make the child cry (

㞚㧊 / 㤎Ⰲ┺).

2 Did (you) dress (him) the uniform? (

㥶┞䙒 / 㧛䧞┺)

3 Please make the students laugh (

䞯㌳✺ / 㤙₆┺).

4 Please wake me up at 6 o’clock (

㩖 / ] 㔲㠦 ₾㤆┺).

5 Please boil the water (for me) (

ⶒ / ⊩㧊┺).

6 Please lay the baby on the bed (

㞚₆ / ⑫䧞┺).

7 Please do not burn the meat (

ἶ₆ / 䌲㤆┺).

Passives and
causatives

136

Exercise 15.6

Translate the following into English.

Example:

䂾╖㠦㞚㧊⯒ ⑫䡪㠊㣪.

= “(We) laid the child on the bed.”

㡺⓮ ⶮ ⲏ㦚₢㣪?

㑮㧪㧊 ἶ㟧㧊㠦Ợ ⹻㦚 ⲏ㡂㣪.

䞒䎆Ṗ ⰺ㧒 ^ 㔲Ṛ 㩫☚ 㧦㣪.

⑚⋮Ṗ ⽊䐋 _ 㔲㸺㠦㞚㧊⯒ 㨂㤗┞┺.

䋂Ⰲ㓺⓪ 㼃⹪㰖⯒ 㧦㭒㧛㠊㣪.

䕆㎪䁶⯒ 㧛䧞㎎㣪.

⛺㠦㞟㦒㎎㣪.

㞺✲⮮⯒ 㞴㭚㠦㞟䧞㎎㣪.

㓺㤾䎆⯒ ⻭㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

㨂䌍㦚⻭Ỿ 㭒㎎㣪.

Exercise 15.7

Finish the following translation using ~

Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪 and the cues provided

in parenthesis.

Example: “Please make the hair short.” (

ⲎⰂ / 㰽┺)

= ⲎⰂ⯒ 㰽Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

1 Please make the soup spicy (

ῃ / ⱋ┺).

2 Please make the room warm (

⹿ / ➆⦑䞮┺).

3 Please make the surrounding dark (

㭒㥚 / 㠊⚷┺).

4 Please make Lisa happy (

Ⰲ㌂ / 䟟⽋䞮┺).

5 Please make (your) wife joyful (

⿖㧎 / ₆㊮┺).

Exercise 15.8

Translate the following expressions into English.

Example:

㩲┞䗒⯒ 䟟⽋䞮Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

= “Please make Jennifer happy (for me).”

⹲䚲⯒ ▪ ₎Ợ 䞮㎎㣪.

ⰱ㧞Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

㕎Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲Ợ 䞮㎎㣪.

™㦚㞏Ợ 䞮㎎㣪.

137

UNIT 16

The noun-modifying endings

Modifier clauses

The typical examples of English modifiers are adjectives and relative clauses.
The English modifiers can occur before the word they modify (e.g., in case
of adjectives, as in “smart John”) and/or after the word (e.g., in case of
relative clauses, as in “John who is smart” or “John who studies history”).

However, in Korean, modifiers (or modifying clauses) always come

before the word they modify. Moreover, any predicate can be changed
into a modifier by attaching a noun-modifying ending to the predicate
stem. This unit introduces three Korean noun-modifying endings: ~

⓪,

㦒)ච, and ~(㦒)ඥ.

The noun-modifying ending ~

⓪

The noun-modifying ending ~

⓪G is used with verbs, and it carries the

present meaning. Consider the following examples:

Verb

Verb stem +

⓪

㧦┺ “sleep”

㰧㠦㍲㧦⓪ 䞯㌳ “the student who sleeps at home”

Ⱎ㔲┺ “drink”

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲⓪ 䞯㌳ “the student who drinks
coffee”

㡺┺ “come”

ⰺ㧒㡂₆㠦㡺⓪ ㏦┮ “the customer who comes
here everyday”

Ⱒ⋮┺ “meet”

㫊㦚 Ⱒ⋮⓪ ㌂⧢ “the person who meets John”

㧒䞮┺ “work”

䞲ῃ㠦㍲㧒䞮⓪ Ⰲ㌂ “Lisa who works in Korea”

㺔┺ “find”

⌊Ṗ 㺔⓪ ㌟ “the color I look for”

ⲏ┺ “eat”

䐆㧊 ⲏ⓪ 㦢㔳 “the food that Tom eats”

Ⱒ⋮┺ “meet”

Ⰲ㌂Ṗ Ⱒ⋮⓪ ㌂⧢ “the person whom Lisa meets”

㧓┺ “read”

䡫㧊㧓⓪ 㺛 “the book that (my) older brother
reads”

┺┞┺ “attend”

㩲㔲䃊Ṗ ┺┞⓪ ╖䞯ᾦ “the college that Jessica
attends”

The noun-
modifying
endings

138

Notice in the examples above that ~

⓪ attaches to the verb stem and

changes the predicate into the present form of a relative clause.

Although ~

⓪ is primarily used with verbs, few adjectives that end with

㧞┺/㠜┺ take ~⓪, as shown below:

ⰱ㧞┺ “delicious”

ⰱ㧞⓪ 㦢㔳 “delicious food”

ⰱ㠜┺ “tasteless”

ⰱ㠜⓪ 㩦㕂 “tasteless lunch”

ⲡ㧞┺ “stylish”

ⲡ㧞⓪ ⳾㧦 “fanciful hat”

㨂⹎㧞┺ “interesting”

㨂⹎㧞⓪ 㡗䢪 “interesting movie”

The noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)ච

The noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)චGis used with adjectives, copulas, as well

as verbs. When ~(

㦒)ච is used with adjectives or copulas, it indicates the

present meaning; when it is used with verbs, it carries the past meaning.

O㦒PචGwith adjectives and copulas

One can change an adjective and/or a copula into a noun-modifying unit
by attaching ~(

㦒)ච to their stems: ~㦖 is used after a stem that ends in

a consonant; ~

ච is used after a stem that ends in a vowel, as shown

below:

Adjective

Adjective stem + (

㦒)ච

㧧┺ “small”

㧧㦖㺛㌗ “small desk”

㫡┺ “good”

㫡㦖㌂⧢ “good person”

Ⱔ┺ “many”

Ⱔ㦖 ☞ “a lot of money”

㡞㊮┺ “pretty”

㡞㊲ ↙ “pretty flower”

⹪㊮┺ “busy”

⹪㊲㓺䅖㭚 “busy schedule”

㫆㣿䞮┺ “quiet”

㫆㣿䞲 ⹿ “quiet room”

㥶ⳛ䞮┺ “famous”

㥶ⳛ䞲 ⏎⧮ “famous song”

㠊⪋┺ “difficult”

㠊⩺㤊㔲䠮 “difficult test”

Copula

Copula stem + (

㦒)ච

㧊┺ “be”

㦮㌂㧎 ⰺ䓲 “Matthew who is a doctor”

㞚┞┺ “not be”

䞯㌳㧊㞚┢ ㌂⧢ “the person who is not a
student”

O㦒PචGwith verbs

When ~(

㦒)ච is attached to a verb stem, it changes the predicate into the

past form of a relative clause, as shown in the following examples:

139

The noun-
modifying
ending
~

O㦒Pඥ

Verb

Verb stem + (

㦒)ච

ⲏ┺ “eat”

㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㦖㌂⧢ “the person who ate dinner”

㺔┺ “find”

⌊Ṗ 㺔㦖㡊㐶 “the key that I found”

㧓┺ “read”

㧊㌂⻾㧊㧓㦖㺛 “the book that Isabel read”

⽊┺ “see”

⌊Ṗ ⽎㡗䢪 “the movie that I saw”

⺆㤆┺ “learn”

Ⱔ㧊⺆㤊䞯㌳ “the students who learned a lot”

⟶⋮┺ “leave”

㠊㩲 ⟶⋲ ⋾㧦 “the man who left yesterday”

Ὃ⿖䞮┺ “study”

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞲㌂⧢ “the person who studied
Korean”

Since ~(

㦒)ච denotes the past meaning, the use of past tense marker

㠞/㞮 along with ~(㦒)ච is grammatically incorrect. For instance, saying
a phrase like “the food that I ate” in Korean should be “

⌊Ṗ ⲏ㦖㦢㔳”

not “

⌊Ṗ ⲏ㠞㦖㦢㔳.”

The noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)ඥ

ඥG

The noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)ඥG indicates that the action or state

denoted by the predicate has not yet been actualized. ~

㦚G is attached to

a stem that ends in a consonant (e.g.,

Ⰲ㻮✲Ṗ ⲏ㦚㦢㔳 “the food that

Richard will eat”); ~

ඥG is attached to a stem that ends in a vowel (e.g.,

Ⰲ㌂Ṗ ⽒㡗䢪 “the movie that Lisa will see”).

Ὃ⿖䞮┺

㡺⓮ Ὃ⿖䞶 ⌊㣿 “the content that (I) will study today”

㧓┺

⌊㧒㧓㦚㺛 “the book (I) will read tomorrow”

Ṗ⯊䂮┺

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ṗ⯊䂶㍶㌳┮ “the teacher who will teach
Korean”

ⶊỗ┺

ⶊỆ㤎 Ṗ⹿ “the bag that will be heavy”

㫡┺

㎇ỿ㧊㫡㦚㌂⧢ “the person whose personality will be
nice”

㠊⪋┺

㠊⩺㤎㔲䠮 “the test that will be difficult”

As shown above, ~(

㦒)ඥ mainly indicates the prospective meaning.

However, since the action or state has not been realized, the ending
can also imply the meaning of intention or conjecture. This is particularly
true when the ending is used with the past tense. Compare the following
examples:

㌦⩂✲⯒ ⲏ㦖㌂⧢ “the person who ate salad”
㌦⩂✲⯒ ⲏ⓪ ㌂⧢ “the person who eats salad”
㌦⩂✲⯒ ⲏ㦚㌂⧢ “the person who will eat salad”
㌦⩂✲⯒ ⲏ㠞㦚㌂⧢ “the person who might have eaten salad”

The noun-
modifying
endings

140

The first sentence is the past form of a relative clause as indicated

by ~

㦖; the second sentence indicates the present action as indicated

by ~

⓪; the third sentence is about a prospective action as indicated by

㦚. However, notice that the predicate of the fourth sentence has the past

tense marker ~

㠞 and ~(㦒)ඥ (e.g., ⲏ + 㠞 + 㦚). The ~(㦒)ඥ ending

in the fourth sentence does not indicate the prospective meaning but
conjecture. Here are more examples:

㠊㩲 ☚㹿䟞㦚䘎㰖 “the letter that might have arrived (there)
yesterday”
䞲ῃ㦒⪲ ⟶⌂㦚䐆 “Tom who might have left for Korea”
⌊Ṗ Ⱒ⌂㦚㌂⧢ “the person that I might have met”
㰖⋲ 㤪㣪㧒㠦 ☚㍲ὖ㠦 Ṫ㦚㌂⧢ “the person who might have gone
to the library last Monday”

Placing a noun-modifying unit in a sentence

When a predicate is changed into a noun-modifying unit, it becomes part
of a new noun phrase, as shown in the following examples:

㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒ ⲏ㠊㣪. “(I) eat spaghetti.”
㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒ ⲏ㦖㌂⧢ “the person who ate spaghetti”
㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒ ⲏ⓪ ㌂⧢ “the person who eats spaghetti”
㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒ ⲏ㦚㌂⧢ “the person who will eat spaghetti”
㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒ ⲏ㠞㦚㌂⧢ “the person who might have eaten spaghetti”

These newly transformed noun phrases (or noun-modifying clauses)

can be used as a subject, object, or indirect object, depending on the
particle that attaches to them, as shown below:

㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒G ⲏ㦖G ㌂⧢㧊㫊㧊㠦㣪. “The person who ate spaghetti is
John.”
㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒G ⲏ㦖G ㌂⧢㦚㫡㞚䟊㣪. “(I) like the person who ate
spaghetti.”
㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒G ⲏ㦖G ㌂⧢䞲䎢㩚䢪䟞㠊㣪. “(I) made a phone call to the
person who ate spaghetti.”

141

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 16
exercises

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 16 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṟ㞚䌖┺ to change (car/train)/to transfer
ἆ䢒䞮┺ to marry (a person)
ὒ㧒 fruits
₆㹾 train
⌊㧒 tomorrow
⌊ I/my
⍺ you
⏎⧮ song
⏨┺ to be high
⑚⋮ older sister
┺㦢 next
☯⬢ colleague
✹┺ to listen

Ⱒ⋮┺ to meet
Ⱒ✺┺ to make
⹎ῃ U.S.A.
⹱┺ to receive
⹿ room
⻚Ⰲ┺ to throw away
アⰂ┺ to borrow
㌂┺ to buy
㌂⧢ person/people
㌆ mountain
㌊┺ to live
㍶ⶒ gift/present
㎂ island
㕎┺ to be cheap/to wrap up
㝆┺ to use
㝆⩞₆ trash

㞚⯚╋┺ to be beautiful
㞚䂾 morning/breakfast
㞚䕢䔎 apartment
㟧⽋ suit/dress
㠊㩲 yesterday
㢍 clothes
㦢㔳 food
㧊㌂Ṗ┺ to move (into a new address)

The noun-
modifying
endings

142

㧒䞮┺ to work
㧛┺ to wear (a dress)
㧧⎚ last year
㩲㧒 the first/most
㫆㣿䞮┺ to be quiet
㭒 week
㰖⋲ last
㰧 house
㺛 book
䂲ῂ friend
䞯ᾦ school
䡫 older brother
䣢㌂ company

Exercise 16.1

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ච and the cues provided in

parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Yellow cab” (

⏎⧭┺ / 䌳㔲)

= ⏎⧖ 䌳㔲

1 Pretty designs (

㡞㊮┺ / ❪㧦㧎)

2 The most famous tourist attraction in Korea (

䞲ῃ㠦㍲㩲㧒㥶ⳛ䞮

┺ / ὖὧ㰖)

3 The most popular actor in Korea (

䞲ῃ㠦㍲㩲㧒㧎₆㧞┺ / ⺆㤆)

4 The most expensive watch (

㩲㧒゚㕎┺ / 㔲Ἒ)

5 Long hair (

₎┺ / ⲎⰂ)

Exercise 16.2

Change the following into a noun-modifying form using ~(

㦒)ච, as shown

in the example. Then translate the phrase.

Example:

ⱋ┺ / ₖ䂮

= ⰺ㤊 ₖ䂮 “spicy kimchi”

㧊㰧㠦㍲㩲㧒㫆㣿䞮┺ / ⹿

◆┞㠮㧊 Ṗἶ 㕌┺ / 䞯ᾦ

㩲㧒㞚⯚╋┺ / ㎂

⹎ῃ㠦㍲㩲㧒 ⏨┺ / ㌆

㩲㧒㕎┺ / 㢍

143

Exercise
16.3

Exercise 16.3

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪ and the cues provided in par-

enthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The bus that I ride everyday” (

⌊Ṗ ⰺ㧒䌖┺ / ⻚㓺)

= ⌊Ṗ ⰺ㧒䌖⓪ ⻚㓺

1 The book that Peter reads nowadays (

䞒䎆Ṗ 㣪㯞㦢㧓┺ / 㺛)

2 The sports (we) enjoy during winter (

Ỿ㤎㠦㯦₆┺ / 㓺䙂䁶)

3 The food that Korean people eat everyday (

䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊 ⰺ㧒 ⲏ┺ /

㦢㔳)

4 The store where Jessica works (

㩲㔲䃊Ṗ 㧒䞮┺ / ṖỢ)

5 The man whom (my) older sister dates with (

㠎┞Ṗ ㌂‖┺ / ⋾㧦)

Exercise 16.4

Change the following into a noun-modifying form using ~

⓪, as shown in

the example. Then translate the phrase.

Example:

ⰺ㧒 ọ┺ / ỆⰂ

= ⰺ㧒 ọ⓪ ỆⰂ “The street that (I) walk everyday”

䂲ῂṖ ㌂┺ / ὒ㧒

㔲䃊ἶ㠦㍲ Ṟ㞚䌖┺ / ₆㹾

䡫㧊㌊┺ / 㞚䕢䔎

⑚⋮Ṗ 㝆┺ / 䅊䜾䎆

⌊Ṗ ṯ㧊㧒䞮┺ / ㌂⧢

Exercise 16.5

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ච and the cues provided in

parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The high school that I graduated from” (

⌊Ṗ 㫎㠛䞮┺ /

ἶ❇䞯ᾦ)

= ⌊Ṗ 㫎㠛䞲 ἶ❇䞯ᾦ

1 The picture that (we) took together (

ṯ㧊㹣┺ / ㌂㰚)

2 The movie that (I) saw last month (

㰖⋲ ╂㠦⽊┺ / 㡗䢪)

3 The dress that (she) exchanged yesterday (

㠊㩲 ⹪∎┺ / 㢍)

4 The milk that (I) drank in the morning (

㞚䂾㠦 Ⱎ㔲┺ / 㤆㥶)

5 The item that (I) sold in the afternoon (

㡺䤚㠦䕪┺ / ⶒỊ)

The noun-
modifying
endings

144

Exercise 16.6

Change the following into a noun-modifying form using ~(

㦒)ච, as shown

in the example. Then translate the phrase.

Example:

⁎㩖℮ Ⱎ㔲┺ / 䄺䞒

⁎㩖℮ Ⱎ㔶䄺䞒 “The coffee that (I) drank the day before

yesterday”

㠊㩲⿖⯊┺ / ⏎⧮

㧧⎚㠦 Ⱒ⋮┺ / ㌂⧢

㰖⋲ 㭒㠦 ⹱┺ / ㍶ⶒ

㞚䂾㠦⻚Ⰲ┺ / 㝆⩞₆

⌊Ṗ Ⱒ✺┺ / 㦢㔳

Exercise 16.7

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ඥ and the cues provided in

parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example:

“The tree that we will plant tomorrow” (

㤆ⰂṖ ⌊㧒㕂┺ /

⋮ⶊ)

= 㤆ⰂṖ ⌊㧒㕂㦚 ⋮ⶊ

1 The food that I will cook tomorrow (

⌊Ṗ ⌊㧒㣪Ⰲ䞮┺ / 㦢㔳)

2 The bottle that (I) will fill with milk (

㤆㥶⯒ ╊┺ / ⼧)

3 The water that the patient will drink (

䢮㧦Ṗ Ⱎ㔲┺ / ⶒ)

4 The book that (we) will borrow from the library (

☚㍲ὖ㠦㍲アⰂ┺ /

㺛)

5 The package which (you) will mail at the post office (

㤆㼊ῃ㠦㍲⿖䂮

┺ / ㏢䙂)

Exercise 16.8

Change the following into a noun-modifying form using ~(

㦒)ඥ, as shown

in the example. Then translate the phrase.

Example:

㤪㣪㧒㠦 Ⱒ⋮┺ / ㏦┮

㤪㣪㧒㠦 Ⱒ⋶ ㏦┮ “The customer that (I) will meet on

Monday”

145

Exercise
16.9

㩲㧊㓾㧊㧛┺ / 㟧⽋

⑚⋮Ṗ ἆ䢒䞮┺ / ㌂⧢

㤆ⰂṖ ┺㦢㭒㠦㧊㌂Ṗ┺ / 㰧

⍺Ṗ ⌊㧒アⰂ┺ / 㺛

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ 㞟┺ / 㧦Ⰲ

Exercise 16.9

Finish the following translation using the cues provided in parenthesis, as
shown in the example.

Example: “John who studies Korean” (

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮┺ / 㫊)

= 䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮⓪ 㫊

1 Maria who plays a guitar (

₆䌖⯒ 䂮┺ / ⰞⰂ㞚)

2 The person who will leave for Japan tomorrow (

⌊㧒㧒⽎㦒⪲

⟶⋮┺ / ㌂⧢)

3 The woman who made a cake (

䅖㧊䋂⯒ Ⱒ✺┺ / 㡂㧦)

4 The season that I like (

⌊Ṗ 㫡㞚䞮┺ / Ἒ㩞)

5 The child who threw the ball (

Ὃ㦚 ▮㰖┺ / 㞚㧊)

6 The student who has an Apple computer (

㞶䝢䅊䜾䎆Ṗ 㧞┺ /

䞯㌳)

7 The man who will meet Laura on Tuesday (

䢪㣪㧒㠦 ⪲⧒⯒ Ⱒ⋮┺ /

⋾㧦)

8 Tom who has an expensive car (

゚㕒㹾Ṗ 㧞┺ / 䐆)

9 Dave who is a policeman (

ἓ㺆ὖ㧊┺ / ◆㧊ぢ)

10 The customer who sent the letter yesterday (

㠊㩲䘎㰖⯒ ⽊⌊┺ /

㏦┮)

146

UNIT 17

Describing the appearance of actions
or states of affair

This unit introduces several expressions that are used to describe the appear-
ance of actions or states of affair and to express the speaker’s conjecture.

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)චV

චV(㦒)ඥGộGṯ┺

ඥGộGṯ┺

The construction ~

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ ộ ṯ┺ “(it) seems/looks like” is the

combination of one of three noun-modifying endings (e.g., ~

⓪, ~(㦒)ච,

and ~(

㦒)ඥ), the dependent noun ộ “the fact/the one/the being” (or Ệ

for colloquial settings), and the adjective

ṯ┺ “be the same.” The selection

of ~

⓪, ~(㦒)ච, and ~(㦒)ඥ follows the same mechanism of the noun-

modifying patterns: ~

⓪ is used after a verb stem for the present meaning;

㦒)ච is used after a verb stem for the past meaning or after an adjec-

tive/copula stem for the present meaning; ~(

㦒)ඥ is used after a verb or

adjective stem for the prospective meaning.

⓪GộGṯ┺

㣪㯞㦢 ⰺ㧒㞚䂾㫆ₛ㦚䞮⓪G ộG ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (she) jogs
every morning nowadays.”
⻚㓺Ṗ Ἵ ☚㹿䞮⓪GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) looks like the bus arrives soon.”
ⰺ䓲Ṗ 㡗㠊⯒ Ṗ⯊䂮⓪G ộG ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that Matthew teaches
English.”

O㦒PචGộGṯ┺

䙊㧊 ⳾⚦㠦Ợ 䂲㩞䞲GộGṯ㞚㣪. “Paul seems to be nice to everyone.”
㺆㓺Ṗ 㡗ῃ ㌂⧢㧎GộGṯ㞚㣪. “Charles seems to be British.”
㧊㹾Ṗ ▪ 㫡㦖GộGṯ㞚㣪. “This car seems to be better.”
㠊㩲 ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱔ㧊 Ⱎ㔶GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (they) drank beer a
lot yesterday.”
䏶┞Ṗ ☚㍲ὖ㠦 ṚG ộG ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that Tony went to the
library.”

147

⓪VO㦒PචVO

㦒PඥG
⳾㟧㧊┺

㔲䠮 Ὃ⿖⯒ Ⱔ㧊䞲GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (he) studied a lot for
the test.”

O㦒PඥGộGṯ┺

⌊⎚㠦䞲ῃ㠦 ṞG ộG ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (they) will go to Korea
next year.”
⌊㧒㦖 ⑞㧊㢂GộGṯ㞚㣪. “As for tomorrow, (it) seems that snow will
fall.”
䂲ῂṖ 䕢䕆㠦㞞G 㢂G ộG ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (my) friend will not
come to the party.”
䢪㣪㧒㧊㿪㤎GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that Tuesday will be cold.”
㔲䠮㧊㠊⩺㤎GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that the test will be difficult.”

For the past tense, the past tense marker

㠞/㞮 is used after ṯ┺.

Consider the following examples:

⹿㠦㍲G㧦ἶG㧞⓪GộGṯ㞮㠊㣪. “(It) seemed that (he) was sleeping in
the room.”
㩲㧚㓺ṖG Ṧ₆㠦G ỎⰆG ộG ṯ㞮㠊㣪. “(It) seemed that James caught a
cold.”
㏢ἶ₆⯒G 㞞G ⲏ㦚G ộG ṯ㞮㠊㣪. “(It) seemed that (he) would not eat
beef.”
㧊G 㡗䢪ṖG 㨂⹎㧞㦚G ộG ṯ㞮㠊㣪. “(It) seemed that this movie would
be interesting.”
㠊Ⲏ┞ṖG 㧒⽎G ㌂⧢㧎G ộG ṯ㞮㠊㣪. “(It) seemed that (her) mother
was a Japanese person.”

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)චV

චV(㦒)ඥG⳾㟧㧊┺

ඥG⳾㟧㧊┺

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥG ⳾㟧㧊┺ “appears/looks like” consists of one of three

noun-modifying endings, the noun

⳾㟧 “appearance/form/sign,” and the

copula

㧊┺.

⓪G⳾㟧㧊┺

䕳䆮㦚 Ⱒ✲⓪G ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (he) makes (some)
popcorn.”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤆⓪G⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (she) learns the Korean
language.”
㡊㐶Ṗ 㠜⓪G ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (she) does not have the
key.”
㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㧞⓪G⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that the movie is interesting.”

Describing
the
appearance
of actions or
states of
affair

148

O㦒Pච ⳾㟧㧊┺

㞚䂾㦚 ⴑ ⲏ㦖G ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (they) could not eat
breakfast.”
㧒⽎㠦㍲ ἶ❇䞯ᾦ⯒ ┺┢G⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (he) attended
a high school in Japan.”
䂲ῂṖ ⁎Ⰲ㤊G⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (he) longs for a friend.”

O㦒PඥG⳾㟧㧊┺

╊⺆⯒ ⊠㦚G⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (he) will quit smoking.”
❪㩖䔎⯒ 㞞 ⲏ㦚G ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) looks like (they) will not eat
dessert.”
㡺⓮ 㰧㠦㞞㢂G⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that (he) will not come home
today.”

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)චV

චV(㦒)ඥG❅䞮┺

ඥG❅䞮┺

⓪/(㦒)ච/ (㦒)ඥ ❅䞮┺ “seems/appears/looks like” is the combination

of one of the noun-modifying endings, the dependent noun

❅ “seeming

appearance,” and the dependent adjective

䞮┺ “really/indeed.”

㡂⯚㧊㡾G❅䟊㣪. “(It) seems that the summer has come.”
㧦ἶG㧞⓪G❅䞿┞┺. “(He) seems to be asleep.”
㞚㰗㌊㞚G㧞⓪G❅䞿┞┺. “(He) seems to be alive still.”
㎇㔺䞲㌂⧢㧎G❅䟊㣪. “(He) appears to be a diligent person.”
⁎ ㏢ⶎ㧊㌂㔺㧎G❅䟊㣪. “That rumor seems to be true.”

For the past tense, the past tense marker

㠞/㞮 is used after ❅䞮┺, as

shown in the following examples:

㨂㯞⯒ 㫡㞚䞮⓪G❅䟞㠊㣪. “(They) seemed to like jazz.”
㭧ῃ 㡃㌂⯒ 㩚Ὃ䞲G❅䟞㠊㣪. “(It) seemed that (he) majored in Chinese
history.”
㦢㔳㧊 ⰺ㤊G❅䟞㠊㣪. “The food appeared to be spicy.”

⋮V

⋮V(㦒)චṖG⽊┺

චṖG⽊┺

⋮/(㦒)චṖ ⽊┺ “guess/seem” is used to express the speaker’s inferential

judgment. It is corresponding to English expressions, such as “(I) guess
that,” and “(it) appears that.” For verb stems, ~

⋮ ⽊┺ is used, as shown

below:

149

⋮VO㦒PචṖG

⽊┺

㩲㔲䃊Ṗ 䌲ῢ☚⯒ ⺆㤆⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Jessica learns Taekwondo/
(It) seems that Jessica learns Taekwondo.”
䄺䞒⯒ Ⱔ㧊 Ⱎ㔲⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (she) drinks coffee a lot.”
䞲ῃ 㡃㌂⯒ 㩚Ὃ䞮⋮G ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (he) majors in Korean
history.”
㧒㣪㧒Ⱎ┺ ᾦ䣢㠦 Ṗ⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (they) go to church every
Sunday.”
☞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㧞⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (he) has a lot of money.”

For adjectives and copulas, ~(

㦒)චṖ ⽊┺ is used: ~㦖Ṗ ⽊┺ is used

after a stem that ends in a consonant, and ~

චṖ ⽊┺ is used after a stem

that ends in a vowel.

㠦✲㤢✲Ṗ ₆⿚㧊㫡㦖ṖG ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Edward is in a good
mood.”
Ṗ⹿㧊㧧㦖ṖG⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (her) bag is small.”
㰧㧊㞚㭒゚㕒ṖG⽦㣪. “(I) guess that the house is very expensive.”
⹬㧊㿪㤊ṖG⽦㣪. “(I) guess that the outside is cold.”
㔲䠮➢ⶎ㠦 Ⱔ㧊 ⹪㊲ṖG ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (they) are very busy
because of the test.”
Ṗ⹿㧊 Ṗ⼒㤊ṖG⽦㣪. “(I) guess that the bag is light.”
䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧎ṖG⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (he) is Korean.”

For the past tense, ~

⋮ ⽊┺ is used after the past tense marker 㠞/㞮:

with verbs, adjectives, and copulas. Consider the following examples:

㰖⋲ ╂㠦 ☞㦚 Ⱔ㧊㗒⋮G ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (they) spent money a
lot last month.”
㩖⎗㦚㞚㰗㞞 ⲏ㠞⋮G ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (they) have not eaten
dinner yet.”
㦢㔳㧊G㫖G㱆⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that the food was a bit salty.”
㔲䠮㧊G㓂㤶⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that the test was easy.”
㦢㔳㧊G⍞ⶊG╂㞮⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that the food was too sweet.”
㠊㩲GⰤ㧊G䞒Ἲ䟞⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (he) was very tired yesterday.”
ⰺ㤆G⺆ṖGἶ䕶⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (they) were very hungry.”
㭧ῃG㌂⧢㧊㠞⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that (he) was Chinese.”
䞒䎆㦮G ㌳㧒㧊G 㠊㩲㡖⋮G ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Peter’s birthday was
yesterday.”

Note that the main verb

⽊┺ does not take the tense marker. It is not

grammatically incorrect to add the past tense marker to

⽊┺. However,

adding the past tense to the main verb generates a different meaning, as
shown in the following examples:

Describing
the
appearance
of actions or
states of
affair

150

䏶Ⱎ㓺Ṗ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Thomas goes to school.”
䏶Ⱎ㓺Ṗ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṫ⋮G⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Thomas went to school.”
䏶Ⱎ㓺Ṗ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ⋮G ⽺㠊㣪. “(I) checked whether Thomas goes to
school.”
䏶Ⱎ㓺Ṗ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṫ⋮G ⽺㠊㣪. “(I) checked whether Thomas went to
school.”

㠊V㞚G⽊㧊┺

㠊V㞚G⽊㧊┺G

㠊/㞚⽊㧊┺ is used when the speaker expresses his/her opinion regard-

ing the appearance of something. It is only used with adjectives, and it
corresponds to “(it) looks/appears to be” in English.

㢍㧊゚㕎G⽊㡂㣪. “The dress looks expensive.”
䄺䞒Ṗ ⰱ㧞㠊G⽊㧛┞┺. “The coffee looks delicious.”
⿖㠢㧊䄺G⽊㡂㣪. “The kitchen appears to be big.”

For the past tense, the auxiliary verb

⽊㧊┺ takes the tense marker,

while the ~

㠊/㞚 ending adjective stem does not, as shown below:

₆⿚㧊G⋮ザG⽊㡖㠊㣪. “(Her) mood appeared to be bad.”
㫊㧊G㠊㩲G⹪ザG⽊㡖㠊㣪. “John looked busy yesterday.”
㠒Ὴ㧊G⓯㠊G⽊㡖㠊㣪. “(His) face looked old.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 17 exercises

Ṗỿ price
Ṗ⋲䞮┺ to be poor
Ṗ┺ to go
Ṗ⯊䂮┺ to teach
Ṗ⼣┺ to be light
Ị⍞┺ to cross/to go over
ἆ䢒䞮┺ to marry
Ἆ㏦䞮┺ to be humble
ἶ䂮┺ to fix/to repair
Ὃ䟃 airport
‖Ỏ㧊 earring
₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
₆㑯㌂ dormitory
ₖ䂮 kimchi

151

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 17
exercises

₾⊭䞮┺ to be clean
⊠┺ to quit

⋶㝾 weather
⏎⧮ song
⏎䔎⿗ notebook
⑞ snow/eyes
┺Ⰲ bridge/leg
┺㦢 next
╂ month
╊⺆ cigarette
╖䞯㤦㌳ graduate student
▻┺ to be hot
☚㹿䞮┺ to arrive
☞ money
☢㞚Ṗ┺ to return
☫┺ to help
⡧⡧䞮┺ to be smart
Ⱔ┺ to be many/to be much
ⰱ㠜┺ to be tasteless
ⰱ㧞┺ to be delicious
ⰺ㧒 everyday
ⲎⰂ head/hair (of one’s head)

⹪㊮┺ to be busy
⼚⪲ not in particular
⼧㤦 hospital
⽚ spring
⿖⯊┺ to sing/to call out
⿖㠢 kitchen
⿖㰖⩆䞮┺ to be diligent
⿖䂮┺ to send
゚㕎┺ to be expensive
アⰂ┺ to borrow
㌂┺ to buy
㌂⧢ person/people
㌊┺ to live
㎇㔺䞮┺ to be earnest
㑮㣪㧒 Wednesday
㔂䝚┺ to be sad
㔲䋺┺ to order (something)/to force (a person to do)
㔶䢒㡂䟟Ghoneymoon
㕇ỗ┺ to be watery
㕎┺ to be cheap/to be inexpensive

Describing
the
appearance
of actions or
states of
affair

152

㞚䝚┺ to be sore
㞞 inside
㞞ἓ glasses
㞶䝢䕢㧊 apple pie
㠜┺ not have/not exist
㡗㠊 English
㡞㊮┺ to be pretty
㡺┺ to come/to precipitate/to drop
㡺䤚 afternoon/p.m.
㣪Ⰲ䞮┺ to cook
㦢㔳 food
㧎₆ popularity
㧒⽎ Japan
㧒䞮┺ to work

㧮 well/expertly/nicely
㩠┺ to be young
㫡㞚䞮┺ to like
㰖ṧ wallet
㰧 house
㰲┺ to be salty
㹢Ṳ pot stew
㹾 car
㿲⹲䞮┺ to depart
㿻┺ to be cold
䂲ῂ friends
䘎㰖 letter
䞯₆ semester
䞲ῃ Korea
䡫 older brother
䦦Ⰲ┺ to be cloudy

Exercise 17.1

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⓪ ộ ṯ┺ (for verbs) and ~(㦒)ච ộ

ṯ┺ (for adjectives). Then translate the sentence.

Example:

ぢ⧒㧊㠎㧊䌲ῢ☚⯒ ⺆㤆┺

= ぢ⧒㧊㠎㧊䌲ῢ☚⯒ ⺆㤆⓪ ộ ṯ㞚㣪.

“(It) seems that Brian learns Taekwondo.”

㢖㕇䎊㠦㍲G㿲⹲䞮┺

㡺䤚㠦G☚㹿䞮┺

䂲ῂ⯒G₆┺Ⰲ┺

153

Exercise
17.2

☞㧊G⼚⪲G㠜┺

㍲㤎㠦G䂲ῂṖGⰤ┺

㹢ṲṖG㰲┺

㞺✲⮮ṖG㎇㔺䞮ἶG⡧⡧䞮┺

⋶㝾ṖG㿻ἶG䦦Ⰲ┺

䂲ῂṖ ⿖㰖⩆䞮┺

Ṗỿ㧊㕎┺

Exercise 17.2

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ඥ ộ ṯ┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㍲゚㓺Ṗ 㫡┺

㍲゚㓺Ṗ 㫡㦚 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that service will be

nice.”

㔶䢒G㡂䟟㦖G⧒㓺⻶Ṗ㓺⪲GṖ┺

䙊㧊G╊⺆⯒G⊠┺

┺㦢G㑮㣪㧒㠦G㰧㠦G☢㞚Ṗ┺

䡫㧊G☞㦚Gア⩺G㭒┺

┺㦢G䞯₆⿖䎆G₆㑯㌂㠦㍲G㌊┺

㩲㧎㧊G⏎⧮⯒G㧮G䞮┺

㦢㔳㧊Gⰱ㠜┺

ⰺ㧒G⹪㊮┺

⋶㝾ṖG▻┺

㫊㧊GἎ㏦䞮┺

Exercise 17.3

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⓪ ⳾㟧㧊┺ (for verbs) and ~(㦒)ච ⳾㟧

㧊┺ (for adjectives). Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㠦⹖ⰂṖ 㧒⽎㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮┺

= 㠦⹖ⰂṖ 㧒⽎㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪.

“(It) appears that Emily studies Japanese.”

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ 䞲ῃ㠦㍲㡗㠊⯒ Ṗ⯊䂮┺

䏶Ⱎ㓺Ṗ ⿖㠢㠦㍲㣪Ⰲ䞮┺

㫊㧊 ┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞┺

㌢❪Ṗ 䂲ῂ⯒ ₆┺Ⰲ┺

㞺㍲┞Ṗ 㹾⯒ ἶ䂮┺

Describing
the
appearance
of actions or
states of
affair

154

㌂⧒Ṗ 䘎㰖⯒ ⿖䂮┺

㺆㓺Ṗ 䄺䞒⯒ 㔲䋺┺

㥂❪Ṗ Ṗ⋲䞮┺

䅖㧊䔎Ṗ ⿖㰖⩆䞮┺

㌦ⰂṖ 㧎₆Ṗ Ⱔ┺

Exercise 17.4

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ ❅䞮┺G and the

sentence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(It) seems that flowers are blooming.” (

↙㧊䞒ἶ 㧞┺)

= ↙㧊䞒ἶ 㧞⓪ ❅䞿┞┺.

1 (It) seems that (he) is looking for keys (

㡊㐶⯒ 㺔ἶ 㧞┺)

2 (It) seems that (she) works on Saturday (

䏶㣪㧒㠦㧒䞮┺)

3 (It) seems that (they) sold the house (

㰧㦚䕪┺)

4 (It) seems that (he) will quit the job (

㰗㧻㦚 ⁎Ⱒ⚦┺)

5 (It) seems that the soup is spicy (

ῃ㧊㰲┺)

6 (It) seems that the ring is too expensive (

⹮㰖Ṗ ⍞ⶊ ゚㕎┺)

7 (It) seems that the size will be too small (

㌂㧊㯞Ṗ ⍞ⶊ 㧧┺)

8 (It) seems that the room will be too cold (

⹿㧊 ⍞ⶊ 㿻┺)

Exercise 17.5

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච ❅䞮┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㡺ザṖ ⏏㹾⯒ 㔲䋺ἶ 㧞┺

= 㡺ザṖ ⏏㹾⯒ 㔲䋺ἶ 㧞⓪ ❅䟊㣪.

“(It) seems that (my) older brother is ordering green tea.”

䂲ῂ⯒ ☫ἶ 㧞┺

㧒⽎ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊ἶ 㧞┺

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ἶ䂮ἶ 㧞┺

⑞㧊㡺┺

㦢㔳㧊㰲┺

155

Exercise
17.6

Exercise 17.6

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⋮/(㦒)චṖ ⽊┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䅖ゞ㧊㔶ⶎ㦚㧓┺

䅖ゞ㧊㔶ⶎ㦚㧓⋮ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Kevin reads

newspapers.”

⌎㔲ṖG┺㦢G╂㠦G䞲ῃ㠦GṖ┺

㪎㓺䕊㧊G⼧㤦㠦㍲G㧒䞮┺

⋮㡺⹎ṖG㧊⻞G⽚㠦Gἆ䢒䞮┺

㌮㧊G⪲⧒⯒G㫡㞚䞮┺

䕆⳾䕆ṖG㞚䝚┺

ₖ䂮ṖG㕇ỗ┺

㡺⓮G⋶㝾ṖG▻┺

㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㠜┺

㼒㔲Ṗ ╖䞯㤦㌳㧊┺

ぢ⧮✲Ṗ 㡗ῃ ㌂⧢㧊┺

Exercise 17.7

Finish the following translation using ~

㠊/㞚⽊㧊┺ and the adjective cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(He) looks anxious.” (

⿞㞞䞮┺)

= ⿞㞞䟊⽊㡂㣪.

1 (She) looks joyful (

₆㊮┺)

2 (He) looks scary (

ⶊ㎃┺)

3 (You) look lonely (

㣎⫃┺)

4 (You) look bored (

㕂㕂䞮┺)

5 (They) look happy (

䟟⽋䞮┺)

6 (He) looked excited (

䦻⿚♮┺)

7 (She) looked nervous (

₊㧻♮┺)

8 (They) looked to be in high spirits (

㔶⋮┺)

9 (You) looked annoyed (

㰲㯳⋮┺)

10 (He) looked angry (

䢪⋮┺)

Describing
the
appearance
of actions or
states of
affair

156

Exercise 17.8

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚⽊㧊┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

ぢ⧒㧊㠎㧊䂲㩞䞮┺

= ぢ⧒㧊㠎㧊䂲㩞䟊⽊㡂㣪. “Brian looks kind.”

䅖㧊䔎ṖG㩠┺

㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊G⹪㊮┺

Ⰶ┺ṖG㞚䝚┺

㌂㧊ⴂ㧊G㔂䝚┺

㩲㔲ṖG㡞㊮┺

㞶䝢䕢㧊ṖGⰱ㧞┺

‖Ỏ㧊ṖG゚㕎┺

㞞ἓ㧊G㕎┺

㰧㞞㧊G₾⊭䞮┺

⏎䔎⿗㧊GṖ⼣┺

157

UNIT 18

Post modifiers I

Korean has a number of idiomatic expressions that consist of one of three
noun-modifying endings (e.g., ~

⓪, ~㦖, and ~㦚) and a noun, such as ₎,

㩗, ☯㞞, and so forth. Since these nouns always appear after the noun-
modifying endings (e.g., ~

⓪ ₎ or ~㦖㩗), they are called “post modifiers.”

This unit introduces seven special expressions that are made by combining
one of three noun-modifying endings with one of the following post
modifiers:

₎, 㩗, 㧒, ☯㞞, ☚㭧, 㭧, and 䘎.

⓪G₎

⓪ ₎ “on the way” is the combination of the noun-modifying ending

⓪ and the noun ₎ “way/road/street.” ~⓪ ₎ is normally used with a

verb of movement, such as

Ṗ┺ “go” (e.g., Ṗ⓪ ₎ “on the way to”) and

㡺┺ “come” (e.g., 㡺⓪ ₎ “on the way from”).

⽊㓺䏺㦒⪲ Ṗ⓪G₎㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am on (my) way to Boston.”
㤆Ⰲ⓪ ₖ ᾦ㑮┮㦚 Ⱒ⋮⩂ Ṗ⓪G₎㧊㠞㠊㣪. “As for us, (we) were on
(our) way to meet Professor Kim.”
㤆㼊ῃ㦒⪲ Ṗ⓪G ₎㠦㠊Ⲏ┞⯒ Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) met (my) mother on
(my) way to the post office.”
Ὃ䟃㠦㍲㡺⓪G₎㠦㍶ⶒ㦚㌊ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will buy the present on (my)
way from the airport.”
䞯ᾦ㠦㍲㡺⓪G₎㠦⺇䢪㩦㠦 ✺⩖㠊㣪 “(I) stopped by the department
store on (my) way from school.”

㦒)චG㩗V㧒

චG㩗V㧒G

㦒)ච 㩗/㧒 is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~(㦒)ච

and the noun

㩗 or 㧒 “experience.” Typically, ~(㦒)ච 㩗 or ~(㦒)ච 㧒 is

followed by

㧞┺ “exist/have” or 㠜┺ “not exist/not have,” and they are

used to indicate whether the subject “has an/no experience (of doing
something).” Consider the following examples:

Post
modifiers I

158

㩲┞䗒㦮㰧㠦 ṚG㩗㧊G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have been to Jennifer’s house.”
Ἶ䝚⯒ ⺆㤊G㩗㧊G㠜㠊㣪. “(I) have never learned golf.”

The auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚⽊┺ “try (doing) something” is often used

with the form ~(

㦒)ච 㩗/㧒㧊㧞┺/㠜┺, as shown below:

㍲㤎㠦 ṖG⽎G㩗㧊G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have been to Seoul.”
㍶㌳┮㦚 Ⱒ⋮G⽎G㩗㧊G㠜㠊㣪. “(I) have never met the teacher.”
㧒⽎㠦㍲㧒䟊G⽎G㩗㧊G㧞㠊㣪? “Have (you) ever worked in Japan?”
䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ㠊G ⽎G 㧒㧊G 㧞㠊㣪? “Have (you) ever tried Korean
food?”

Notice that ~

㠊/㞚⽎㩗/㧒㧊㧞┺/㠜┺ highlights whether the subject

has an/no experience of doing something. In addition, when it is used in
an interrogative sentence, the form expresses “Have you ever?”

Various time-related expressions, such as

䞲 ╂ 㩚㠦 “a month ago” and

㧧⎚㠦 “last year,” can be used with ~㠊/㞚⽎㩗/㧒㧊㧞┺/㠜┺. However,
since ~

㠊/㞚⽎㧒/㩗㧊㧞┺/㠜┺Gnormally refers to a temporarily distant

experience, the use of relatively recent time-related expressions, such as
㰖⋲ 㭒㠦 “last week” and 㠊㩲 “yesterday,” is inappropriate.

OvP 㧧⎚㠦䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤢⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have an experience of
learning Korean last year.”
OP 㠊㩲䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤢⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have an experience of
learning Korean yesterday.”

⓪G☯㞞

The noun

☯㞞 means “a while/an interval,” as in 㡺⨁ ☯㞞 “for a long

time,”

㌒ ⎚ ☯㞞 “for three years,” and Ỿ㤎 ⹿䞯 ☯㞞 “during winter

vacation.” The combination of

☯㞞 and the noun-modifying ending ~⓪,

as in ~

⓪ ☯㞞, expresses two situations or activities that overlap in time.

The form ~

⓪ ☯㞞 is equivalent to “while” or “during,” as shown below:

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲⓪G☯㞞 “while drinking coffee”
☚㍲ὖ㠦㍲㺛㦚㧓⓪G☯㞞 “while reading the book in the library”
䂲ῂ䞲䎢㩚䢪䞮⓪G☯㞞 “while making a phone call to (my) friend”

Since ~

⓪ ☯㞞 indicates this temporal relation, the particle 㠦 can be

used optionally after the form, as in ~

⓪ ☯㞞㠦.

㑮㧪㧊㌂ⶊ㔺㠦㍲㧒䞮⓪G ☯㞞㠦 ⌊Ṗ ⪲゚㠦㍲ ₆┺⪎㠊㣪. “While
Susan worked in the office, (I) waited in the lobby.”

159

⓪G☚㭧

⹬㠦㍲㫆ₛ㦚G䞮⓪G☯㞞㠦㩲䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㝆㎎㣪. “While (I) jog outside,
use my computer.”
⑚⋮Ṗ 㩦㕂㦚 ⲏἶG 㧞⓪G ☯㞞㠦㧦ἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪. “While (my) older
sister was eating lunch, (I) was sleeping.”
㞚⌊Ṗ 㧦ἶG 㧞⓪G ☯㞞㠦㩖⎗㦚 Ⱒ✺㠞㠊㣪. “While (my) wife was
sleeping, (I) made dinner.”
㩲Ṗ 㠜⓪G☯㞞㠦 ⋾☯㌳㦚 ☢⽦㭒㎎㣪. “While I am away, please take
care of (my) younger brother.”

⓪G☚㭧

The noun

☚㭧 means “on the road.” The combination of the noun-

modifying ending ~

⓪ and the noun ☚㭧, as in ~⓪ ☚㭧, indicates “on the

way to/from” or “in the middle of .”

㔲䠮㦚䂮⓪G ☚㭧㠦㰞ⶎ㧊㧞㦒Ⳋ 㩖䞲䎢 ⶒ㦒㎎㣪. “If (you) have
questions in the middle of taking the test, ask me.”
⺇䢪㩦㠦㍲㡺⓪G ☚㭧㠦㹾㌂ἶṖ 㧞㠞㠊㣪. “(I) had a car accident
on (my) way from the department store.”
㰧㠦 Ṗ⓪G☚㭧㠦㞚⻚㰖⯒ Ⱒ⋶ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will meet (my) father on
my way home.”
㧊㟒₆䞮⓪G☚㭧㠦䢪㧻㔺㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “(He) went to the restroom in the
midst of conversation.”
Ὃ⿖䞮⓪G☚㭧㠦㧶✺㠞㠊㣪. “(I) fell asleep in the middle of studying.”
㞚Ⱎ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽊⓪G ☚㭧㠦㧮 Ệ㡞㣪. “Perhaps, (she) will fall asleep in
the middle of (seeing the) movie.”

⓪G㭧㧊┺

⓪G㭧㧊┺G

⓪ 㭧㧊┺ means “be in the process/middle of (doing something).” This

form is constructed from the noun-modifying ending ~

⓪, the noun 㭧

“middle,” and the copula

㧊┺.

㩖䧂 ⳾⚦ 㣪Ⰲ䞮⓪G㭧㧛┞┺. “We are all in the middle of cooking.”
☚㍲ὖ㠦㍲ ⁎ 㺛㦚㺔⓪G 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle of looking
for that book in the library.”
䌲ῢ☚⯒ ⺆㤆⓪G 㭧㧊㠞㠊㣪. “(We) were in the middle of learning
Taekwondo.”
㤊㩚䞮⓪G㭧㧒GỆ㡞㣪. “(I guess that he) is in the middle of driving.”

The meaning of ~

⓪ 㭧㧊┺ is similar to that of the progressive ~ἶ 㧞┺,

since both involve progressive actions. Compare the following examples:

Post
modifiers I

160

䂲ῂ䞮ἶ 㧊㟒₆䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am talking to (my) friend.”
䂲ῂ䞮ἶ 㧊㟒₆䞮⓪G 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle (or process) of
talking to (my) friend.”

However, while ~

ἶ 㧞┺ simply indicates the progressive meaning, ~⓪

㭧㧊┺ tends to highlight the process.

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)චG䘎㧊┺

චG䘎㧊┺G

⓪/(㦒)ච 䘎㧊┺G is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~⓪

(for a verb stem) or ~(

㦒)ච (for an adjective stem), the noun 䘎 “side/

way/party,” and the copula

㧊┺. ~⓪/(㦒)ච 䘎㧊┺ means “tends to” or

“kind of” in English, as shown in the following examples:

㥶┞㓺Ṗ 㩖⽊┺ 㑮㡗㧻㠦 ▪ 㧦㭒 Ṗ⓪G䘎㧊㠦㣪. “Eunice tends to go
to the swimming pool more often than I do.”
⋾☯㌳㧊㡗㠊⯒ ▪ 㧮䞮⓪G䘎㧊㠦㣪. “(My) younger brother kind of
speaks English better (than I).”
㭒Ⱖ㠦 Ἶ䝚⯒ 䂮⓪G䘎㧊㠦㣪. “(I) tend to play golf on the weekend.”
Ⰲ㌂Ṗ 䞲ῃⰦ㦚㧮䞮⓪G 䘎㧊㠦㣪. “Lisa kind of speaks Korean
well.”
㩲㹾Ṗ 㧧㦖G䘎㧊㠦㣪. “My car is kind of small.”
☚㍲ὖ㧊㩲㰧㠦㍲ ⲒG 䘎㧊㠦㣪. “The library is kind of far from my
house.”
⋮⽊┺ 䡫㧊䋺ṖG▪G䋆G䘎㧊㠦㣪. “(My) older brother is kind of taller
than me.”
㧊 ṖỢ ⶒỊ✺㧊゚㕒G 䘎㧊㠦㣪. “The items in this store are kind of
expensive.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 18 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
⋮Ṗ┺ to go out
⋶㝾 weather
⌊ I/my
┺䒂┺ to quarrel/to argue
♒㰖ἶ₆ pork
ⰻ㭒 beer
⳾㧦 hat

161

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 18
exercises

⹱┺ to receive
⺆㤆┺ to learn

㌂┺ to buy
㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩 supermarket
㓺䋺 ski
㔲䋺┺ to order/to ask (someone to do)
㔲䠮 test/exam
㕎┺ to pack
㗆┺ to cut up/to slice
㝆┺ to use
㞚⌊ wife
㟧⽋ suit/dress
㠊⪋┺ to be difficult
㠊Ⲏ┞ mother
㡺⓮ today
㣪Ⰲ cooking
㦢㔳 food
㧊㟒₆䞮┺ to talk
㧒㣪㧒 Sunday
㧒䞮┺ to work
㧛┺ to wear/to put on

㧦┺ to sleep
㧦Ⰲ seat
㧪㏢Ⰲ useless talk/scolding/preaching
㧮 well/expertly
㧻䞯⁞ scholarship
㫆ₛ jogging
㫡㞚䞮┺ to like/to be fond of/to rejoice
㭧ῃ China
㰦 loads/packages
㺔┺ to look for/to seek for
䂮┺ to play (tennis or piano)/to strike
䂲ῂ friend
䌖┺ to ride
䌲ῢ☚ Taekwondo
䞲ῃ Korea
䡫 older brother
䢪㧻㔺 toilet
䦦Ⰲ┺ to be cloudy

Post
modifiers I

162

Exercise 18.1

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪ ₎㠦 and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example:

“(I) stopped by the supermarket on (my) way from school.”

(

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 ✺⯊┺ / 䞯ᾦ㠦㍲㡺┺)

= 䞯ᾦ㠦㍲㡺⓪ ₎㠦㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 ✺⩖㠊㣪.

1 (We) will send the package on (our) way to school (

㏢䙂⯒ ⽊⌊┺ /

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ┺)

2 (They) ran into the teacher on (their) way to the hospital (

㍶㌳┮䞮ἶ

Ⱎ㭒䂮┺ / ⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ┺)

3 (She) lost (her) wallet on (her) way from the library (

㰖ṧ㦚㧙㠊

⻚Ⰲ┺ / ☚㍲ὖ㠦㍲㡺┺)

4 (He) fell on (his) way from the church (

㝆⩂㰖┺ / ᾦ䣢㠦㍲㡺┺)

5 (I) met John on (my) way from the store (

㫊㦚 Ⱒ⋮┺ / ṖỢ㠦㍲

㡺┺)

Exercise 18.2

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ච 㩗㧊㧞┺/㠜┺ and the

sentence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) have tried Philippine food.” (

䞚Ⰲ䞖㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ㠊⽊

┺)

= 䞚Ⰲ䞖㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ㠊⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪.

1 (I) have never failed the test (

㔲䠮㠦 ⟾㠊㪎⽊┺)

2 (I) have been to Manhattan (

ⰾ䞮䎊㠦 Ṗ ⽊┺)

3 (I) have tried kimchi (

ₖ䂮⯒ ⲏ㠊⽊┺)

4 (I) have never been married (

ἆ䢒㦚䟊⽊┺)

5 (I) have an experience of shooting a gun (

㽳㦚㙊⽊┺)

Exercise 18.3

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ච 㩗㧊㧞┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䏶Ⱎ㓺⯒ Ⱒ⋮ ⽊┺

= 䏶Ⱎ㓺⯒ Ⱒ⋮ ⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪.

“(I) have an experience of meeting Thomas.”

163

Exercise
18.4

㧻䞯⁞㦚G⹱㞚G⽊┺

䌲ῢ☚⯒G⺆㤢G⽊┺

䡫ὒG┺䒞G⽊┺

䞲ῃ㠦㍲G㓺䋺⯒G䌖G⽊┺

㧒㣪㧒㠦G㧒䟊G⽊┺

Exercise 18.4

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪ ☯㞞㠦 and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example:

“While (my) older brother was sleeping, (I) used (his)
computer.”

(

䡫㧊㧦ἶ 㧞┺ / 䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㗒㠊㣪)

= 䡫㧊㧦ἶ 㧞⓪ ☯㞞㠦䅊䜾䎆⯒ 㗒㠊㣪.

1 While Harry does the laundry, Kate cooks (

䟊ⰂṖ ゾ⧮⯒ 䞮┺ / 䅖㧊

䔎Ṗ 㣪Ⰲ䟊㣪)

2 While I look for keys, Gina will pack loads (

⌊Ṗ 㡊㐶⯒ 㺔┺ / 㰖⋮ṖG

㰦㦚G㕖GỆ㡞㣪)

3 While John drove (the car), Sally read the map (

㫊㧊㤊㩚㦚䞮┺ / ㌦

ⰂṖ 㰖☚⯒ ⽺㠊㣪)

4 While Charles worked, Cindy waited (for him) at the coffee shop (

㺆

㓺Ṗ 㧒䞮┺ / 㞂❪ṖG䄺䞒㑣㠦㍲G₆┺⪎㠊㣪)

5 While I negotiated with the salesman, (my) wife looked around the

shop (

⌊Ṗ ㎎㧒㯞ⰾ䞮ἶ 䦻㩫㦚䞮┺ / 㞚⌊Ṗ ṖỢ⯒ ῂἓ䟞㠊㣪)

Exercise 18.5

Connect the following two sentences using ~

⓪ ☯㞞㠦. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㑮㧪㧊㩚䢪⯒ 䞮┺ / 䐆㧊㰧㠦 ✺㠊㢪㠊㣪

= 㑮㧪㧊㩚䢪⯒ 䞮⓪ ☯㞞㠦䐆㧊㰧㠦 ✺㠊㢪㠊㣪.

“While Susan was on the phone, Tom entered (my) house.”

㠦✲㤢✲ṖG⳾㧦⯒G㌂ἶG㧞┺G/G䞒䎆ṖG䢪㧻㔺㠦GṪ㠊㣪

⌊ṖG㫆ₛ㦚G䞮ἶG㧞┺G/G㞚⌊ṖG㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦GṪ㠊㣪

⬾㧊㓺Ṗ 䂲ῂ䞮ἶ 㧊㟒₆䞮┺ / 㠦Ⰲ䃊Ṗ 㦢㔳㦚㔲䆆㠊㣪

ⲪỊ㧊㧦ἶ 㧞┺ / 㫆㧊㓺Ṗ {} ⯒ ⽺㠊㣪

㤆ⰂṖ 㧦Ⰲ⯒ 㺔ἶ 㧞┺ / ㌮㧊䕳䆮㦚㌂⩂ ⋮Ṫ㠊㣪

Post
modifiers I

164

Exercise 18.6

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪ 㭧㧊┺ and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) am in the middle of shaving.” (

Ⳋ☚⯒ 䞮┺)

= Ⳋ☚⯒ 䞮⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪.

1 (She) is in the middle of driving (

㤊㩚䞮┺)

2 (We) are in the middle of planting a tree (

⋮ⶊ⯒ 㕂┺)

3 (He) is in the middle of fixing the computer (

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ἶ䂮┺)

4 (I) am in the middle of writing a letter (

䘎㰖⯒ 㝆┺)

5 (We) are in the middle of crossing the bridge (

┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞┺)

Exercise 18.7

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⓪ 㭧㧊┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㩖⎗㦚 Ⱒ✺┺

㩖⎗㦚 Ⱒ✲⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle of making

dinner.”

㰦㦚G㕎┺

㭧ῃG㦢㔳㦚G㔲䋺┺

㠦Ⰳ䞮ἶG䎢┞㓺⯒G䂮┺

♒㰖ἶ₆⯒G㗆┺

㟧⽋㦚G㧛┺

Exercise 18.8

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච 䘎㧊┺ and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Kevin kind of eats a lot.” (

䅖ゞ㧊 Ⱔ㧊 ⲏ┺)

= 䅖ゞ㧊 Ⱔ㧊 ⲏ⓪ 䘎㧊㠦㣪.

1 The house is kind of noisy (

㰧㧊㔲⊚⩓┺)

2 The room is kind of dark (

⹿㧊㠊⚷┺)

3 Nancy’s food is kind of salty (

⌎㔲㦮㦢㔳㧊㰲┺)

4 Naomi tends to skip breakfast (

⋮㡺⹎ṖG㞚䂾㦚Gῌ┺)

5 (I) tend to exercise everyday (

ⰺ㧒㤊☯䞮┺)

165

Exercise
18.9

Exercise 18.9

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච 䘎㧊┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㞢⹪┞㠦 ⑞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㡺┺

= 㞢⹪┞㠦 ⑞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㡺⓪ 䘎㧊㠦㣪.

“(It) kind of snows a lot in Albany.”

㓺䕆ぢṖ ⰻ㭒⯒ 㫡㞚䞮┺

䡂⩢㧊㣪Ⰲ⯒ 㧮䞮┺

㠊Ⲏ┞Ṗ 㧪㏢Ⰲ⯒ 䞮㔲┺

㔲䠮㧊㠊⪋┺

㡺⓮ ⋶㝾Ṗ 䦦Ⰲ┺

166

UNIT 19

Post modifiers II

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)චG╖⪲

චG╖⪲

⓪/(㦒)ච ╖⪲ means “as soon as” or “in accordance with.” It is the

combination of the noun-modifying ending ~

⓪ (for a verb stem) or ~(㦒)

ච (for an adjective stem) and the noun ╖⪲ “according to/the same/just
as.”

㰧㠦 ☚㹿䞮⓪G ╖⪲ 㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪. “Give (me) a call as soon as (you)
arrive home.”
㔲䋺⓪G ╖⪲ 䞮Ỷ㠊㣪? “Will (you) do according to (what I) ask (you
to do)?”
⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㞚㰖⓪G╖⪲ 㔲㧧䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) begin as soon as the weather
becomes better.”
㭒⓪G╖⪲Gⲏ㠞㠊㣪. “(I) ate whatever (she) gave (me).”
⋶㧊G ⹳⓪G ╖⪲G ⟶⋶ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will leave as soon as the dawn
breaks.”
䞮ἶG㕌㦖G╖⪲G䞮㎎㣪. “Do as (you) like to do.”
ⲏἶG 㕌㦖G ╖⪲G ⲏ㦚㑮㧞㠊㣪. “(You) can eat as much as (you) like
to eat.”

㦒)චG䤚㠦

චG䤚㠦

㦒)ච 䤚㠦 means “afterward” or “later.” It is the combination of the

noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)ච, the noun 䤚 “after,” and the particle 㠦.

㞚䂾㦚 ⲏ㦖G 䤚㠦⽊䐋䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㎪㣪. “(I) usually drink coffee after
having breakfast.”
㰧㠦 ☢㞚㡾G 䤚㠦㌺㤢⯒ 䟞㠊㣪. “(He) took a shower after coming
back home.”
㞚䕢䔎⪲ 㧊㌂⯒G 䞲G 䤚㠦㌞㏢䕢⯒ ㌖㠊㣪. “(We) bought new sofas
after moving in to the apartment.”

167

⓪VO㦒PචG

㻯V㼊䞮┺

㏦┮㧊 ☢㞚ṚG 䤚㠦㍺Ệ㰖⯒ 䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will do the dishes after
guests return.”
㑯㩲⯒ ┺ 䞲G䤚㠦㤊☯䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will exercise after doing all (my)
homework.”

The use of noun, such as

┺㦢 “next” or ⛺ “behind” (instead of 䤚),

indicates a similar meaning, as shown below:

Z ὒ⯒ 㧓㦖G ┺㦢㠦 [ ὒ⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮㕃㔲㡺. “After reading chapter 3,
study chapter 4.”
㤊☯㦚G䞲G┺㦢㠦G⽊䐋G㌺㤢⯒G䟊㣪. “After exercising, (I) usually take
a shower.”
㡗䢪⯒G⽎G⛺㠦GṦ㌗ⶎ㦚G㝆㎎㣪. “After seeing the movie, write a reac-
tion paper.”

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)චG㻯V㼊䞮┺

චG㻯V㼊䞮┺

⓪/(㦒)ච 㻯/㼊䞮┺ means “pretend.” It is the combination of the noun-

modifying ending ~

⓪ (for verbs in the present meaning) or ~(㦒)ච (for

verbs in the past meaning; for adjectives/copulas in the present meaning),
the noun

㻯(or 㼊) “pretence,” and the verb 䞮┺ “do.”

⓪G㻯V㼊䞮┺

⁎⎖ṖG⋮⯒G⳾⯊⓪G㻯䞿┞┺. “She pretends that (she) does not know
me.”
㠚ⰞṖ ☢㞚㡺Ⳋ 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮⓪G 㻯䞶G Ệ㡞㣪. “When (my) mom
returns, (I) will pretend that (I) study hard.”
ἶ₆Ⱒ ⲏ⓪G 㻯䞶G Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) pretend that (you) eat only
meat?”
㩖⯒ 㞚⓪G㼊䞮㰖GⰞ㎎㣪. “Do not pretend that (you) know me.”
㏢䕢㠦㍲㧦⓪G 㻯䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Pretend that (you) are asleep on the
sofa.”
ⰻ㭒⯒ ⴑG Ⱎ㔲⓪G 㻯䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) pretend that (we) cannot drink
beer.”

O㦒PචG㻯V㼊䞮┺

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞲G㻯䟊㣪. “(He) pretends that (he) studied hard.”
䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔶G㻯䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) pretend that (we) drank coffee.”
㡗䢪⯒ 㞞⽎G 㻯䞶G Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will pretend that (I) did not see the
movie.”

Post
modifiers II

168

⁎ ⿖⿖⓪ ⓮ 䟟⽋䞲G㻯䟊㣪. “As for that couple, (they) always pretend
to be happy.”
䂲ῂ✺㦚G Ⱒ⋮ⳊG 㔂䝞G 㻯䞮㎎㣪. “When (you) meet (your) friends,
pretend that (you) are sad.”
⳿㧊G㞚䝞G㻯䟞㠊㣪. “(I) pretended that (my) throat was sore.”
ἶⰞ㤊G㻯䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “(We) will pretend that (we) are grateful.”
⿖㰖⩆䞲G㻯䞶GỆ㡞㣪? “Will (you) pretend that (you) are diligent?”
㑮㧪㧊G 䃦⋮┺G ㌂⧢㧎G 㻯䟊㣪. “Susan pretends that (she) is a
Canadian.”

⓪G⹪⧢㠦

⓪ ⹪⧢㠦 is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~⓪, the noun

⹪⧢ “wind,” and the particle 㠦. It means “as a result of/because of,”
and the effects for which ~

⓪ ⹪⧢㠦 is used are generally negative and

incidental. Consider the following example:

⓼Ợ 㧒㠊⋮⓪G ⹪⧢㠦G 䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to school
because of getting up late.”

Notice that ~

⓪ ⹪⧢㠦 indicates the cause (e.g., getting up late) for the

negative or unpleasant consequence of the main clause (e.g., could not go
to school). Here are more examples:

㰧㦚㌂⓪G ⹪⧢㠦 ☞㧊㠜㠊㣪. “(I) do not have money as a result of
buying the house.”
゚Ṗ Ⱔ㧊㡺⓪G⹪⧢㠦⼧㤦㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to the hos-
pital because (it) rained a lot.”
㍲⚦⯊⓪G⹪⧢㠦㹾㌂ἶṖ ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) had a car accident because (I)
hurried up.”
㡊㐶⯒ 㧙㠊G ⻚Ⰲ⓪G ⹪⧢㠦㟓㏣㦚 ⴑ 㰖䆆㠊㣪. “(I) could not keep
the promise because (I) lost the key.”

⓪V

⓪V(㦒)චGộ㧊┺

චGộ㧊┺

⓪/(㦒)ච ộ㧊┺ is used to give an account of events or states of affairs.

It can be translated as “the fact is,” or “what happened is that.” This form
is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~

⓪ (for verbs in the

present meaning) or ~(

㦒)ච (for verbs in the past meaning or for adjec-

tives/copulas in the present meaning), the dependent noun

ộ (or Ệ for

colloquial usage) “fact/thing,” and the copula

㧊┺.

169

O㦒PඥG

ㄪ䟞┺

⓪Gộ㧊┺

㞺✲⮮ṖG ⻶㧊㓺G ₆䌖⯒G 䂮⓪G Ệ㡞㣪. “The fact is that Andrew plays
the base guitar.”
㧊㩲⿖䎆 ⰺ㧒 ⥆⓪G Ệ㡞㣪. “The fact is that (we will) run everyday
from now on.”

O㦒PචGộ㧊┺

㠮Ⰲ㧦⻶㓺ṖG 䞒㞚⏎⯒G 䂲G Ệ㡞㣪. “The fact is that Elizabeth played
the piano.”
㡺⓮G ⋶㝾ṖG ➆⦑䞲G Ệ㠦㣪. “The fact is that today’s weather is
warm.”
㧻⹎ṖG㞚⯚┺㤊GỆ㡞㣪U “The fact is that roses are beautiful.”
◆┞㠮㧊G䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧎GỆ㡞㣪. “The fact is that Daniel is a Korean.”

㦒)ඥGㄪ䟞┺

ඥGㄪ䟞┺

㦒)ඥG ㄪ䟞┺ is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~(㦒)

ඥ, the noun ㄪ “almost/about to,” and the verb 䟞┺ “did.” ~(㦒)ඥ ㄪ䟞
┺ indicates that some events almost happened. It corresponds to “almost”
or “to be nearly” in English.

⋶㝾ṖG㿪㤢㍲GṦ₆㠦GỎⰊGㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost caught a cold, since
the weather was cold.”
Ὃ䟃㠦G⓼ỢG☚㹿䟊㍲G゚䟟₆⯒G⏩䂶Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost missed the
flight, since (I) arrived in the airport late.”
㠊㩲G₎㠦㍲G㑮㧪䞮ἶGⰞ㭒䂶Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost ran into Susan on
the street yesterday.”
䞒Ἲ䟊㍲G 㞚䂾㠦G ⴑG 㧒㠊⋶G ㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost could not get up in
the morning for (I) was tired.”

㦒)ඥG➢

ඥG➢

㦒)ඥ ➢ means “when.” It is the combination of the noun-modifying

ending ~(

㦒)ඥ and the noun ➢ “time/occasion.”

㔲䃊ἶ⪲ ⟶⋶G➢ 㹾⪲ Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪. “(We) will go by car, when (we) leave
for Chicago.”
⺆Ṗ 㞚䝢G➢ 㧊㟓㦚 ⲏ㠊㣪? “Do (you) take this medicine, when (your)
stomach aches?”
⪲㎮㦚G⹬㠦G⋮ṞG➢G㠒Ὴ㠦G⹪⯊㕃㔲㡺. “Apply the lotion on (your)
face, when (you) go outside.”

Post
modifiers II

170

㔲Ṛ 㧞㦚G ➢ 㡆⧓䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) contact (them) when (we) have
time.”
⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㦚G ➢ Ὃ㤦㠦 Ṗ㎎㣪. “Go to the park, when the weather is
good.”
⋶㝾Ṗ ➆⦑䞶G➢ ⹪╍Ṗ㠦㍲㑮㡗䞿㔲┺. “When the weather is warm,
(let us) swim at the beach.”
㕇⁖㧒G ➢G 㡂䟟㦚G Ⱔ㧊G 䞮ἶG 㕌㠊㣪. “While (I) am a single, (I) want
to travel a lot.”
㞚㰗G 䞯㌳㧒G ➢G Ⱔ㧊G ⺆㤆㕃㔲㡺. “Learn a lot when (you) are still a
student.”

There are two things to remember when using ~(

㦒)ඥ ➢ with verbs

in the past tense. When only the main clause is conjugated for the past
tense, the action of the

➢Gclause co-occurred with that of the main clause.

Consider the following example:

Ⓤ㣫㔲㠦G ṞG ➢G ⻚㓺⯒G 䌪㠊㣪. “Going to New York City, (I) took a
bus.”

Notice in the example above that the action of the first clause “going”
co-occurred with the action of the main clause “taking the bus,” and the
tense is marked only in the main clause. However, when both clauses are
conjugated for the past tense, the actions of both clauses do not co-occur:
The action of the first clause happened prior to that of the main clause.
Consider the following example:

Ⓤ㣫㔲㠦GṪ㦚G➢G㑮㧪㦚G㻮㦢GⰢ⌂㠊㣪. “When (I) went to New York
City, (I) met Susan for the first time.”

Notice that the first clause “going to New York City” happened prior
to the action of the main clause “meeting Susan.” Here are more
examples:

㧒⽎㧎䂲ῂ䞮ἶ ╖䢪䞶G ➢ 㧒⽎㠊⯒ 䟞㠊㣪. “Conversing with (my)
Japanese friend, (I) talked in Japanese.”
☚㍲ὖ㠦 ṞG ➢ 㰖䞮㻶㦚䌪㠊㣪. “Going to the library, (I) took a
subway.”
㧒㦚 ⊳⌒G➢ 㩚䢪䟞㠊㣪. “Finishing (my) work, (I) called (her).”
䕢Ⰲ㠦 Ṫ㦚G➢ ⋶㝾Ṗ 㿪㤶㠊㣪. “When (I) went to Paris, the weather
was cold.”
゚䟟₆Ṗ Ὃ䟃㠦 ☚㹿䟞㦚G➢ 㧊⹎ ㌞⼓㧊㠞㠊㣪. “When the airplane
arrived in the airport, (it) was already dawn.”
䞮㢖㧊㠦GṪ㦚G➢G㠊ⓦG䢎䎪㠦G㧞㠞㠊㣪? “When (you) went to Hawaii,
at which hotel did (you) stay?”

171

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 19
exercises

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 19 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṧ₆ ỎⰂ┺ to catch a cold/flu
ṧ㧦₆ suddenly
Ị⍞┺ to cross/to go over
ἆ䢒㔳 wedding ceremony
ἓ₆ game
ἓ㺆 police
ἶ㧻㧊 ⋮┺ to get out of order/to break down
Ἶ┺ to snore
Ὃ⿖ study/learning
ὖ㕂㧊㠜┺ to be uninterested
₆⿚ feeling/mood
₎ road/street
⊚┺ to switch off/to extinguish
⊩㧊┺ to boil

⋮㊮┺ to be bad/to be wrong
⋶㝾 weather
⋾㧦 man
⍹┺ to put (something) into/to insert
⏎⧮ song
⓼Ợ late
┺䂮┺ to hurt (oneself)/to be wounded
╁┺ to close
╖䞯 college
▻┺ to be hot
☚㤖 help
☞ money
☢⩺㭒┺ to return (a thing)/to give (a thing) back
☢㞚Ṗ┺ to return/to go back
♮┺ to become
✹┺ to listen/to take (a class)

⧒Ⳋ ramyon/instant noodle
Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱎ䂮┺ to finish/to accomplish
Ⱔ┺ to be many/to be much
Ⱔ㧊 a lot
ⰻ㭒 beer
ⲏ┺ to eat
⳾㧦 hat

Post
modifiers II

172

ⶎ door
ⶒ water
⹎⊚⩂㰖┺ to slide
⹪㰖 pants
⹱┺ to receive
⽊┺ to see/to watch
⿖⯊┺ to sing
゚ rain
ザ㰖┺ to fall into/to be drowned
㌂ἶṖ ⋮┺ to have an accident
㌂ⶊ㔺Goffice
㌞⼓ dawn
㌳㧒Gbirthday
㍲⮮ documents
㍲㩦 bookstore
㍶ⶒ gift/present
㏢⁞ salt
㑮㠛 class
㑯㩲 homework
㓺䔎⩞㓺 stress
㔲Ṛ hour/time
㔲㧧䞮┺ to start
㔲䋺┺ to order (something from a person)/to force (a person to do)
㔳㌂ meal
㕁㠊䞮┺ to dislike
㕂㕂䞮┺ to be bored
㕎㤆┺ to quarrel/to fight

㞚㧊✺ children
㟓㏣ promise/appointment
㟧⽋ suit/dress
㠊Ⰲ┺ to be juvenile/to be childish
㡆⧓ contact
㡊㐶 keys
㡗䢪 movie
㡺┺ to come
㢍 clothes
㢖㧎 wine
㤆㌆ umbrella
㤊☯ exercises
㤪  salary
㦢㔳 food
㦢㞛 music
㦮㌂ doctor
㧊₆┺ to win/to overcome

173

Exercise
19.1

㧊Ⲫ㧒 e-mail
㧒 work
㧒㠊⋮┺ to get up
㧒䞮┺ to work
㧙┺ to lose
㧛┺ to wear/to put on
㧠┺ to forget

㧦┺ to sleep
㧶 sleeping
㧶⁎┺ to lock
㩚❇ electric lamp
㩚䢪 telephone
㩬┺ to get wet
㫡┺ to be good/to be nice
㭖゚ preparation
㫎㠛䞮┺ to graduate
㰖ṗ䞮┺ to be late/to be tardy
㰖┺ to lose/to get defeated
㰧 house
㰲┺ to be salty
㰽┺ to be short

㹾 car/tea
㺓ⶎ window
㺔┺ to look for/to seek for
䀾㰗 employment
䂲ῂ✺ friends
䆪 nose
䞚㣪䞮┺ to be in need of
䟟⽋䞮┺ to be happy
䢪⌊┺ to get angry
䠞Ⰲ waist
䣢㌂ company
䦦Ⰲ┺ to be cloudy

Exercise 19.1

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච ╖⪲ and the sentence

cues provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Comply with whatever (they) request.” (

㣪ῂ䞮┺ / ✺㠊㭒

㎎㣪)

= 㣪ῂ䞮⓪ ╖⪲ ✺㠊㭒㎎㣪.

Post
modifiers II

174

1 (We) will do as Simon orders (us to do) (

㌂㧊ⴂ㧊㰖㔲䞮┺ / 䞶 Ệ

㡞㣪)

2 The mail arrived (here) yesterday as (we) expected (

₆╖䞮┺ / 䘎㰖Ṗ

㠊㩲 ☚㹿䟞㠊㣪)

3 Will (you) drink as much as (you) want? (

Ⱎ㔲ἶ 㕌┺ / Ⱎ㔺 Ệ㡞

㣪?)

4 Sleep as long as (you) want (

㧦ἶ 㕌┺ / 㧦㎎㣪)

5 (Let us) eat as much as (we) want (

ⲏἶ 㕌┺ / ⲏ㦣㔲┺)

Exercise 19.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච ╖⪲. Then translate

the sentence.

Example:

Ὃ䟃㠦 ☚㹿䞮┺ / 㩚䢪䟊㭒㎎㣪

= Ὃ䟃㠦 ☚㹿䞮⓪ ╖⪲ 㩚䢪䟊㭒㎎㣪.

“Call (me) as soon as (you) arrive at the airport.”

㧒㠊⋮┺ / ㌺㤢⯒ 䞶 Ệ㡞㣪

㔳㌂⯒ Ⱎ䂮┺ / ㌂ⶊ㔺⪲ ☢㞚Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪?

㡊㐶⯒ 㺔┺ / ⟶⋮㎎㣪

㍲⮮⯒ ⹱┺ / 㧒㦚㔲㧧䞮㕃㔲㡺

㺛㦚 ⹱┺ / ☢⩺㭣㔲┺

Exercise 19.3

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ච 䤚㠦 and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) will buy (it) after (I) look around the store.”

(

ṖỢ⯒ ῂἓ䞮┺ / ㌊⧮㣪)

= ṖỢ⯒ ῂἓ䞲䤚㠦㌊⧮㣪.

1 Usually, (I) shave after brushing (my) teeth (

⽊䐋㧊⯒ ┼┺ / Ⳋ☚⯒

䟊㣪)

2 (He) leaves home for work after having breakfast (

㞚䂾㔳㌂⯒ 䞮┺ /

㿲⁒䟊㣪)

3 (She) returned to school after sending the package (

㏢䙂⯒ ⽊⌊┺ / 䞯

ᾦ⪲ ☢㞚㢪㠊㣪)

4 (We) will go to the party after buying a gift (

㍶ⶒ㦚㌂┺ / 䕢䕆㠦 Ṟ

Ệ㡞㣪)

5 (I) want to rest after finishing (my) work (

㧒㦚 ⊳⌊┺ / 㓂ἶ 㕌㠊㣪)

175

Exercise
19.4

Exercise 19.4

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)ච 䤚㠦. Then translate

the sentence.

Example:

䅊䜾䎆⯒ 䅲┺ / 㩚䢪⯒ Ỏ㠞㠊㣪

= 䅊䜾䎆⯒G䅶䤚㠦㩚䢪⯒ Ỏ㠞㠊㣪.

“(I) made a phone call after turning (my) computer on.”

㌺㤢⯒ 䞮┺ / 㧮 Ệ㡞㣪

ⶒ㦚 ⊩㧊┺ / ⧒Ⳋ㦚 ⍹㦒㎎㣪

╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䞮┺ / 䀾㰗㭖゚⯒ 䞮Ỷ㠊㣪

㺓ⶎ㦚 ╁┺ / 㩚❇㦚 ⊚㕃㔲㡺

㧒㦚 Ⱎ䂮┺ / 㰧㠦 Ṫ㔋┞┺

Exercise 19.5

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච 㻯䞮┺ and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Do not pretend that (you) are drunk.” (

㑶㠦䀾䞮┺)

= 㑶㠦䀾䞲㻯䞮㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

1 Do not pretend that (you) are sleeping (

㧦ἶ 㧞┺)

2 Do not pretend that (you) are working hard (

㡊㕂䧞㧒䞮ἶ 㧞┺)

3 (She) pretends that (she) likes the present (

㍶ⶒ㦚㫡㞚䞮┺)

4 (He) pretended that (he) could swim (

㑮㡗䞶㑮㧞┺)

5 Will (you) pretend that (you) are an American? (

⹎ῃ ㌂⧢㧊┺)

Exercise 19.6

Conjugate the predicate using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච 㻯䞮┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

䌊⻢ⰂṖ 㞚䝚┺

= 䌊⻢ⰂṖ 㞚䝞㻯䟊㣪.

“Kimberly pretends that (she) is sick.”

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ ゚⹖ ⻞䢎⯒ 㞢┺

㰖⋮䞮ἶ ⪲⋶✲Ṗ 䟟⽋䞮┺

䕾䔎Ⰳ㧊䟃㌗ ☞㧊㠜┺

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ 㩲㔲䃊⯒ 㕁㠊䞮┺

㞺㍲┞Ṗ Ὃ⿖㠦 ὖ㕂㧊㠜┺

Post
modifiers II

176

Exercise 19.7

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච Ệ㡞㣪 and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The fact is that (we) leave for London tomorrow.”

(

⌊㧒 ⩆▮㦒⪲ 㿲⹲䞮┺)

= ⌊㧒 ⩆▮㦒⪲ 㿲⹲䞮⓪ Ệ㡞㣪.

1 The fact is that (we) meet the professor together (

ᾦ㑮┮㦚䞾℮

Ⱒ⋮┺)

2 The fact is that (we) all wear contact lenses (

㤆Ⰲ ⳾⚦ 䆮䎣䔎 ⩢㯞

⯒ ⋒┺)

3 The fact is that (we) live together from now on (

㧊㩲⿖䎆 ṯ㧊㌊┺)

4 The fact is that prices are high (

ⶒṖṖ ⏨┺)

5 The fact is that George is honest (

㫆㰖Ṗ ㏪㰗䞮┺)

6 The fact is that James is smart (

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ ⡧⡧䞮┺)

7 The fact is that (they) bought a new car (

㌞㹾⯒ ㌂┺)

8 The fact is that (he) lost the wallet (

㰖ṧ㦚㧙㠊⻚Ⰲ┺)

9 The fact is that (she) invited Gina to the party as well (

㰖⋮☚ 䕢䕆

㠦㽞㼃䞮┺)

10 The fact is that (he) majored in the Korean language (

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 㩚Ὃ

䞮┺)

Exercise 19.8

Connect the following two sentences using ~

⓪ ⹪⧢㠦. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

₎㧊 Ⱏ䧞┺ / 㟓㏣㔲Ṛ㠦 ⓼㠞㠊㣪

= ₎㧊 Ⱏ䧞⓪ ⹪⧢㠦㟓㏣㔲Ṛ㠦 ⓼㠞㠊㣪.

“(I) was late for the appointment, because the road was
congested.”

⓼Ợ 㧒㠊⋮┺ / 㑮㠛㠦㰖ṗ䟞㠊㣪

ṧ㧦₆ ゚Ṗ 㡺┺ / 㢍㧊㩬㠞㠊㣪

㹾Ṗ ἶ㧻㧊 ⋮┺ / 䣢㌂㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪

Ṧ₆㠦 ỎⰂ┺ / Ὃ⿖⯒ ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪

⹪⧢㧊⿞┺ / ⳾㧦⯒ 㧙㠊⻚⪎㠊㣪

㏢⁞㦚 Ⱔ㧊 ⍹┺ / 㦢㔳㧊 ⍞ⶊ 㱆㠊㣪

䆪⯒ Ἶ┺ / 㧶㦚 ⴑ 㧺㠊㣪

₎㠦㍲ ⹎⊚⩂㰖┺ / 䠞Ⰲ⯒ ┺㼺㠊㣪

㹾㌂ἶṖ ⋮┺ / 㩚䢪⯒ ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪

㌞⼓㠦㧒䞮┺ / Ṧ₆㠦 Ỏ⪎㠊㣪

177

Exercise
19.9

Exercise 19.9

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)ඥ ➢. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

₎㧊 Ⱏ䧞┺ / 㰖⯚₎㦚㧊㣿䞿┞┺

= ₎㧊 Ⱏ䧦➢ 㰖⯚₎㦚㧊㣿䞿┞┺.

“When the roads are congested, (I) use a short cut.”

㤪 㦚 ⹱┺ / ₆⿚㧊㫡㔋┞┺

㡗䢪Ṗ 㔲㧧䞮┺ / 䕳䆮㦚 ⲏ㦣㔲┺

㑯㩲⯒ 䞮┺ / 㦢㞛㦚 ✹㔋┞₢?

ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺ / ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊㕃㔲㡺

㓺䎢㧊䋂⯒ ⲏ┺ / 㢖㧎㦚 Ⱎ㕃┞┺

㓺䔎⩞㓺Ṗ Ⱔ┺ / 㤊☯㦚䞮㕃㔲㡺

☚㤖㧊䞚㣪䞮┺ / 䂲ῂ✺䞲䎢㡆⧓䞶 ỗ┞┺

ἆ䢒㔳㠦 Ṗ┺ / 㟧⽋㦚㧛㠞㔋┞┺

゚Ṗ 㡺┺ / 㤆㌆㧊䞚㣪䞿┞┺

㔲Ṛ㧊㧞┺ / 䆪⹎❪ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽊㕃㔲㡺

⋶㝾Ṗ 䦦Ⰲ┺ / ₆⿚㧊 ⋮㊿┞┺

㡂㧦䂲ῂ ㌳㧒㧊┺ / ⶊ㓾㌳㧒㍶ⶒ㦚㭖゚䞿┞₢?

㕂㕂䞮┺ / ㍲㩦㠦 ṧ┞┺

㠊⪎┺ / 㦮㌂Ṗ ♮ἶ 㕌㠞㔋┞₢?

⋶㝾Ṗ ▻┺ / 㰽㦖 ⹪㰖⯒ 㧛㦣㔲┺

Exercise 19.10

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ඥ ㄪ䞮┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㹾㌂ἶṖ ⋮┺

= 㹾㌂ἶṖ ⋶ ㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost had a car accident.”

䂲ῂ䞮ἶ 㕎㤆┺

ⶒ㠦ザ㰖┺

㟓㏣㦚㧠┺

ⶎ㦚㧶⁎┺

Ợ㧚㦚㰖┺

㤆Ⰲ 䕖㧊 ἓ₆⯒ 㧊₆┺

₎㠦㍲ ⹎⊚⩂㰖┺

㞚㧊✺䞲䎢䢪⌊┺

㢖㧎㦚 Ⱎ㔲┺

₎㦚 Ị⍞┺

178

UNIT 20

Ability and possibility

㦒)ඥG㑮G㧞┺V㠜┺

ඥG㑮G㧞┺V㠜┺

㦒)ඥ 㑮㧞┺/㠜┺ is used to indicate an ability or possibility of doing

something. This form is constructed from the noun-modifying ending
~(

㦒)ඥ, the noun 㑮 “means/way,” and the verb 㧞┺ “have/exist.” For

negation,

㠜┺ “not have/not exist” is used instead of 㧞┺.

㦒)ඥ 㑮㧞┺ is equivalent to English translation “one can do/be” or

“it is possible to,” as shown in the examples below:

䞒㞚⏎⯒ 䂶G 㑮G 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can play a piano” or “(It) is possible to
play a piano.”
㍲㤎㠦 ṞG㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can go to Seoul” or “(It) is possible to go to
Seoul.”
⁎ 㺛㦚㧓㦚G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can read that book” or “(It) is possible to
read that book.”

On the other hand, ~(

㦒)ඥ 㑮㠜┺ is used to express “cannot do/be”

or “it is not possible to.”

㰧㠦㍲ Ὃ⿖䞶G 㑮G 㠜㠊㣪. “(I) cannot study at home” or “(It) is not
possible to study at home.”
䕢䕆㠦 ṞG 㑮G 㠜㠊㣪. “(I) cannot go to the party” or “(It) is not pos-
sible to go to the party.”
ⰺ㧒㑮㡗䞶G 㑮G 㠜㠊㣪. “(I) cannot swim everyday” or “(It) is not
possible to swim everyday.”

The meaning of ~(

㦒)ඥ 㑮㠜㠊㣪 is similar to that of the negative

expression with

ⴑ “cannot/unable.” For instance, compare the following

two sentences:

ニ㦚 ⴑGⲏ㠊㣪 (or ニ㦚 ⲏ㰖Gⴑ䟊㣪). “(I) cannot eat bread.”
ニ㦚 ⲏ㦚G㑮G㠜㠊㣪. “(I) cannot eat bread” or “(It) is not possible to
eat bread.”

179

O㦒PඥG㭚G

㞢┺V⳾⯊┺

Notice that while the first sentence with the negative

ⴑ simply emphasizes

one’s inability (e.g., whether one can eat bread or not), the second sentence
with ~(

㦒)ඥ 㑮㠜㠊㣪 indicates one’s ability as well as the possibility of

the action (e.g., whether eating bread is possible or not).

When ~(

㦒)ඥ 㑮㧞┺/㠜┺ is used with adjectives, it indicates the

possibility of the state or quality, as shown below:

㤪㣪㧒㔲䠮㧊㠊⩺㤎G 㑮G 㧞㠊㣪. “(It) is possible that the test on
Monday can be difficult.”
⌊㧒㦮 ⋶㝾Ṗ 㿪㤎G㑮G㧞㔋┞┺. “(It) is possible that the tomorrow’s
weather can be cold.”

Meanwhile, some particles, such as

☚ “also,” Ⱒ “only,” and ⹬㠦 “except/

but,” can appear after the noun

㑮 to indicate additional meanings. Consider

the following examples:

⌊㧒㦮 ⋶㝾Ṗ ▪㤎G㑮☚G㧞㠊㣪. “(It) is possible that the tomorrow’s
weather can be also hot.”
㍲㤎㠦㍲㌊G 㑮ⰢG 㧞┺Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(It) would be wonderful, only if
(I) can live in Seoul.”

Notice that the particle

☚ adds a special meaning of “also” to the first

sentence, and the particle

Ⱒ adds a meaning of “only” to the second

sentence.

When the noun

㑮 is followed by the particle ⹬㠦, which means “except/

but,” as in ~(

㦒)ඥ 㑮⹬㠦㠜㠊㣪, it creates an expression of “have no

other way to/can’t help (doing),” as shown below:

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔺G㑮⹬㠦G㠜㠊㣪. “(I) cannot help drinking coffee.”
ⰺ㧒㫆ₛ㦚䞶G㑮⹬㠦G㠜㠊㣪. “(I) cannot help jogging everyday.”
㩲㰧㦚䕪G㑮⹬㠦G㠜㠞㠊㣪. “(I) couldn’t help selling my house.”

㦒)ඥG㭚G㞢┺V⳾⯊┺

ඥG㭚G㞢┺V⳾⯊┺

㦒)ඥ 㭚㞢┺/⳾⯊┺ is used to express a specific ability of the subject,

equivalent to “know how to” in English. This form is constructed from the
noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)ඥ, the noun 㭚 “the way (how to),” and the

verb

㞢┺ “know” or ⳾⯊┺ “do not know.”

㢖㧎㦚 Ⱎ㔺G㭚G㞢㞚㣪. “(I) know how to drink wine.”
⍻䌖㧊⯒ ⱂG㭚G㞢㞮㠊㣪. “(I) knew how to wear a tie.”
㡗㠊⯒ 䞶G㭚G㞢㞚㣪? “(Do you) know how to speak English?”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 䞶G㭚Gⴆ⧒㣪. “(I) do not know how to speak Korean.”

Ability and
possibility

180

䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 Ⱒ✺G㭚Gⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not know how to make Korean
food.”
☞㦚㝎G㭚Gⴆ⧒㣪? “Don’t (you) know how to spend money?”

When the subject of ~(

㦒)ඥ 㭚㞢㞮┺/ⴆ⧦┺ is a third person, it

indicates the speaker’s presumed thought, as shown below:

䐆㧊㢖㧎㦚 Ⱎ㔺G 㭚G 㞢㞮㠊㣪. “(I) thought that Tom would drink
wine.”
⋶㝾Ṗ ▪㤎G 㭚G 㞢㞮㠊㣪. “(I) thought that the weather would be
hot.”
┞䆲⧒㓺Ṗ 㧒㦚㧒㹣 ⊳⌒G㭚G㞢㞮㠊㣪. “(I) thought that Nicolas would
finish (his) work early.”
㑮㧪㧊䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 䞶G 㭚G ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not think that Susan would
speak Korean.”
䐆㧊㡂₆㠦㝆⩞₆⯒ ⻚ⰊG㭚Gⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not expect that Tom
would throw the garbage away here.”
㞚⌊Ṗ ⁎ 㰧㦚㫡㞚䞶G 㭚G ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not think that (my) wife
would like that house.”

㦒)ඥ ⰂṖ

ⰂṖ 㠜┺

㠜┺

㦒)ඥ ⰂṖ 㠜┺ is constructed from the noun-modifying ending ~(㦒)

ඥ, the dependent noun Ⰲ “possibility,” the subject particle Ṗ, and the
verb

㠜┺ “not have/not exist.” ~(㦒)ඥ ⰂṖ 㠜┺ indicates that content

of the ~(

㦒)ඥ Ⰲ ending clause is not true or far from the reality. It can

be translated as “it is not possible that . . . ” or “there is no possibility that . . . ”
in English.

㞺㰖Ṗ 䞲ῃ㠦 ṞGⰂṖG㠜㠊㣪. “There is no possibility that Angie goes
to Korea.”
⁎ 䂲ῂ✺㧊 ⋮⯒ 㕁㠊䞶G ⰂṖG 㠜㠊㣪. “(It) is not possible that those
friends dislike me.”
㡂⯚㠦䆪䔎⯒ 㧛㦚GⰂṖG㠜㠊㣪. “(It) is not possible that (she) wears
a coat in summer.”
㔲䠮㧊㓂㤎GⰂṖG㠜㠊㣪. “(It) is not possible that the test is easy.”
⋶㝾Ṗ 㿪㤎G ⰂṖG 㠜㠊㣪. “(It) is not possible that the weather is
cold.”
ア㧊 Ṗ⋲䞶GⰂṖG㠜㠊㣪. “(It) is not possible that Bill is poor.”
⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎Ṗ 㡂㧦㧒G ⰂṖG 㠜㠊㣪. “(It) is not possible that (his) room-
mate is a woman.”

181

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 20
exercises

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 20 exercises

ṖỢ store
Ṗ┺ to go
Ṟ㞚䌖┺ to change (cars/trains)
ṯ㧊 together
Ἶ䝚 golf
ₖ䂮 kimchi
⏎⧮ song
ⓦ⋒┺ to feel
╁┺ to close
╖䞯 college
▪㥚 the heat/sun stroke
❪㧦㧎 design
⟶⋮┺ to depart/to take leave of
Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱒ✺┺ to make
⹎ῃ U.S.A.
⿖⯊┺ to sing/to call out

㌂‖┺ to make friends
㌳䢲 living/life
㑮㡗䞮┺ to swim
㓓┺ to be easy
㕎┺ to be cheap
㠊⠑Ợ how
㡞㊮┺ to be pretty
㡺⓮ today
㢖㧎 wine
㣪⁞ fee
㤊☯ exercise/sports
㤊㩚䞮┺ to drive
㤪㣪㧒 Monday
㧒⽎ Japan
㧒㹣 early

㧮 well/expertly
㨂⹎㧞┺ to be interesting
㰖䞮㻶 subway
䂮┺ to play (tennis/golf/piano)
䂲ῂ friend
䏶㣪㧒 Saturday
䔎⩃ truck

Ability and
possibility

182

䘎䞮┺ to be convenient/to be comfortable
䞲ῃ Korea
䡫 older brother
䣢㌂ company

Exercise 20.1

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ඥ 㑮㧞┺/ 㠜┺ and the sen-

tence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(They) can repair the car.” (

㹾⯒ ἶ䂮┺)

= 㹾⯒ ἶ䂶㑮㧞㠊㣪.

1 (I) can open the store alone (

䢒㧦 ṖỢ⯒ 㡊┺)

2 (We) can give a hope to them (

⁎✺㠦Ợ 䧂ⰳ㦚㭒┺)

3 (They) can dance on the stage (

ⶊ╖ 㥚㠦㍲㿺㦚㿪┺)

4 (She) cannot sell the house (

㰧㦚䕪┺)

5 (I) cannot solve this math problem (

㧊㑮䞯 ⶎ㩲⯒ 䛖┺)

Exercise 20.2

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ඥ 㑮㧞┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

⁎ 㞚㧊䞲䎢㡗㠊⯒ Ṗ⯊䂮┺

= ⁎ 㞚㧊䞲䎢㡗㠊⯒ Ṗ⯊䂶㑮㧞㠊㣪.

“(I) can teach English to that child.”

䔎⩃㦚㤊㩚䞮┺

▪㥚⯒ ⓦ⋒┺

㢖㧎㦚 Ⱎ㔲┺

䞲ῃ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊┺

⹎ῃ 䂲ῂ⯒ ㌂‖┺

Exercise 20.3

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ඥ 㭚㞢┺/~(㦒)ඥ 㭚㞢㞮┺

and the sentence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) know how to speak Spanish.” (

㓺䗮㧎㠊⯒ 䞮┺)

= 㓺䗮㧎㠊⯒ 䞶㭚㞢㞚㣪.

183

Exercise
20.4

1 (I) know how to sing a Japanese song (

㧒⽎ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊┺)

2 (I) know how to make Chinese food (

㭧ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 Ⱒ✺┺)

3 (I) thought that Scarlet would have a key (

㓺䃒Ⱅ㧊㡊㐶⯒ Ṗ㰖ἶ

㧞┺)

4 (I) thought (they) would open the store even on Sunday (

㧒㣪㧒㠦☚

ṖỢ⯒ 㡊┺)

5 (I) thought that (he) would be in church today (

㡺⓮ ᾦ䣢㠦㧞┺)

Exercise 20.4

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ඥ 㭚㞢┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㧒⽎㠊㔶ⶎ㦚㧓┺

= 㧒⽎㠊㔶ⶎ㦚㧓㦚㭚㞢㞚㣪.

“(I) know how to read Japanese newspapers.”

ₖ䂮⯒ Ⱒ✺┺

Ἶ䝚⯒ 䂮┺

㧦㩚Ệ⯒ 䌖┺

㡂₆㍲䣢㌂₢㰖 Ṗ┺

㑮㡗䞮┺

Exercise 20.5

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ඥ 㭚 ⴆ⧦┺ and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) did not think that Lisa would order Chinese food.”

(

Ⰲ㌂Ṗ 㭧ῃ 㦢㔳㦚㔲䋺┺)

= Ⰲ㌂Ṗ 㭧ῃ 㦢㔳㦚㔲䌂㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪.

1 (I) did not think that Jerry would be popular (

㩲ⰂṖ 㥶ⳛ䞮┺)

2 (I) did not think that Professor Chang would be a Korean (

㧻 ᾦ㑮

┮㧊䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊┺)

3 (We) did not think that Kate would study well (

䅖㧊䔎Ṗ Ὃ⿖⯒ 㧮

䞮┺)

4 (I) did not think that (she) would have a boyfriend (

⋾㧦䂲ῂṖ

㧞┺)

5 (I) did not think that George would be a policeman (

㫆㰖Ṗ ἓ㺆ὖ

㧊┺)

Ability and
possibility

184

Exercise 20.6

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ඥ 㭚 ⴆ⧦┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

Ⰲ㌂Ṗ ☛㧒㌂⧢㧊┺

= Ⰲ㌂Ṗ ☛㧒㌂⧢㧒㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪.

“(I) did not think that Lisa would be a German.”

䡫㧊㤪㣪㧒㠦㧒⽎㦒⪲ Ṗ┺

ⰺ䓲Ṗ 䏶㣪㧒㠦 ṖỢ⯒ 㧒㹣 ╁┺

㑮㧪㧊䞲ῃ㠦 Ṗ┺

㌂㧊Ⲓ㧊㤊☯㦚㧮䞮┺

㺆㓺Ṗ 㡺⓮ ⩆▮㦒⪲ ⟶⋮┺

Exercise 20.7

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ඥ ⰂṖ 㠜┺ and the sentence

cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example:

“There is no possibility that Paul is a college student.”
(

䙊㧊 ╖䞯㌳㧊┺)

= 䙊㧊 ╖䞯㌳㧒 ⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪.

1 There is no possibility that the dress size fits (

㢍㌂㧊㯞Ṗ ⰴ┺)

2 There is no possibility that the weather is nice (

⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡┺)

3 There is no possibility that the movie is interesting (

⁎ 㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎

㧞┺)

4 There is no possibility that Andrew is lazy (

㞺✲⮮Ṗ Ợ㦒⯊┺)

5 There is no possibility that William majors in Korean history (

㥢Ⰲ㠚

㧊䞲ῃ 㡃㌂⯒ 㩚Ὃ䞮┺)

Exercise 20.8

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ඥ ⰂṖ 㠜┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㩲㧊㓾㧊 ☞㧊 Ⱔ┺

= 㩲㧊㓾㧊 ☞㧊 Ⱔ㦚 ⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪.

“There is no possibility that Jason has a lot of money.”

185

Exercise
20.8

╖䞯㌳䢲㧊㨂⹎㧞┺

㰖䞮㻶㧊䘎䞮┺

䎢┞㓺Ṗ 㓓┺

䌳㔲㣪⁞㧊㕎┺

❪㧦㧎㧊㡞㊮┺

186

UNIT 21

Indirect question form

Questions can be either direct or indirect.

Direct question:

“What does Peter drink?”

Indirect question: “Do you know what Peter drinks?”

In English the indirect question is often marked by the relative clause,

introduced by question words such as “whether,” “what,” “where,” and
“which.” Notice in the second example above that the actual question is
a relative clause (e.g., what Peter drinks), which is marked by the question
word “what.”

This unit introduces the form ~

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ㰖, which is used to

construct indirect questions in Korean as well as to indicate the speaker’s
uncertain or wondering mindset.

Indirect question

The form ~

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ㰖 consists of one of three noun-modifying

endings and the special noun

㰖 “whether/given the state of being/since

then/until.”

⓪㰖 is used after a verb stem for the present meaning (e.g., ⲏ┺ =>

ⲏ⓪㰖); ~(㦒)ච㰖 is used after an adjective/copula stem for the present
meaning (e.g.,

㧧┺ => 㧧㦖㰖); ~(㦒)ඥ㰖 is used after a verb or adjective/

copula stem for the unrealized or prospective meaning (e.g.,

Ṗ⯊䂮┺ =>

Ṗ⯊䂶㰖; ⹪㊮┺ => ⹪㊶㰖). For a verb as well as adjective/copula in
the past meaning, ~

㠞/㞮⓪㰖 is used (e.g., ⲏ┺ => ⲏ㠞⓪㰖; 㧧┺ =>

㧧㞮⓪㰖).

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ㰖 is often used with certain verbs or adjectives, such

㞢┺ “know,” ⳾⯊┺ “do not know,” and ῗ⁞䞮┺ “curious.” Consider

the following two sentences:

㧊㌂⻾㧊 ⳝ 㔲㠦 ☢㞚㢖㣪? “What time does Isabel return?”
㧊㌂⻾㧊 ⳝ 㔲㠦 ☢㞚㡺⓪㰖G㞢㞚㣪? “Do (you) know what time Isabel
returns?”

187

Indirect
question

The first sentence is a direct question, and the second sentence is an
indirect question. Notice in the second sentence that ~

⓪㰖 is used after

the verb stem (e.g.,

☢㞚㡺 + ⓪㰖), and followed by the verb 㞢┺.

The use of the adverb

㠒Ⱎ⋮ “how much/many” with the form ~⓪/

(

㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ 㰖 may add an exclamatory sense to the content, as shown

below:

◆㧊キ㧊㣪㯞㦢㠒Ⱎ⋮G㡊㕂䧞G㔲䠮GὋ⿖⯒G䞮⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you)
know how hard David studies for tests nowadays?”
⁎ 㹾Ṗ 㠒Ⱎ⋮G ゚㕒㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know how expensive that
car is?”

Here are more examples.

After the verb stem in the present meaning

䙊㧊㠊❪㠦 ṖἶG㧞⓪㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know where Paul is going
to?”
㠦Ⰲ䃊Ṗ 㠊❪㠦㌂⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know where Erica lives?”

After the adjective or copula stem in the present meaning

䢎⏖⭆⬾㦮 ⋶㝾Ṗ 㠒Ⱎ⋮ 㫡㦖㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know how nice
Honolulu’s weather is?”
⁎✺㧊䟟⽋䞲㰖 ῗ⁞䟊㣪? “Are (you) curious whether they are
happy?”
ぢ⧮✲Ṗ ⑚ῂ㧎㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know who Brad is?”

After the verb, adjective and/or copula stem in the past meaning

㞺㰖Ṗ 㠊㩲 ⶊ㠝㦚G 䟞⓪㰖G 㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know what Angie did
yesterday?”
㠊㩲 ⹺ ⳝG㔲₢㰖GὋ⿖䟞⓪㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know what time (he)
studied until last night?”
㰖⋲ 㭒㠦㠒Ⱎ⋮ ⹪ナ⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know how busy (I) was
last week?”
㔲䠮㧊㠒Ⱎ⋮ 㠊⩺㤶⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know how hard the test
was?”

After the verb, adjective and/or copula stem in the prospective
meaning

䋂Ⰲ㓺䕊㧊 ⳝ 㔲㠦㿲⁒䞶㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know at what time
Christine will go to work?”
⁎ 㹾Ṗ 㠒Ⱎ⋮ ゚㕖㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know how expensive that
car will be?”

Indirect
question
form

188

Indicating a speculative mindset

When ~

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ㰖 is used in a non-interrogative sentence, it

indicates the speaker’s speculative or uncertain mindset. Consider the
following sentence:

䃦䕆Ṗ ⳝ 㔲㠦䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ⓪㰖G ⴆ⧒㣪. “(I) do not know what time
Cathy goes to school.”

Notice that

ⳝ 㔲㠦䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ⓪㰖 “what time Cathy goes to school”

implies the speaker’s wondering mindset. Here are more examples:

㞶䝢㦚G 㝆⓪㰖G wjG ⯒G 㝆⓪㰖G ₆㠋㧊G 㞞G ⋮㣪. “(I) do not remember
whether (he) uses an Apple or a PC.”
㡺ザṖ 㠊❪㍲G㌂⓪㰖G⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know where (my) older
brother lives.”

㫊䞲䎢 ⁎ 㺛㧊゚㕒㰖G ⶒ㠊⽊㎎㣪. “Ask John whether that book is
expensive.”
㔲䠮㧊㠒Ⱎ⋮G㠊⩺㤊㰖Gⴆ⧒㣪. “(They) do not know how difficult the
test is.”
㰖⹎ 㓺⹎㓺Ṗ ⑚ῂ㧎㰖G ⴆ⧒㣪. “(I) do not know who Jimmy Smith
is.”
㡺⓮ 㠊ⓦG䕖㧊G㧊₎㰖Gῗ⁞䟊㣪. “(I) am curious which team will win
today.”
┺㦢䞯₆㠦㠊⟺G 㑮㠛㦚G ✺㦚㰖G ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) am not sure what
kind of courses (I) will take next semester.”
㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㧞㦚㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㔋┞┺. “(I) am not sure whether the food will
be tasty.”
㡊㐶⯒ 㠊❪㠦 Ṧ㿪㠞⓪㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know where (she)
hid the key.”
⁎ 㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㧞㠞⓪㰖G 㧊㟒₆䟊G 㭒㎎㣪. “Please tell (us) whether
that movie was interesting.”
㧧⎚ Ỿ㤎㧊㠒Ⱎ⋮G 㿪㤶⓪㰖 ⳾⯒ Ệ㡞㣪. “(They probably) do not
know how cold the last winter was.”

㠊V㞚㟒G䞶㰖G⳾⯊┺G

The form ~

㠊/㞚㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊┺ is used when the speaker is uncertain

about what he/she must do. This form is constructed from ~

㠊/㞚㟒䞮┺

“must/should,” the form ~(

㦒)ඥ㰖, and the verb ⳾⯊┺ “do not know/be

unaware of.”

㩲┞䗒㦮㧊㟒₆⯒ ⹕㠊㟒G䞶㰖G⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know whether
(I) should believe Jennifer’s story.”

189

O㦒Pච㰖GUGUGUG

♮┺V㰖⋮┺

⁎ ⋾㧦⯒ Ἒ㏣ Ⱒ⋮㟒G䞶㰖G⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know whether (I)
should continue to meet with that man.”

㠊/㞚㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊┺ is often used with a question word, such as ⶊ㠝

“what,”

㠎㩲 “when,” and 㠊❪ “where,” as shown below:

Ⲓ㩖 ⶊ㠝㦚㌂㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know what (I) have to
buy first.”
㠎㩲⿖䌗㦚䟊㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know when (I) should
ask for a favor.”
゚Ṗ 㡺⓪◆ 㤆㌆㦚㌂⩂ 㠊❪⪲GṖ㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(It) rains, but
(I) do not know where (I) should go to buy an umbrella.”

㦒)ච㰖

ච㰖G. . .G♮┺V㰖⋮┺

♮┺V㰖⋮┺

The form ~(

㦒)ච㰖 . . . ♮┺/㰖⋮┺ is constructed from ~(㦒)ච㰖, and the

verb

♮┺ “become” (or the verb 㰖⋮┺ “pass/elapse”). The ~(㦒)ච 㰖 . . .

♮┺/㰖⋮┺ is used to express the amount of time that has elapsed since
a certain temporal point, and it can be translated as “since” in English.

ぢ⧒㧊㠎䞲䎢㩚䢪⯒G䞲㰖G㌒G㭒ṖG♦㠊㣪. “(It) has been three weeks
since (I) called Brian.”
Ṗ㦚䞯₆Ṗ 㔲㧧䞲㰖G㌒G㧒㧊G㰖⌂㠊㣪. “(It) has been three days since
the fall semester began.”
㍲㤎㠦䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮⩂ 㡾㰖G 㧒G ⎚㧊G 㰖⌂㠊㣪. “(It) has been a
year since (I) came to Seoul to study Korean.”
Ἶ䝚⯒ ⺆㤊㰖G 㠒Ⱎ⋮G ♦㠊㣪? “How long has (it) been, since (you)
learned golf?”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 21 exercises

ṖỢ store
Ṗ┺ to go
Ṧ₆ cold/flu
Ὃ⿖ study
₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
₎ road
⋶㝾 weather
⑞ snow
⓼┺ to be late
╁┺ to close

Indirect
question
form

190

▻┺ to be hot
☚㹿䞮┺ to arrive
⟶⋮┺ to leave/to depart
Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱏ䧞┺ to be blocked/to be held up
Ⱔ㧊 a lot
ⲏ┺ to eat
ⶎ㩲 problem

⹿ room
⻞䢎 number
⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read
゚䟟₆ airplane
㌊ age/one’s years
㔲⊚⩓┺ to be noisy
㔲㧧䞮┺ to begin
㔲䠮 test/examination
㕎┺ to be cheap/to be inexpensive
㠊⪋┺ to be difficult
㡂㧦䂲ῂ girlfriend
㡗䢪 movie
㡺┺ to come
㣪㯞㦢 nowadays
㤊☯ exercise/sports
㦢㔳 food
㧊䔖 two days
㧒䞮┺ to work

㨂⹎㧞Ợ interestingly
㩖⎗ dinner
㩚䢪 telephone
㩦㕂 lunch
㰧 house
㰲┺ to be salty
㹾 car
䀾㰗䞮┺ to get employed
䂋 floor
䌖┺ to ride
䕪┺ to sell
䘎㰖 letter
䛖┺ to solve
䞯ᾦ school
䠺㠊㰖┺ to break up
䢪㧻㔺 toilet
䣢㌂ company

191

Exercise
21.1

Exercise 21.1

Connect the following two sentences using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච㰖. Then translate

the sentence.

Example:

ⳝ 㔲㠦㌂ⶊ㔺⪲ ☢㞚Ṗ㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

= ⳝ 㔲㠦㌂ⶊ㔺⪲ ☢㞚Ṗ⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪?

“Do (you) know what time (they) return to the office?”

㩲ⰂṖ ⳝ ㌊㧊㠦㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㡗䢪Ṗ ⳝ 㔲㠦㔲㧧䟊㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㠊❪㠦㍲㧒䟊㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㠊❪㠦㍲⻚㓺⯒ 䌖㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㩲㧚㓺㦮 ⹿㧊 ⳝ 䂋㠦㧞㠊㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㭚ⰂṖ 㢲䕢Ⰲ⪲ ⟶⋮㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㰧㧊㢲㔲⊚⩂㤢㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

⹿㧊㢲 ▪㤢㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㧊 ῃ㧊㢲㰲㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㧊䅊䜾䎆Ṗ 㢲㕎㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

Exercise 21.2

Connect the following two sentences using ~(

㦒)ඥ㰖. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

ⳝ 㔲㠦㧒㦚 Ⱎ㼦㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

ⳝ 㔲㠦㧒㦚 Ⱎ䂶㰖㞚㎎㣪?

“Do (you) know what time (they) will finish (their)
work?”

Ⱎ㧊䋊㧊 ⶊ㓾㧒㦚䟊㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㠊❪㍲㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㠊㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

㣪㯞㦢 ⪲Ⱎ㦮 ⋶㝾Ṗ 㠊➢㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

゚䟟₆Ṗ Ὃ䟃㠦 ⳝ 㔲㠦 ☚㹿䟊㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

⌊㧒 ⳝ 㔲㠦 ṖỢ⯒ ╁㞚㣪? / 㞚㎎㣪?

Exercise 21.3

Finish the following translation using ~

⓪/(㦒)ච/(㦒)ඥ㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪 and

the sentence cue provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Indirect
question
form

192

Example: “(I) do not know why Edward went to Korea.”

(

㠦✲㤢✲Ṗ 㢲䞲ῃ㠦 Ṗ┺)

= 㠦✲㤢✲Ṗ 㢲䞲ῃ㠦 Ṫ⓪㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

1 (I) do not know whether Paul passed the test (

䙊㧊㔲䠮㠦䞿ỿ䞮

┺)

2 (I) do not know where (they) have a wedding ceremony (

㠊❪㍲ ἆ

䢒㔳㦚䞮┺)

3 (I) do not know what (I) should buy (

ⶮ ㌂㟒䞮┺)

4 (I) do not know what (her) name is (

㧊⯚㧊 ⶊ㠝㧊┺)

5 (I) do not know when (I) should marry (

㠎㩲 ἆ䢒㦚䟊㟒䞮┺)

6 (I) do not know when the package will arrive (

㠎㩲㏢䙂Ṗ ☚㹿䞮

┺)

7 (I) do not know whether Peter has a car (

䙊㧊㹾Ṗ 㧞┺)

8 (I) do not know whether the test was easy (

㔲䠮㧊㓓┺)

9 (I) do not know whether the price is expensive (

Ṗỿ㧊゚㕎┺)

10 (I) do not know how heavy the bag will be (

Ṗ⹿㧊㠒Ⱎ⋮ ⶊỗ┺)

Exercise 21.4

Translate the following into English.

Example:

㠒Ⱎ⋮ 㰦㧊 ⶊỆ㤊㰖 ⴑ Ṗ㪎㢪㠊㣪.

= “How heavy the load was, (I) could not bring (it).”

㠒Ⱎ⋮ 㰧㧊㔲⊚⩂㤊㰖 Ὃ⿖⯒ ⴑ 䞮Ỷ㠊㣪

㠒Ⱎ⋮ ₎㧊 Ⱏ䡪⓪㰖䕢䕆㠦 X 㔲Ṛ㧊⋮ ⓼㠞㠊㣪

㠒Ⱎ⋮ 㔲䠮㧊㠊⩺㤶⓪㰖䞲 ⶎ㩲☚ ⴑ 䛖㠞㠊㣪

㠒Ⱎ⋮ 㡗䢪⯒ 㨂⹎㧞Ợ ⽊⓪㰖䢪㧻㔺☚ 㞞 Ṗ㣪

㠒Ⱎ⋮ ⑞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㡺⓪㰖䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṟ ộ ṯ㞚㣪

Exercise 21.5

Conjugate the predicate using ~

㠊/㞚㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊┺. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

㠎㩲㰧㦒⪲ ☢㞚Ṗ┺

= 㠎㩲㰧㦒⪲ ☢㞚Ṗ㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

“(I) am not sure when (I) should return home.”

ⳝ 㔲₢㰖 ₆┺Ⰲ┺

㠊ⓦ 㹾⯒ ㌂┺

㠒Ⱎ㠦㰧㦚䕪┺

193

Exercise
21.6

㢲㡂㧦䂲ῂ㢖G䠺㠊㰖┺

ⶊ㠝㦚 Ⱎ㔲┺

Exercise 21.6

Finish the following translation using ~(

㦒)ච㰖 . . . ♮┺ and the cues pro-

vided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(It) has been three days since my back hurts.” (

䠞ⰂṖ 㞚

䝚┺ / Z 㧒)

= 䠞ⰂṖ 㞚䝞㰖 Z 㧒㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

1 (It) has been 4 days since snow started falling (

⑞㧊㡺₆ 㔲㧧䞮┺ /

[ 㧒)

2 (It) has been a year since (we) moved to Canada (

䃦⋮┺⪲ 㧊㌂㡺

┺ / X ⎚)

3 (It) has been 3 weeks since (I) learned Korean (

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤆┺ /

ZG㭒)

4 (It) has been 6 months since (I) quitted smoking (

╊⺆⯒ ⊠┺ / ] Ṳ

㤪)

5 (It) has been 10 minutes since (I) began cooking (

㣪Ⰲ⯒ 㔲㧧䞮┺ /

XW ⿚)

6 (It) has been 2 days since (I) bought the car (

㹾⯒ ㌂┺ / 㧊䔖)

7 (It) has been a week since Jennifer left for London (

㩲┞䗒Ṗ ⩆▮㦒

⪲ ⟶⋮┺ / 㧒㭒㧒)

8 How long has (it) been since (you) had a hair cut? (

ⲎⰂ⯒ 㧦⯊┺ /

㠒Ⱎ⋮ ♦㠊㣪?)

9 How long has (it) been since (you) returned home? (

㰧㠦 ☢㞚㡺┺ /

㠒Ⱎ⋮ ♦㠊㣪?)

10 How long has (it) been since (you) last saw him? (

⁎⯒ Ⱎ㰖Ⱏ㦒⪲

⽊┺ / 㠒Ⱎ⋮ ♦㠊㣪?)

Exercise 21.7

Write a sentence using the cues provided and ~(

㦒)ච㰖GUGUGUG♮┺, as shown

in the example. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

◆┞㠮㧊䞲ῃ㦒⪲ ⟶⋮┺ / Z 㧒

= ◆┞㠮㧊䞲ῃ㦒⪲ ⟶⋲㰖 Z 㧒㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

“(It) has been three days since Daniel left for Korea.”

Indirect
question
form

194

㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ┺ / Y 㔲Ṛ

Ṧ₆ ỎⰂ┺ / 㧊䔖

䘎㰖⯒ ⹱┺ / X 㭒㧒

㤊☯㦚㔲㧧䞮┺ / [ 㧒

䀾㰗䞮┺ / X ⎚

195

UNIT 22

The retrospective suffix

▪

The retrospective suffix

▪ indicates a speaker’s past observation and/or

experience. This unit introduces several grammatical forms that incorporate
the suffix

▪. These patterns include a sentence-ending, a noun-modifying

ending, and clausal conjunctives.

▪⧒ῂ㣪

The sentence ending ~

▪⧒ῂ㣪 is primarily used in spoken commun-

ication. The ending is constructed from the retrospective suffix

▪, the

statement suffix

⧒, the quotation particle ῂ (the informal counterpart

ἶ), and the politeness marker 㣪.
~

▪⧒ῂ㣪 is used to report what a speaker has experienced or observed.

It also stresses the authenticity of the speaker’s experience and adds
meanings such as “I am telling you” and “you know.” Consider the follow-
ing examples:

ἓ䂮Ṗ 㞚㭒㞚⯚╋▪⧒ῂ㣪. “(I am telling you that) the scenery was
really beautiful.”
㫊㧊䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 㧮䞮▪⧒ῂ㣪. “John spoke Korean well (you know).”

Notice in the examples above that the ending ~

▪⧒ῂ㣪 emphasizes

the validity of the speaker’s experiences or observation. Here are more
examples:

㰧㧊㩫Ⱖ 䋂▪⧒ῂ㣪. “The house was really huge (you know).”
⋮⓪ 䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㧊㩲㧒 ⰱ㧞▪⧒ῂ㣪. “As for me, the Korean food was
the most delicious (you know).”
Ịṫ㦚G㥚䟊㍲Gⰺ㧒G㟒㺚ⰢGⲏ▪⧒ῂ㣪. “For the sake of health, (they)
ate only vegetables (you know).”

The
retrospective
suffix

196

▮

In Unit 16, three Korean noun-modifying endings, ~

⓪, ~(㦒)ච, and ~(㦒)

ඥGwere introduced. It was noted that any phrase (whether it be an adjec-
tive or a verb) can be made into a modifier by attaching a noun-modifying
ending to the stem of the predicate. Korean has one more noun-modifying
ending, ~

▮. It is the retrospective noun-modifying ending that indicates

a speaker’s past experience and/or observation of the action or state. When
it is used with a verb stem, the ending ~

▮ indicates an habitual action in

the past. When it is used with an adjective stem, it implies that the past
state that no longer exists.

Verb

Verb stem +

▮

Ⱒ⋮┺ “meet”

Ⱒ⋮▮ 㡂㧦 “the woman that (I) used to meet”

ⲏ┺ “eat”

ⲏ▮ 㦢㔳 “the food that (I) used to eat”

㺔┺ “find”

㺔▮ ㌂⧢ “the person that (I) used to look for”

㧓┺ “read”

㧓▮ 㺛 “the book that (I) used to read”

Adjective

Adjective stem +

▮

㡞㊮┺ “pretty”

㡞㊮▮ ↙ “the flower that used to be pretty”

㫆㣿䞮┺ “quiet”

㫆㣿䞮▮ ⹿ “the room that used to be quiet”

㥶ⳛ䞮┺ “famous” 㥶ⳛ䞮▮ ⏎⧮ “the song that used to be
popular”
㠊⪋┺ “difficult”

㠊⪋▮ 㔲䠮 “the test that used to be difficult”

One can make the past action or state even more temporarily remote

by using it with the past tense marker

㠞/㞮 as in 㠞/㞮▮. Compare the

following two sentences:

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮▮ 䞯㌳ “the student who used to study the Korean
language.”
䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䟞▮ 䞯㌳ “the student who used to study the Korean
language (a long time ago).”

Here are more examples:

㔶ⶎ㦚㧓▮ ㌂⧢ “the person who used to read the newspaper.”
㔶ⶎ㦚㧓㠞▮ ㌂⧢ “the person who used to read the newspaper (a
long time ago).”

㠊⚷▮ ⹿ “the room that used to be dark.”
㠊⚦㤶▮ ⹿ “the room that used to be dark (a long time ago).”

197

▪┞

The clausal conjunctive ~

▪┞, consisting of the retrospective suffix ▪ and

the suffix

┞, means “but (now)/as/since/and as a result.” The conjunctive

▪┞Gis used when the speaker recollects what he/she has directly observed

or experienced. Consider the following examples:

㠊㩲⓪ ⋶㝾Ṗ ▻▪┞ 㡺⓮㦖㿻⍺㣪. “As for yesterday, the weather
was hot, but as for today, (it) is cold.”
㞚䂾㠦 ⑞㧊G 㡺▪┞ 㧊㩲゚Ṗ 㢖㣪. “(It) snowed in the morning, but
(it) rains now.”

Notice in the first example that the ~

▪┞ ending clause (e.g., the weather

was hot) is based on the speaker’s direct experience. In the second ex-
ample, the first clause with

▪┞ (e.g., snow in the morning) is based on

the speaker’s direct observation.

Since ~

▪┞ involves the speaker’s past observation/experience, it

implies the past connotation. Consequently, the use of the past tense marker
㠞/㞮 would be optional for the past action or state. Consider the follow-
ing examples:

䘎㰖⯒ 㧓▪┞ 㤙₆ 㔲㧧䟞㠊㣪. “As (she) read the letter, (she) began
to laugh.”
ⰺ㧒㫆ₛ㦚G䞮▪┞ Ịṫ䟊㪢⍺㣪. “Since (you) have jogged everyday,
(now I see that you) became healthy.”
㠊Ⲏ┞㢖㩚䢪䞮▪┞, 㤎₆ 㔲㧧䟞㠊㣪. “As (he) talked to (his) mother
over the phone, (he) began to cry.”

Notice in the examples above that only the main clauses are conjugated
for the past tense.

When ~

▪┞G is used with the past tense marker 㠞/㞮, as in ~㠞/㞮

▪┞, the speaker’s past observation/experience sounds even more tem-
porarily distant.

㞚䂾㦚 Ⱔ㧊 ⲏ㠞▪┞ ⺆Ṗ 㞚䕢㣪. “Since (I) ate a lot of breakfast,
(my) stomach aches.”
㰧㠦 Ṫ▪┞ 㞚ⶊ☚ 㠜㠞㠊㣪. “(I) went home, but nobody was
there.”
⹺ ⓼Ợ₢㰖䎪⩞゚㩚㦚⽺▪┞ 䞒Ἲ䟊㣪. “Since (I) watched TV until
late at night, (I) feel tired.”

The
retrospective
suffix

198

㠞V㞮▪⧒Ⳋ

The clausal conjunctive ~

㠞/㞮▪⧒Ⳋ means “if (something had/had not

been the case).” This conjunctive is constructed from the past tense marker
㠞/㞮, the retrospective suffix ▪, the statement suffix ⧒, and the conjunc-
tive ~(

㦒)Ⳋ “if.” The conjunctive ~㠞/㞮▪⧒Ⳋ is used when the speaker

wishes to express a sense of regret or supposition. Consider the following
examples:

╊⺆⯒ 㞞䞒㤶▪⧒Ⳋ ▪ Ịṫ䟞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case that he)
did not smoke, (he) would have been healthier.”
⁎ ➢ ╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䟞▪⧒Ⳋ ▪ 㫡㦖㰗㧻㦚 Ṗ㰞㑮㧞㠞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If
(it was the case that I) graduated from college at that time, (I) could
have had a better job.”

Notice that the main clauses of both examples indicate the sense of

disappointment or assumption. Here are more examples:

⁎ ⋶ 䞯ᾦ㠦㞞 Ṫ▪⧒Ⳋ 㹾㌂ἶṖ 㞞 ⌂㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case
that I) didn’t go to school on that day, the car accident might not have
occurred.”
㩲㧎㦚 ▪ 㧒㹣 Ⱒ⌂▪⧒Ⳋ Ⰲ㌂䞮ἶ ἆ䢒㞞䟞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was
the case that he) met Jane earlier, (he) might not have married Lisa.”
ᾦ㑮┮㦮㫆㠎㧊㠜㠞▪⧒Ⳋ 䢪ṖṖ 㞞 ♦㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case
that) there was not the professor’s advice, (he) might not have become
a painter.”

▪⧒☚

The clausal conjunctive ~

▪⧒☚ means “even though (it may be the case).”

It is constructed from the retrospective suffix

▪, and the clausal con-

junctive ~

㠊/㞚☚ “although.” This conjunctive is used when the speaker

acknowledges the content of the ~

▪⧒☚ ending clause but stresses that

the following clause must be the case. Consider the following example:

゚ṖG 㡺▪⧒☚ Ↄ ṖỢ㠦 ✺⯊㎎㣪. “Even though (it) may rain, stop
by the store for sure.”

Notice that the content of the first clause is acknowledged but the content
of the main clause is highlighted (e.g., stopping by the store). Here are
more examples:

199

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 22
exercises

₎㧊G Ⱏ䧞▪⧒☚ ệ㩫䞮㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪. “Even though the road may get
congested, do not worry (about it).”
㔲䠮㠦G ⟾㠊㰖▪⧒☚G 㫢㩞䞮㰖G Ⱎ㎎㣪. “Even though (you) may fail
the test, do not be discouraged.”
䂲ῂ⯒ ⴑ Ⱒ⋮▪⧒☚ 㡂₆㍲ ₆┺Ⰺ Ệ㡞㣪. “Even though (I) may not
be able to meet (my) friend, (I) will wait (for her) here.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 22 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
Ṗ㪎㡺┺ to bring
ṯ㧊 together
ἶ₆ meat
ᾦ⽋ school uniform
₆┺Ⰲ┺ to wait
₆⿚ feeling/mood
Ↄ surely
⋮㊮┺ to be bad/to be wrong
⋮㡺┺ to come out
╖䞯ᾦ college
☞ money
☯⬢ colleague
✲⧒Ⱎ drama
⟶⋮┺ to depart/to take leave of/to leave
Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱒ⋮┺ to meet
ⰻ㭒 beer
ⲎⰂ head
ⲏ┺ to eat
ⶊỗ┺ to be heavy

⹮㰖 (a finger) ring
⺆㤆┺ to learn
⼧㤦 hospital
⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read
⿖㰖⩆䞮┺ to be diligent
㌂‖┺ to make friends/to go out with
㌂┺ to buy
㌂⧢ person/people
㌂㧻 president (of company)/CEO
㌊┺ to live

The
retrospective
suffix

200

㏢㍺㺛 novel
㔂䝚┺ to be sad
㔲⊚⩓┺ to be noisy

㞚䂾 morning/breakfast
㞚䕢䔎 apartment
㞚䝚┺ to be sore
㟓 medicine
㠊㩲 yesterday
㡂㧦 woman
㡗䢪 movie
㡺ザ older brother
㡺䤚 afternoon
㣪Ⰲ䞮┺ to cook
㤎┺ to cry
㤙┺ to smile
㦢㔳 food
㧊⻞㭒 this week

㨂⹎㠜┺ to be uninteresting
㩚㠦 before
㫆㣿䞮┺ to be quiet
㫎┺ to doze off
㭧䞯ᾦ middle school
㯦Ỿ willingly/frequently
㰖⋲ 㭒 last week
㰧 house
㹾 car
㺛 book
䂲ῂ friend
䏶㣪㧒 Saturday
䞒Ἲ䞮┺ to be tired
䞲ῃ㠊 the Korean language
䣢㌂ company/firm

Exercise 22.1

Finish the following translation using ~

▪⧒ῂ㣪 and the sentence cue

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(They) served various side dishes (you know)”

(

㡂⩂Ṗ㰖 ⹮㺂㦚㭒┺)

= 㡂⩂Ṗ㰖 ⹮㺂㦚㭒▪⧒ῂ㣪.

Exercise
22.2

201

1 There were many customers (you know) (

㏦┮㧊 Ⱔ┺)

2 The service was great (you know) (

㍲゚㓺Ṗ 㫡┺)

3 The apartment rent was expensive (you know) (

㞚䕢䔎㎎Ṗ ゚㕎┺)

4 (It) took five hours (you know) (

┺㎅㔲Ṛ ỎⰂ┺)

5 The house was huge (you know) (

㰧㧊䋂┺)

Exercise 22.2

Conjugate the predicate using ~

▪⧒ῂ㣪. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

⳾⚦ ⹪㊮┺

= ⳾⚦ ⹪㊮▪⧒ῂ㣪. “Everyone was busy (you know).”

㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊⿖㰖⩆䞮┺

㑮㧪㦮㡺ザṖ 䣢㌂㌂㧻㧊┺

䐆㧊䌳㔲⯒ ₆┺Ⰲ┺

㩲㧎㦮㌳㧒㧊㠊㩲㧊┺

䃦㍲Ⰶ㧊 ⹮㰖⯒ ㌂ἶ 㧞┺

Exercise 22.3

Finish the following translation using ~

▮ and the cues provided in par-

enthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “The friend that (I) used to study with.”

(

ṯ㧊 Ὃ⿖䞮┺ / 䂲ῂ)

= ṯ㧊 Ὃ⿖䞮▮ 䂲ῂ

1 The song that (I) used to listen to (

✹┺ / ⏎⧮)

2 The bicycle that (I) used to ride (

䌖┺ / 㧦㩚Ệ)

3 The company that (we) used to work for (

㧒䞮┺ / 䣢㌂)

4 The food that (we) used to like (

㫡㞚䞮┺ / 㦢㔳)

5 The toothbrush that (you) used to use (

㝆┺ / 䃁㏪)

6 The man who used to be brave (

㝿㝿䞮┺ / ⋾㧦)

7 The skin that used to be soft (

⿖✲⩓┺ / 䞒⿖)

8 The room that used to be dark (

㠊⚷┺ / ⹿)

9 The weather that used to be warm (

➆⦑䞮┺ / ⋶㝾)

10 The store that used to be crowded with customers (

㏦┮㦒⪲G⿦゚┺ /

ṖỢ)

The
retrospective
suffix

202

Exercise 22.4

Respond to each question using ~

▮ and the cues provided in parenthesis,

as shown in the example. Then translate the response.

Example:

㡂₆Ṗ 㠊❪㡞㣪? (⌊Ṗ ┺┞┺ / ἶ❇䞯ᾦ)

= ⌊Ṗ ┺┞▮ ἶ❇䞯ᾦ㡞㣪.

“(It) is the high school that I used to attend.”

㧊㺛㦖 ⶦ㡞㣪? (╖䞯ᾦ ➢ 㧓┺ / ㏢㍺㺛)

㩖㌂⧢㦖 ⑚ῂ㡞㣪? (㌂‖┺ / 㡂㧦䂲ῂ)

㧊 ✲⧒Ⱎ⓪ ⶊ㓾 ✲⧒Ⱎ㡞㣪? (䞲ῃ㠦㍲㯦Ỿ ⽊┺ / {} ✲⧒Ⱎ)

㡂₆Ṗ 㠊❪㡞㣪? (XW ⎚㩚㠦㌊┺/ 㞚䕢䔎)

⁎ ộ㦖 ⶦ㡞㣪? (㭧䞯ᾦ ➢ 㧛┺ / ᾦ⽋)

㩖㌂⧢㦖 ⑚ῂ㡞㣪? (ṯ㧊㧒䞮┺ / ☯⬢)

Exercise 22.5

Connect the following two sentences using ~

▪┞. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

⋾㧦䂲ῂ⯒ ㌂‖┺ / ㎇ỿ㧊 Ⱔ㧊⼖䟞㠊㣪

= ⋾㧦䂲ῂ⯒ ㌂‖▪┞ ㎇ỿ㧊 Ⱔ㧊⼖䟞㠊㣪.

“As (she) made a boyfriend, (her) personality changed a
lot.”

㞚䂾㠦⓪ 㰧㧊㫆㣿䞮┺ / 㡺䤚㠦⓪ 㔲⊚⩂㤢㣪

㰖⋲ 㭒₢㰖㧒⽎ ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ⽊┺ / 㧊⻞㭒⓪ 䞲ῃ ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ⽦㣪

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤆┺ / 䞲ῃ 㡗䢪Ⱒ ⽦㣪

㕃⿚ ₆┺⪎┺ / 㦢㔳㧊 ⋮㢪㠊㣪

㠊㩲 ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱔ㧊 Ⱎ㎾┺ / ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䕢㣪

Exercise 22.6

Finish the following translation using ~

㠞/㞮▪⧒Ⳋ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “If (it was the case that I) studied harder, (I) might have

entered medical school.”

(

▪ 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮┺ / 㦮ὒ ╖䞯㠦 ✺㠊Ṫ㦚 Ệ㡞㣪)

= ▪ 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䟞▪⧒Ⳋ 㦮ὒ ╖䞯㠦 ✺㠊Ṫ㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

203

Exercise
22.7

1 If (it was the case that I) had time, (I) might have met (her) (

㔲Ṛ㧊

㧞┺ / Ⱒ⌂㦚 Ệ㡞㣪)

2 If (it was the case that I) was not busy, (I) might have stopped by home

(

⹪㊮㰖㞠┺ / 㰧㠦 ✺⩖㦚 Ệ㡞㣪)

3 If (it was the case that they) were happy, (they) might not have divorced

(

䟟⽋䞮┺ / 㧊䢒䞮㰖㞠㞮㦚 Ệ㡞㣪)

4 If (it was the case that he) knew the secret, (he) might have succeeded

(

゚⹖㦚㞢┺ / ㎇Ὃ䟞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪)

5 If (it was the case that they) practiced harder, (they) might have won

the game (

㡆㔋㦚 ▪ 㡊㕂䧞䞮┺ / ἓ₆⯒ 㧊ἒ㦚 Ệ㡞㣪)

Exercise 22.7

Connect the following two sentences using ~

㠞/㞮▪⧒Ⳋ. Then translate

the sentence.

Example:

㰧㠦㧞┺ / ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ⽺㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

= 㰧㠦㧞㠞▪⧒Ⳋ ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ⽺㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

“If (it was the case that I) stayed home, (I) might have
watched the drama.”

⼧㤦㠦GṖ┺G/G㌊㞮㦚GỆ㡞㣪

㟓㦚Gⲏ┺G/G㞞G㞚䕶㦚GỆ㡞㣪

☞㧊G㧞┺G/G⟶⌂㦚GỆ㡞㣪

ἶ₆ṖG㧞┺G/G㌖㦚GỆ㡞㣪

㹾ṖG㧞┺G/GⰢ⌂㦚GỆ㡞㣪

Exercise 22.8

Finish the following translation using ~

▪⧒☚ and the sentence cues

provided in parenthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “Even if (it) may be cold, do not put on a coat.”

(

㿻┺ / 䆪䔎⯒ 㧛㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪)

= 㿻▪⧒☚ 䆪䔎⯒ 㧛㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

1 Even if (you) may be curious, do not ask (

ῗ⁞䞮┺ / ⶑ㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪)

2 Even if (you) may be itchy, do not scratch (

Ṗ⪋┺ / ⁗㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪)

3 Even if (you) may be angry, control (yourself) (

䢪⋮┺ / 㺎㦒㎎㣪)

4 Even if (you) may feel bored, stay home (

㕂㕂䞮┺ / 㰧㠦㧞㦒㎎㣪)

5 Even if (he) may come late, do not nag at (him) (

⓼Ợ 㡺┺ / 㧪㏢Ⰲ

䞮㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪)

The
retrospective
suffix

204

Exercise 22.9

Connect the following two clauses using ~

▪⧒☚. Then translate the

sentence.

Example:

▻┺ / ⹬㠦 ⋮Ṗ㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪

= ▻▪⧒☚ ⹬㠦 ⋮Ṗ㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

“Even if (it) may be hot, do not go outside.”

䞒Ἲ䞮┺ / 㫎㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪

㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㠜┺ / Ↄ ⽊㎎㣪

₆⿚㧊 ⋮㊮┺ / 㤙㦒㎎㣪

ⶊỗ┺ / Ṗ㪎㡺㎎㣪

㔂䝚┺ / 㤎㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪

205

UNIT 23

Nominalizing endings

Nominalizing endings change a verb or an adjective into a noun form.
Examples of English nominalzing endings include the gerund “~ing” (e.g.,
studying), “~ment” (e.g., accomplishment), and “~ation” (e.g., legalization).
This unit introduces two Korean nominalizing endings, ~

₆ and ~(㦒)ත,

as well as some useful expressions that incorporate one of these two nom-
inalizing endings.

The nominalizing ending ~

₆

When the nominalizing ending ~

₆Gis attached to a verb stem, it modifies

the meaning of the verb as “the act of ~ing” (e.g.,

✹┺ “listen” => ✹₆

“listening”). When it appears after an adjective stem, it changes the mean-
ing of the adjective to “state of being~” (e.g.,

⹮ṧ┺ “glad” => ⹮ṧ₆

“state of being glad”). Consider the following examples:

䢒㧦㍲G㡗䢪G⽊₆⯒G㫡㞚䟊㣪. “(I) like seeing a movie alone.”
㭒⪲GⰦ䞮₆⯒G⺆㤢㣪. “(We) mainly learn speaking.”
㣎ῃ㠦G⋮Ṗ₆ṖG㓂㤢㪢㠊㣪. “Going abroad became easier.”
⋶㝾ṖG ▻₆➢ⶎ㠦G 㰧㠦㧞㠊㣪. “(I) stay home because the weather
is hot.”
㧊G 䃊䗮ṖG 䄺䞒ṖG ⰱ㧞₆⪲ 㥶ⳛ䟊㣪. “This cafe is famous for (its)
delicious coffee.”

What follows are some major expressions that contain the nominalizing

ending ~

₆.

₆⓪

₆⓪ 䄺⎫

䄺⎫

₆⓪ 䄺⎫ means “far from ~ing.” It is constructed from the nominalizing

ending ~

₆, the topic particle ⓪, and the particle 䄺⎫ “not at all.” ~₆⓪

䄺⎫ is used to negate the content of the ~₆ ending predicate emphat-
ically, as shown below:

Nominalizing
endings

206

㯦ỗ₆⓪G 䄺⎫G 㞚㭒G ⿞䇢䟊㣪. “Far from being joyful, (I) feel very
unpleasant.”
㭒Ⱖ㠦G㓂₆⓪G䄺⎫ ⹪㊮Ợ 㧒䟞㠊㣪. “Far from resting over the week-
end, (I) worked busily.”
䃃㺂㦚G✹₆⓪G䄺⎫G∎㰖⧢ⰢG✺㦚GỆ㡞㣪. “In place of hearing praise,
(he) will (probably) hear only reproach.”

₆ 㩚㠦

㩚㠦

₆ 㩚㠦 means “before verb~ing.” It is constructed from the nominalizing

ending ~

₆, the noun 㩚 “before,” and the particle ~㠦.

ゾ⧮⯒G䞮₆G㩚㠦 ⹿ 㼃㏢⯒ 䞿┞┺. “(I) clean the room before doing
the laundry.”
⩆▮㦒⪲G⟶⋮₆G㩚㠦G䢎䎪㠦G㩚䢪G䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “(I) will make a phone
call to the hotel before (I) leave for London.”
㧦₆G㩚㠦㌺㤢䟊㣪? “Do (you) take a shower before going to bed?”
㩦㕂㦚Gⲏ₆G㩚㠦G㏦㦚G㞑㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Wash (your) hands before having
a lunch.”
ṫ㦮⯒G ✹₆G 㩚㠦G 㺛㦚G 㧓㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Read the book before listening
to (his) lecture.”
䞯ᾦ㠦GṖ₆G㩚㠦Gニ㰧㠦G✺⯛㔲┺. “(Let us) stop by the bakery, before
going to school.”

₆⓪㣪

₆⓪㣪 is constructed from the nominalizing ending ~₆, the topic par-

ticle

⓪, and the politeness marker 㣪. This form is used to mildly contend

another speaker’s comment. It is corresponding to English expres-
sions, like “What do you mean . . . ?” or “No way!” Consider the following
dialogue:

㍲㤎㦮 ⋶㝾Ṗ 㿪㤶㰖㣪? “The weather of Seoul was cold, right?”

㿻₆⓪㣪, ㌳ṗ⽊┺ ➆⦑䟞㠊㣪. “No way, (it) was much warmer than
(my) thought.”

Frequently, ~

₆⓪㣪 is used to express humility, when receiving a com-

plimentary remark or praise.

㹾Ṗ 㺎㫡㞚㣪. “(Your) car is really nice.”

㫡₆⓪㣪. 㕎Ợ ㌖㠊㣪. “Good? (no way). (I) bought (it) at a bargain
price.”

207

The
nominalizing
ending ~

₆

₆㠦⓪

₆㠦⓪ is constructed from the nominalizing ending ~₆, the particle 㠦, and

the topic particle

⓪. It means “as for (doing something),” as shown below:

㧊㰧㦖䢒㧦G㌊₆㠦⓪ 㧧㞚㣪. “As for this house, (it) is small for living
alone.”
㧊 ⹿㧊㫆㣿䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮₆㠦⓪ 㔲⊚⩂㤢㣪. “This room is noisy for study-
ing quietly.”
㰧㠦G䞮⬾㫛㧒G㧞₆㠦⓪G⋶㝾ṖG⍞ⶊG㫡㞮㠊㣪. “As for staying home
whole day, the weather was too nice.”

₆ ➢ⶎ㠦

➢ⶎ㠦

₆ ➢ⶎ㠦Gmeans “because of ~ing.” It is constructed from the nominal-

izing ending ~

₆, the dependent noun ➢ⶎ “cause,” and the particle 㠦.

ⰺ㧒㞚䂾㫆ₛ㦚䞮₆G ➢ⶎ㠦㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮㟒䟊㣪. “(I) must get up
early since (I) jog every morning.”
ἶ₆⯒ Ⱔ㧊㞞G ⲏ₆G ➢ⶎ㠦 Ịṫ䟊㣪. “(I) am healthy since (I) don’t
eat meat much.”
⋶㝾Ṗ ▻₆G➢ⶎ㠦㍶䛣₆⯒ ㌊ Ệ㡞㣪. “Since the weather is hot, (we)
will buy a fan.”
ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚₆G➢ⶎ㠦 Ὃ⿖䞮ἶ 㕌㰖㞠㞚㣪. “Because (my) head aches,
(I) don’t want to study.”

₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 can take the past tense marker, when it refers to the past

activity or state, as shown below:

⁎ ➢ 㡂ῢ㧊㠜㠞₆G ➢ⶎ㠦䃦⋮┺㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to
Canada because (I) did not have the passport at that time.”
㢖㧎㦚 Ⱔ㧊 Ⱎ㎾₆G ➢ⶎ㠦 Ἶ䂮Ṗ 㕂䟞㠊㣪. “(My) headache was
terrible because of excessive wine drinking.”
㧊Ṗ 㞚䕶₆G➢ⶎ㠦䂮ὒ㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) went to the dentist office because
of the toothache.”
⍞ⶊ ゚㕢₆G ➢ⶎ㠦 ⴑ ㌖㠊㣪. “(We) could not buy (it) because (it)
was too expensive.”

₆ 㥚䟊㍲

㥚䟊㍲

₆ 㥚䟊㍲ means “in order to.” This form is constructed from the nom-

inalizing ending ~

₆ and 㥚䟊㍲ “for the sake of.”

Nominalizing
endings

208

㫊㦚 Ⱒ⋮₆G 㥚䟊㍲ YW ⿚㧊⋮ ₆┺⪎㠊㣪. “(I) waited as long as 20
minutes in order to meet John.”
䢎䎪㠦G ☢㞚Ṗ₆G 㥚䟊㍲G 䌳㔲⯒G ⿞⩖㠊㣪. “(I) called a taxi in order
to return to the hotel.”
㥶䞯㦚 Ṗ₆G㥚䟊㍲㡗㠊⯒ ⺆㤆ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am learning English in
order to study abroad.”
⼖䢎㌂ṖG♮₆G㥚䟊㍲G▪G㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “(I) will study harder
in order to become a lawyer.”

₆⪲

₆⪲ 䞮┺

䞮┺

₆⪲ 䞮┺ means “plans to” or “decides to.” This form is constructed

from the nominalizing ending ~

₆, the particle ⪲, and the verb 䞮┺ “do.”

It is used when one wishes to express a decision or determination.

⌊㧒㰧㦒⪲ ☢㞚Ṗ₆⪲G 䟞㠊㣪. “(We) decided to return home
tomorrow.”
㭧ῃ 㔳╏㠦㍲㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ₆⪲G䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “(We) will decide to eat din-
ner at Chinese restaurant.”
㠊❪㠦㍲ Ⱒ⋮₆⪲G䟞㔋┞₢f “Where did (you) decide to meet?”
㡺䤚 10 㔲㠦 ⟶⋮₆⪲G䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Plan to leave at 10 p.m.”
㔶䢒㡂䟟㦖䞮㢖㧊⪲ Ṗ₆⪲G䞿㔲┺. “As for (our) honeymoon, (let us)
decide to go to Hawaii.”

Instead of

䞮┺, other verbs such as ἆ㩫䞮┺ “make a decision,” ἆ㕂

䞮┺ “make up one’s mind,” and 㩫䞮┺ “fix up” can be used as well.

㽞㼃G㡆㌂⪲G㾲G⹫㌂┮㦚G⳾㔲₆⪲Gἆ㩫䟞㔋┞┺. “(We) made a deci-
sion to invite Dr. Choi as a guest speaker.”
㠎㩲 ╊⺆⯒ ⊠₆⪲G ἆ㕂䟞㠊㣪f “When did (you) make up (your)
mind to quit smoking?”
㿪㤆┞₢ ṖỢ 㞞㠦㍲ Ⱒ⋮₆⪲G 㩫䞿㔲┺. “Since it is cold, (let us)
decide on meeting inside the store.”

₆ 㔲㧧䞮┺

㔲㧧䞮┺

₆ 㔲㧧䞮┺ means “begins to.” It is constructed from the nominalizing

ending ~

₆ and the verb 㔲㧧䞮┺ “begin.”

㠊㩲⿖䎆㧓₆G㔲㧧䟞㠊㣪. “(I) started reading (it) since yesterday.”
㰖⁞ 㝆₆G㔲㧧䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Start writing now.”
㡺䤚 ` 㔲⿖䎆㡗䢪⯒ ⽊₆G㔲㧧䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “(We) will start seeing the
movie from 9 p.m.”

209

The
nominalizing
ending ~

₆

₆Ṗ

₆Ṗ 㠊⪋┺

㠊⪋┺

₆Ṗ 㠊⪋┺ is used to express how difficult a certain action is. It can be

translated as “(it) is difficult to” in English. This form is constructed from
the nominalizing ending ~

₆, the subject particle Ṗ, and the adjective

㠊⪋┺ “difficult.”

⁖㧦ṖG⍞ⶊG㧧㞚㍲G㧓₆ṖG㠊⩺㤢㣪. “Since the letters are too small,
(it) is difficult to read (them).”
⳿㧊⿖㠊㍲䂾☚ ㌒䋺₆ṖG㠊⩺㤶㠊㣪. “Since (my) throat was swollen,
even swallowing (my) saliva was difficult.”

Instead of

㠊⪋┺, other adjectives, as shown below, can be used to

convey different messages:

₆Ṗ 㓓┺ “(it) is easy to”

⁎ 㑮㠛㦖 h ⯒ ⹱₆ṖG㓂㤢㣪. “As for that class, receiving an A is easy.”
㧊㩧㔲Ṗ ₾㰖₆ṖG㓂㤆┞₢ 㫆㕂䞮㎎㣪. “Since this dish is easy to be
broken, be careful.”

₆Ṗ 䧮✺┺ “(it) is laborious to”

㌂ⶊ㔺G㞞㧊G⍞ⶊG▪㤢㍲G㧒䞮₆ṖG䧮✺㠊㣪. “Since the inside of the
office is too hot, working is toilsome.”

₆Ṗ 㫡┺ “(it) is good to”

㡺⓮ ⋶㝾⓪ 㧦㩚ỆG䌖₆ṖG㫡㞚㣪. “As for today’s weather, (it) is good
to ride a bicycle.”

₆Ṗ 䘎䞮┺ “(it) is convenient to”

☚㍲ὖ㧊 Ṗ₢㤢㍲㺛㦚アⰂ₆ṖG 䘎䟊㣪. “Since the library is close,
borrowing books is convenient.”

₆Ṗ 㕁┺ “(it) is unwilling/unpleasant to”

䞒䎆⯒G ☚㢖㭒₆ṖG 㕁㠊㣪. “(I) am unwilling to help Peter / Helping
Peter is unpleasant.”

₆Ṗ 㨂⹎㧞┺ “(it) is fun to”

䞲ῃ㠊⪲ Ⱖ䞮₆ṖG㨂⹎㧞㠊㣪. “(It) is fun to talk in Korean / Talking
in Korean is fun.”

Nominalizing
endings

210

₆Ṗ ‖㺄┺ “(it) is bothersome to”

㑯㩲⯒G䞮₆ṖG‖㺄㞚㣪. “Doing homework is bothersome.”

₆☚

₆☚ 䞮┺

䞮┺

₆☚ 䞮┺Gis used to indicate that a nominalized activity is a less common

activity. It is translated as “also does (something).” This form is constructed
from the nominalizing ending ~

₆, the particle ☚ “also,” and the verb

䞮┺ “do.” Consider the following example:

䄺䞒⯒ 㭒⪲ Ⱎ㔲㰖Ⱒ ⏏㹾⯒ Ⱎ㔲₆☚G䟊㣪. “(I) normally drink coffee,
but (I) also drink green tea.”

Notice in the example above that ~

₆☚ 䟊㣪Gadds a less common activity

(e.g., drinking green tea) to the main activity (e.g., drinking coffee). Here
are more examples:

Ṗ⊪ 䂲ῂ✺䞮ἶ ⏣ῂ⯒G 䞮₆☚G 䟊㣪. “(I) also play basketball with
(my) friends once in a while.”
㭒⪲ 㰖䞮㻶㦚㧊㣿䟞㰖Ⱒ ゚Ṗ 㢂 ➢⓪ Ṗ⊪ 䌳㔲⯒ 䌖₆☚G 䟞㠊㣪.
“Normally, (we) used the subway, but when (it) rained, (we) sometimes
took a taxi.”
㩚Ὃ㦖㧒⽎䞯㧊㰖Ⱒ 䞲ῃ㠊㑮㠛☚ Ṗ⊪ ✹₆☚G䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “Although
(my) major is Japanese Studies, (I) will also take the Korean language
class occasionally.”

The nominalizing ending ~(

㦒)ත

The use of the nominalizing ending ~(

㦒)ත is much more restricted and

less frequent than that of ~

₆. For instance, the ending ~(㦒)ත is used

only when the activity or state of the predicate has already occurred, and
has been actualized and /or confirmed. Consider the following examples:

㫊㧊㍲㤎㠦 Ṫ㦢㦚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(We) did not know that John went to
Seoul.”
䞮㢖㧊 ⶒ㦖 ₾⊭䞾ὒG Ⱗ㦢㦒⪲ 㥶ⳛ䞿┞┺. “As for Hawaii’s water,
(it) is well known for its purity and clarity.”

Notice that the ~(

㦒)ත ending phrases imply that the activity or state

has already been ensured, or determined. Here are more examples:

䐆㦖㧦㔶㧊㬚㧎㧚㦚 ₾╁㰖 ⴑ䟞㔋┞┺. “As for Tom, (he) could not
realize that he was a sinner.”

211

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 23
exercises

㤆ⰂG⳾⚦G㧊⼚㦮G㞚䝪㦚Gἓ䠮䟞㠊㣪. “We all experienced the pain of
separation.”

Meanwhile, a number of Korean nouns are made of ~(

㦒)ත. The ~(㦒)

තGending nouns include:

㌊┺ “to live”

㌌ “life”

㭓┺ “to die”

㭓㦢 “death”

㤙┺ “to smile”

㤙㦢 “smile/laughter”

㤎┺ “to cry”

㤎㦢 “weeping”

㧦┺ “to sleep”

㧶 “sleep”

㞚䝚┺ “to be sore”

㞚䝪 “pain”

₆㊮┺ “to be joyous”

₆㊾ “joy”

㯦ỗ┺ “to be glad”

㯦Ệ㤖 “gladness”

㠊⪋┺ “to be hard”

㠊⩺㤖 “hardship/distress”

In limited contexts, such as when one wishes to state, inform, and/or

record a certain fact in a concise manner, the nominalizing ending ~(

㦒)

ත can be used as a sentence ending. Consider the following examples:

㩖⎗ 㞞Gⲏ㠞㦢 “Did not eat dinner.”
㡺⓮ 㑮㠛㠜㦢 “No class today.”
㰧㠦㡺Ⳋ 㡆⧓ ⹪⧢ “Let us know when you come home.”
䂲ῂ 㺔㞮㦢 “Found a friend.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 23 exercises

Ṗ⊪ sometimes
Ṗ┺ to go
Ṧ₆ ỎⰂ┺ to catch a cold
ṯ㧊 together
Ṳ dog
ἆ䢒䞮┺ to marry
ἓ₆ game/competitive sport
ἶ䂮┺ to fix/to repair
ᾦ㑮┮ professor
ῂἓ sightseeing/looking around
ῂ䞮┺ to seek
₆Ṛ period
₆㑯㌂ dormitory
₆㹾 train

Nominalizing
endings

212

₢ⰹ┺ to be black/dark
⊠┺ to quit

⋮Ṗ┺ to go out
⋶㝾 weather
⌊⎚ next year
⌊㧒 tomorrow
⍞ⶊ too (much)/ever so much
⏎⧮ song
⏣ῂ basketball
ⓦⰂ┺ to be slow
⓼Ợ late
⓼┺ to be late
┺㤊⪲✲ download
┺㦢 next
╂ month
╊⺆ cigarette
☚㍲ὖ library
☞ money
☢㞚㡺┺ to return/to come back
✹┺ to take (a class)/to listen
✺⯊┺ to stop by
❇㌆ mountaineering

Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱒ⋮┺ to meet
Ⱒ✺┺ to make
Ⱔ┺ to be many/to be much
Ⱔ㧊 a lot
ⰺ┺ to wear (a tie)
ⰺ㧒 everyday
ⲎⰂ hair (from a head)/head
ⲏ┺ to eat
Ⲗ┺ to be far
⳾㧦⧒┺ to be short of
⹱┺ to receive
⺆㤆┺ to learn
⽊ὖ䞮┺ to keep/to take custody of
⽊┺ to see/to read/to watch
⽚ spring
⿖⯊┺ to sing/to call out
⿞䘎䞮┺ to be inconvenient/to be uncomfortable
゚ rain
゚㕎┺ to be expensive
ゾ⧮ laundry/washing (clothes)

213

Key
vocabulary
for Unit 23
exercises

㌂┺ to buy
㌂⧢ person/people
㌊㦚ヒ┺ to lose weight
㌊┺ to live
㌗╊䞮┺ to consult
㌞ new
㌳㧒 birthday
㍶ⶒ gift/present
㍶㌳┮ teacher
㏦ hand
㑮㠛 class/course
㑮㡗 swimming
㔲Ṛ time/hour
㔲䠮㠦 ⟾㠊㰖┺ to fail a test
㔲䠮㦚⽊┺ to take a test
㔶ⶎ newspaper
㕂㕂䞮┺ to be bored
㞑┺ to wash

㞚⻚㰖 father
㞚䂾 morning/breakfast
㠊Ⰲ┺ to be juvenile/to be childish
㡆㔋䞮┺Gto practice
㡊㕂䧞 earnestly
㡗䢪 movie
㡞㟓䞮┺ to reserve
㡺㩚 a.m.
㢍 clothes
㣪Ṗ yoga
㣪Ⰲ䞮┺ to cook
㤊☯䞮┺ to exercise
㤊㩚䞮┺ to drive
㦢㔳 food
㦮ὒ ╖䞯 medical college
㦮⏒䞮┺ to consult
㧊₆┺ to win
㧊㌂䞮┺ to move into/to change one’s residence
㧊㣿䞮┺ to use
㧒䞮┺ to work
㧙┺ to lose

㧦⯊┺ to cut off
㧦┺ to sleep
㧧┺ to be small
㧶 sleeping

Nominalizing
endings

214

㨂⹎㠜┺ to be uninteresting
㩖⎗ dinner/evening
㩚Ὃ major
㩚䢪䞮┺ to make a phone call
㩦㕂 lunch
㩫゚㏢ repair shop
㩫䞮┺ to decide
㫆⁞ little
㭒┺ to give
㭒Ⱖ weekend
㭖゚䞮┺ to prepare
㰖ṧ wallet
㰖䞮㻶 subway
㰚䞯䞮┺ to go on to next stage of education
㰧 house

㹾 car
㺔┺ to look for/to seek for
㿲⁒䞮┺ to leave home for work
㿻┺ to be cold
㿿⿚䧞 sufficiently
䀾㏢♮┺ to be canceled
䂮┺ to play (tennis/golf/piano)/to hit
䂲ῂ friend
䂾╖ bed
䋺 height
䌖┺ to ride
䏶㣪㧒 Saturday
䕪┺ to sell
䚲 ticket
䞲ῃ㠊 the Korean language
䞯₆ semester
䞯ᾦ school
䢒㧦 alone
䢪㧻 makeup

Exercise 23.1

Construct a sentence using the sentence cues provided and ~

₆ 㩚㠦. Then

translate the sentence, as shown in the example.

Example:

㧦┺ / ㌺㤢⯒ 䟞㠊㣪.

= 㧦₆ 㩚㠦㌺㤢⯒ 䟞㠊㣪.

“(I) took a shower before going to bed.”

215

Exercise
23.2

㞚䂾㦚Gⲏ┺ / ㏦㦚G㞑㦒㎎㣪

㔲䠮㦚G⽊┺ / 㧶㦚G㿿⿚䧞G㧦㎎㣪

₆㹾⯒G䌖┺ /G₆㹾G䚲⯒G㡞㟓䟊㟒G♒㣪

⩞㓺䏶⧧㠦 Ṗ┺G/G㰧㠦G✺⯛㔲┺

㿲⁒䞮┺ / 㔶ⶎ㦚G⽊㎎㣪?

䢪㧻㦚G䞮┺ /G㌺㤢⯒G䟊㣪

㌞G㰧㦒⪲G㧊㌂䞮┺G/G㞚䕢䔎㠦㍲G㌊㞮㠊㣪?

㩚Ὃ㦚G㩫䞮┺G/Gᾦ㑮┮䞮ἶG㌗╊䟊㟒G䞿┞┺

䞒䎆⯒GⰢ⋮⩂G⋮Ṗ┺G/G㩚䢪䞿㔲┺

㹾⯒G䕪┺G/G㞚⻚㰖䞮ἶG㦮⏒䞮㎎㣪

Exercise 23.2

Construct a sentence using the sentence cues provided and ~

₆⓪ 䄺⎫, as

shown below. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㌺㤢⯒ 䞮┺ / 㠒Ὴ☚ ⴑ 㞑㠞㠊㣪

= ㌺㤢⯒G䞮₆⓪G䄺⎫G㠒Ὴ☚GⴑG㞑㠞㠊㣪.

“Far from taking a shower, (I) could not even wash (my)
face.”

㩦㕂㦚Gⲏ┺G/G㞚䂾☚G㞞Gⲏ㠞㠊㣪

❇㌆㦚G䞮┺G/G㰧G⹬㠦☚G㞞G⋮Ṫ㠊㣪

㩖⎗㦚Gⲏ┺G/G䄺䞒☚GⴑGⰞ㎾㠊㣪

㌞G㹾⯒G㌂┺G/Gῂἓ☚GⴑG䟞㠊㣪

㌳㧒G䕢䕆⯒G䞮┺G/G㍶ⶒ☚GⴑG⹱㞮㠊㣪

Exercise 23.3

Construct a sentence using the sentence cues provided and ~

₆㠦⓪. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

䢒㧦 ⹺㠦 Ỏ㠊┺┞┺ / 㥚䠮䟊㣪.

= 䢒㧦 ⹺㠦 Ỏ㠊┺┞₆㠦⓪ 㥚䠮䟊㣪.

“(It) is dangerous for walking around alone at night.”

⚦G㌂⧢㧊G㧦┺G/G䂾╖ṖG⍞ⶊG㧧㞚㣪G

㡗䢪⯒G┺㤊⪲✲G⹱┺G/G㩲G䅊䜾䎆ṖG⍞ⶊGⓦ⩺㣪

㑮㡗㦚G䞮┺G/G⋶㝾ṖG⍞ⶊG㿪㤢㣪

㡗䢪⯒G⽊┺G/G㔲Ṛ㧊G㠜㠊㣪

㩚䢪⯒G䞮┺G/G⍞ⶊG⓼㠞㠊㣪

⏣ῂ⯒G䞮┺G/G䋺ṖG㧧㞮㠊㣪

Nominalizing
endings

216

䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲┺G/G⍞ⶊG㠊⪎㠊㣪

䢒㧦G㤊㩚䞮┺G/G⍞ⶊGⲖ㠞㠊㣪

⏎䔎⿗㦚G㌂┺G/G☞㧊G⳾㧦⧦㠊㣪

㍶ⶒ⪲G㭒┺G/G⍞ⶊG゚㕢㠊㣪

Exercise 23.4

Construct a sentence using the sentence cues provided and ~

₆ ➢ⶎ㠦.

Then translate the sentence, as shown in the example.

Example:

㹾㌂ἶṖ ⌂┺ / ⓼㠞㠊㣪

= 㹾㌂ἶṖ ⌂₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 ⓼㠞㠊㣪.

“Because there was a car accident, (I) was late.”

Ṧ₆GỎ⪎┺G/G䞯ᾦ㠦GⴑGṖ㣪

㞚䂾㦚G⓼ỢGⲏ㠞┺G/G㩦㕂㦚GⲏἶG㕌㰖G㞠㞚㣪

゚ṖG㡺┺G/Gἓ₆ṖG䀾㏢♶GỆ㡞㣪

⻚㓺ṖG⿞䘎䞮┺G/G㰖䞮㻶㦚G㧊㣿䟊㣪

㔲䠮G₆Ṛ㧊┺G/G☚㍲ὖ㠦G㌂⧢㧊GⰤ㞚㣪

Exercise 23.5

Construct a sentence using the sentence cues provided and ~

₆ 㥚䟊㍲.

Then translate the sentence, as shown in the example.

Example:

㣿☞㦚⻢┺ / 㭒ⰦⰞ┺ 㧒䟞㠊㣪

= 㣿☞㦚⻢₆ 㥚䟊㍲㭒ⰦⰞ┺ 㧒䟞㠊㣪.

“(I) worked every weekend to earn extra money.”

㌊㦚Gヒ┺G/G㩖⎗㦚G㫆⁞Gⲏ㦚GỆ㡞㣪

㦮ὒG╖䞯㠦G㰚䞯䞮┺G/G㭖゚䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪

㹾⯒Gἶ䂮┺G/G㩫゚㏢㠦GṖἶG㧞㠊㣪

┺㦢Gἓ₆⯒G㧊₆┺G/Gⰺ㧒G㡊㕂䧞G㡆㔋䟊㣪

䞲ῃ㠦G㧞⓪G䂲ῂ䞲䎢G㩚䢪䞮┺G/G㩚䢪G䃊✲⯒G㌖㠊㣪

Exercise 23.6

Conjugate the predicate using ~

₆⪲ 䞮┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

ⰺ㧒㤊☯䞮┺

ⰺ㧒㤊☯䞮₆⪲ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) decided to exercise everyday.”

217

Exercise
23.7

⌊⎚ ⽚㠦 ἆ䢒䞮┺

䞯ᾦ ₆㑯㌂㠦㍲㌊┺

┺㦢䞯₆㠦䞲ῃ㠊㑮㠛㦚 ✹┺

⌊㧒⿖䎆 ╊⺆⯒ ⊠┺

┺㦢 ╂⿖䎆䌲ῢ☚⯒ ⺆㤆┺

Exercise 23.7

Conjugate the predicate using ~

₆☚ 䞮┺. Then translate the sentence.

Example:

㭒Ⱖ㠦㡗䢪⯒ ⽊┺

= 㭒Ⱖ㠦㡗䢪⯒ ⽊₆☚ 䟊㣪.

“(We) also see a movie on the weekend.”

䏶㣪㧒Ⱎ┺ 䎢┞㓺⯒ 䂮┺

Ṗ⊪ ₢Ⱒ ⍻䌖㧊⯒ ⰺ┺

㭒Ⱖ㠦䂲ῂ✺䞮ἶ ⏣ῂ⯒ 䞮┺

㕂㕂䞮Ⳋ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽊┺

䏶㣪㧒㞚䂾㠦㫆ₛ㦚䞮┺

Exercise 23.8

Construct a sentence using the cues provided, as shown in the example.
Then translate the sentence.

Example:

╖䞯㠦 ✺㠊Ṗ┺ / ~₆Ṗ 㠊⪋┺

╖䞯㠦 ✺㠊Ṗ₆Ṗ 㠊⩺㤢㣪. “Entering a college is

difficult.”

ⰺ㧒G㣪Ṗ⯒G䞮┺G/G~₆ṖG㠊⪋┺

䝚⧧㓺G㦢㔳㦚GⰢ✺┺G/G~₆ṖG㠊⪋┺

㔲䠮㠦G⟾㠊㰖┺G/G~₆ṖG㓓┺G

㧊㌂䞮┺G/G~₆ṖG䧮✺┺

⏎⧮⯒G⿖⯊┺G/G~₆ṖG㫡┺

㹾⯒G䌖┺G/G~₆ṖG䘎䞮┺

㧒䞮┺G/G~₆ṖG㕁┺

㣪Ⰲ䞮┺G/G~₆ṖG㨂⹎㧞┺

ゾ⧮⯒G䞮┺G/G~₆ṖG‖㺄┺G

ⰺ㧒G㤊☯䞮┺G/G~₆ṖG䧮✺┺

Nominalizing
endings

218

Exercise 23.9

Complete the dialogue using ~

₆⓪㣪, as shown in the example.

Example: A:

ⰺ㧒䎢┞㓺⯒ 䂮㎎㣪?

ⰺ㧒G䂮₆⓪㣪, X 㭒㧒㠦 Y ⻞㩫☚ 㼦㣪.

1 A:

㹾Ṗ 㫡⍺㣪.

B: __________________.

㧦㭒 ἶ㧻㧊 ⋮㣪.

2 A:

㡺⓮ 㡗䢪⽦㣪?

B: ___________________

㤪㣪㧒㠦㔲䠮㧊㧞㠊㍲ Ὃ⿖䟊㟒䟊㣪.

3 A:

⋾㧦䂲ῂ⧧ 㧦㭒 Ⱒ⋮㎎㣪?

B: _________________

㣪㯞㦢 ⹪ザ㍲㧦㭒 ⴑ ⽦㣪.

4 A:

⹿㧊 ➆⦑䞮⍺㣪.

B: _________________

ⰺ㧒䧞䎆⯒ 䅲ἶ 㧦㣪.

5 A:

⿖㰖⩆䞮㔲⍺㣪.

B: _________________

㡺⓮Ⱒ 㧒㹣㧒㠊⌂㠊㣪.

Exercise 23.10

Conjugate the predicate using ~(

㦒)ත, as shown in the example. Then

translate the sentence.

Example:

㩖⎗ 㞞 ⲏ㠞㠊㣪

= 㩖⎗ 㞞 ⲏ㠞㦢. “Did not eat dinner.”

⌊㧒G㡺㩚 XW 㔲㠦G☢㞚㢖㣪

㡺⓮G㩖⎗㦖㓺䎢㧊䋂㡞㣪

㹾Gἶ㼺㠊㣪

㰧㠦G㞞GṪ㠊㣪

㢍G㌖㠊㣪

㠊㩲GⲎⰂG㧮⧦㠊㣪

㤆ⰂṖG㰖ṧ㦚G⽊ὖ䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪

㧙㠊⻚ⰆGṲ⯒G㺔㞮㔋┞┺

⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎⯒ ῂ䞿┞┺

㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㠜㠊㣪

219

UNIT 24

Direct and indirect quotation

A direct quotation conveys the exact spoken or written message. Consider
the following sentence:

“Jane said that ‘I will come to the party no matter what happens!’”

This sentence is a direct quotation. It reports what has been said or written
verbatim, using quotation marks. On the other hand, an indirect quotation
delivers only the main message. In an indirect quotation, the speaker
delivers what somebody said or wrote without using the original speaker’s
exact words. Consequently, an indirect quotation involves the modifica-
tion of the original utterance. Consider the following example:

“Jane said that she would come to the party no matter what happens.”

Notice that the personal pronoun and the tense are modified so that they
represent the speaker’s voice and perspective. This unit introduces direct
and indirect quotations in Korean.

Direct quotation

Direct quotation in Korean is constructed from the original utterance, a
quotation particle (

㧊)⧒ἶ, and a quoting verb, such as Ⱖ䞮┺ “speak,”

╖╋䞮┺ “answer,” ⶑ┺ “ask,” ⿖䌗䞮┺ “request,” and 㩲㠎䞮┺ “sug-
gest.” Consider the following examples:

㑮㧪㧊 “㤆Ⰲ 㧊㩲㩦㕂 ⲏ㦣㔲┺” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Susan said ‘Let us
have lunch now.’”
䞒䎆Ṗ ㍶㌳┮䞲䎢 “Ἵ ṞỢ㣪” ⧒ἶ ╖╋䟞㠊㣪. “Peter replied to the
teacher, ‘(I) promise to go (there) soon.’”
㌂㧊ⴂ㧊 “㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ ⌊ ㌳㧒䕢䕆㠦㢂 Ệ㡞㣪?” ⧒ἶ ⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “Simon
asked (me) ‘Will (you) come to my birthday party this weekend?’”

Direct and
indirect
quotation

220

ⶎ 㞴㠦 “⁞㡆!” 㧊⧒ἶ 㖾㧞㠞㠊㣪. “(It) was written ‘No Smoking!’
in front of the door.”
㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊 “㩲 ἶ䟻㦖㍲㤎㧛┞┺” ⧒ἶ ╖╋䟞㠊㣪. “William answered
‘As for my hometown, (it) is Seoul.’”

When quoting mimetic expressions and/or when quoting the exact forms

involved along with the tone and intonation of the quoted utterance, the
particle

䞮ἶ is used instead of (㧊)⧒ἶ. Consider the following examples:

䞯ᾦG 㫛㧊 “➷➷” 䞮ἶ 㤎⪎㔋┞┺. “The school bell rang ‘ttang
ttang.’”
㺆㓺⓪ “⡧⡧” 䞮ἶ ⶎ㦚 ⚦✲⪎㠊㣪. “Charles knocked on the door
‘knock knock.’”
㌂⧢✺㧊 “⿞㧊㟒!” 䞮ἶ ㏢Ⰲ⯒ 㰞⩖㠊㣪. “People shouted ‘It’s
fire!’”
㞺✲⮮Ṗ “㢖, Ṗ㦚㧊┺!” 䞮ἶG㏢Ⰲ㼺㔋┞┺. “Andrew shouted ‘Wow,
it’s Autumn!’”
㫊㧊㩲┞䗒㠦Ợ 㹾⿚䞲 ⳿㏢Ⰲ⪲ “㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦㡗䢪⽊⩂ Ṗ㧦” 䞮ἶ
ⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “John asked Jennifer in a calm tone of voice, saying ‘Let us
go see a movie this weekend.’”
㩲㔲䃊Ṗ “㍶㌳┮!” 䞮ἶ ⿞⩖㔋┞┺. “Jessica called out, ‘Professor!’”

Indirect quotation

Generally speaking in Korean, the use of indirect quotation is more fre-
quent than that of direct quotation. The function of indirect quotation
in Korean is twofold: (1) to convey what somebody has said or written
without using the original speaker’s or writer’s exact words, and (2) to
report one’s own thoughts or feelings (e.g., internal speech).

Reporting without using the speaker’s or writer’s exact words

Indirect quotation in Korean is constructed from the following: the quoted
utterance, the indirect quotation particle

ἶ, and a verb, such as Ⱖ䞮┺

(or

䞮┺) “say,” ⶑ┺ “ask,” ╖╋䞮┺ “answer,” and the adjective ⁎⩝┺

“be that way.”

When a direct quoted utterance is converted to an indirect reported

utterance, part of the original utterance (e.g., tense, personal pronouns,
and honorifics) is modified to fit the perspective of the speaker. Compare
the following two sentences:

Ⰲ㌂Ṗ “㩲Ṗ 㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦㧒䞮Ỷ㠊㣪” ⧒ἶ Ⱖ䟞㠊㣪. “Lisa said ‘I will
work this weekend.’”

221

Indirect
quotation

Ⰲ㌂Ṗ 㧦₆Ṗ 㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦㧒䞮Ỷ┺ἶ Ⱖ䟞㠊㣪. “Lisa said that (her-
self/she) would work this weekend.”

The first sentence is a direct quotation, whereas the second is an indirect

quotation. Notice that the first person pronoun

㩖 in the first sentence was

replaced by the noun

㧦₆ “herself” in the second sentence. In addition,

the polite speech level ending in the first sentence is replaced by the plain
speech level ending in the second (e.g.,

㧒䞮Ỷ㠊㣪 vs. 㧒䞮Ỷ┺).

Note that the plain speech level has different endings depending on the

sentence type:

Declarative Interrogative Imperative Propositive
~(

ⓦ)ච┺ ~(㦒)┞/⌦

㠊⧒/㞚⧒

㧦

Consequently, depending on the sentence type of the quoted utterance,
one of the four plain speech level endings is used accordingly before the
quotation particle

ἶ.

Declarative

ⓦ)ච┺ἶ 䞮┺ (for verbs)

ⰺ㧒䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ⓪┺ἶG䟞㠊㣪. “(They) said that (they) would eat
Korean food everyday.”
㡺⓮ ⹺ 㭧ῃ㦒⪲ ⟶⋲┺ἶGⰦ䟞㠊㣪. “(He) said that (he) would leave
for China tonight.”
㧒⽎ ⶎ䞯㦚㩚Ὃ䞲┺ἶG䟊㣪. “(She) says that (she) majors in Japanese
literature.”

┺ἶ 䞮┺ (for adjectives)

㔲䠮㧊㓓┺ἶG䟊㣪. “(He) said that the test is easy.”
㠊㩲㦢㔳㧊 ⰺ㤶┺ἶGⰦ䟞㠊㣪. “(She) said that yesterday’s food was
spicy.”

⧒ἶ 䞮┺ (for copulas)

⌊㧒⿖䎆⽚ ⹿䞯㧊⧒ἶG䟊㣪. “(They) say that (it) is the spring break
from tomorrow.”
⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎Ṗ 㡺⓮ ⹺ ⓼Ợ 㧮 Ệ⧒ἶG䟞㠊㣪. “(My) roommate said that
(he) would go to bed late tonight.”
㞚⻚㰖Ṗ 㦮㌂⧒ἶG䟊㣪. “(She) says the (her) father is a doctor.”

Direct and
indirect
quotation

222

Interrogative

ⓦ⌦ἶ 䞮┺Vⶑ┺ (for verbs)

㧊㌂⻾㧊G 㠦Ⰳ㠦ỢG 㠊ⓦG 㦖䟟㠦G Ṗ⌦ἶG ⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “Isabel asked Eric
which bank (he) goes to.”
┺㦢G ⁞㣪㧒㠦G 㠊❪㠦G ṞG Ệ⌦ἶG ⶒ㠞㔋┞┺. “(I) asked (her) where
(she) would go next Friday.”
㡺⓮G㩖⎗GⲪⓊṖGⶦ⌦ἶG䟊㣪. “(He) asks (her) what the dinner menu
for today is.”

⌦ἶ 䞮┺Vⶑ┺ (for adjectives and copulas)

㍲㤎㦮G ⋶㝾ṖG 㿻⌦ἶG ⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “(I) asked (them) whether Seoul’s
weather is cold.”
㑮㧪㧊G ⑚ṖG 䞲ῃG ㌂⧢㧊⌦ἶG ⶒ㠞㔋┞┺. “Susan asked (me) who is
a Korean.”

Imperative

㦒)⧒ἶ 䞮┺ (for verbs only)

㧦₆ 㩚㠦㟓㦚 ⲏ㦒⧒ἶG 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) told (him) to take the medicine
before going to bed.”
㡂☯㌳䞲䎢㫆㕂䟊㍲㤊㩚䞮⧒ἶG䟞㠊㣪. “(I) told (my) younger sister
to drive safely.”
Note that ~(

㦒)⧒ is used instead of the plain speech level ending ~㠊

⧒/㞚⧒.

Propositive

㧦ἶ 䞮┺ (for verbs only)

◆┞㠮㧊㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦 Ⱒ⋮㧦ἶG 䟞㠊㣪. “Daniel suggested that (we)
meet this weekend.”
⌊㧒⿖䎆 ṯ㧊䎢┞㓺G 䂮㧦ἶG 䟊㣪. “(They) suggest that (we) play
tennis together from tomorrow (onward).”
ⰞⰂ㡺Ṗ ṯ㧊㩖⎗ ⲏ㧦ἶG䞿┞┺. “Mario suggests that (we) eat din-
ner together.”

Abbreviation of the indirect quotation endings in
colloquial usages

In conversational settings, some of the aforementioned indirect quotation
endings can be abbreviated, as shown below:

223

Reporting
one’s
thoughts
or feelings

ⓦ)ච┺ἶ 䞮┺ is shortened to ~(ⓦ)ච╖㣪.

ⰺ䓲Ṗ 䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㦚㫡㞚䞲╖㣪. “(They) say that Matthew likes Korean
food.”

⧒ἶ 䞮┺ is shortened to ~⧮㣪.

䡫㧊G⼖䢎㌂⧮㣪. “(He) says that (his) older brother is a lawyer.”

㦒)⧒ἶ 䞮┺ is shortened to ~(㦒)⧮㣪.

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ₆㩚㠦㞚䂾㦚 ⲏ㦒⧮㣪. “(She) tells (us) to eat breakfast
before going to school.”

㧦ἶ 䞮┺ is shortened to ~㨂㣪.

⌊㧒 ṯ㧊 Ἶ䝚䂮㨂㣪. “(They) suggest that (we) play golf tomorrow
together.”

Reporting one’s thoughts or feelings

Beside reporting the speech or writing of a third person, indirect quotation
is also used to report one’s own thoughts or feelings. It is constructed from
the following: the quoted utterance, the indirect quotation particle

ἶ, and

a verb, such as

㌳ṗ䞮┺ “think” or ⓦ⋒┺ “feel.” Consider the following

example:

㠊㩲㔲䠮㧊㠊⩺㤶┺ἶG ㌳ṗ䟞┺. “(I) thought that yesterday’s test
was difficult.”

Notice that the form reports one’s thought rather than quotes someone
else’s idea. Here are more examples:

㩲㧎㦮G ㎇ỿ㧊G 㺎G 㫡┺ἶG ㌳ṗ䞲┺. “(I) think that Jane’s personality
is really nice.”
㫊㦮G 䟟☯㧊G 㢉㞮┺ἶG ㌳ṗ䟞┺. “(I) thought that John’s action was
right.”
㰗㤦✺㦮G 䌲☚ṖG 㞞G 㫡㞮┺ἶG ⓦ⅞┺. “(I) felt that the employees’
attitudes were not good.”

Exercises

Key vocabulary for Unit 24 exercises

Ṗ┺ to go
ṯ㧊 together
Ἒ㩞 season
Ὃ⿖䞮┺ to study

Direct and
indirect
quotation

224

⁎Ⱒ⚦┺ to quit/to stop (doing)
⁞㣪㧒 Friday
⊳ an end/the tip
⋮㭧 next time
⌊⩺㡺┺ to come down
⌊Ⰲ┺ to get off/to come down
⌊㧒 tomorrow
⏖┺ to play
┺㔲 again
☢㞚Ṗ┺ to go back
☫┺ to help
✺⯊┺ to stop by
➆⧒㡺┺ to follow
Ⱎ㔲┺ to drink
Ⱒ⋮┺ to meet
Ⱒ✺┺ to make
ⱋ┺ to be spicy
ⲏ┺ to eat
⹺ night
⽊┺ to see/to watch/to read
ゾ⧮ laundry
ゾⰂ fast/immediately
㏢⋮₆ a passing rain/shower
㑮㠛 class
㔲Ṛ time/hour
㔲㧧䞮┺ to begin
㡊㐶 keys
㡊㕂䧞 earnestly/enthusiastically/hard
㡗䢪 movie
㡺⓮ today
㡺⯊┺ to climb/to go up
㡺䤚 p.m.
㤆㥶 milk
㧊➆ after a while
㧒㠊⋮┺ to get up
㧒㹣 early

㧮 well/expertly
㩖⎗ dinner/evening
㩚䢪䞮┺ to make a phone call
㩫Ⱖ really
㩲⹲ please/for heaven’s sake
㭒Ⱖ weekend
㰖⌊┺ to spend (time)/to get along

225

Exercise
24.1

㰗㧻 one’s place of work
㰧 house
㰧㎎ house rent
㹢Ṳ pot stew
㺔┺ to look for/to seek for
䂲ῂ friends
䌖┺ to ride (a train/car/bus/airplane)
䞲ῃ㠊 the Korean language
䢪⌊┺ to get angry

Exercise 24.1

Quote the following directly, as shown in the example. Then translate the
sentence.

Example:

The

speaker:

㩲㧎 / The original utterance: “㰧㠦 ṧ㔲┺”

㩲㧎㧊 “㰧㠦 ṧ㔲┺”⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Jane said ‘Let us go

home.’”

1 The speaker:

⑚⋮ / The original utterance: “㩲⹲ 㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮⧒”

2 The speaker:

㞺✲⮮ / The original utterance: “ゾⰂ ➆⧒㡺㎎㣪”

3 The speaker:

㧊㌂⻾ / The original utterance: “㩫Ⱖ 㤆㥶⯒ 㧮 Ⱎ㔲

⍺㣪”

4 The speaker:

Ⰲ㌂ / The original utterance: “㩖⎗㠦㩖䧂㰧㠦 ✺⯊

㎎㣪”

5 The speaker:

㍶㌳┮ / The original utterance: “㡺⓮ 㑮㠛 ⊳”

6 The speaker:

䙊 / The original utterance: “䞒㧦 ⲏ㧦”

7 The speaker:

ⰞⰂ㞚 / The original utterance: “㹢ṲṖ ⱋ┺”

8 The speaker:

ぢ⧮✲ / The original utterance: “㤆Ⰲ ⁞㣪㧒㠦 Ⱒ⋮㧦”

9 The speaker:

┞䆲 / The original utterance: “㧊➆ 㔲Ṛ 㧞㦒Ⳋ 㩚䢪

䟊”

10 The speaker:

㰖⋮ / The original utterance: “㰧㠦㞞 Ṗ㎎㣪?”

Exercise 24.2

Quote the following indirectly as shown in the example. Then translate
the sentence.

Example:

The

speaker:

䙊 / The original utterance: 㡺䤚㠦㰧㠦 ṧ┞

┺

= 䙊㧊㡺䤚㠦㰧㠦 Ṛ┺ἶ 䟞㠊㣪.

“Paul said that (he) would go home in the afternoon.”

Direct and
indirect
quotation

226

1 The speaker:

⳾┞䃊 / The original utterance: Ⓤ㣫㠦 [ Ἒ㩞㧊G 㧞㔋

┞┺

2 The speaker:

㞺㍲┞ / The original utterance: ⌊㧒㏢⋮₆ṖG⌊ⰂỶ㔋

┞┺

3 The speaker:

G㌂ぢⰂ⋮ / The original utterance: 㰧㎎Ṗ 㢂⧦㔋┞┺

4 The speaker:

㩲㧊㓾 / The original utterance: 㡺⓮ 㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒G Ⱒ✺

㠊㣪

5 The speaker:

㫆❪ / The original utterance: ⌊㧒 ┺㔲㩚䢪䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺

6 The speaker:

㓺䕆ぢ / The original utterance: 㠎㩲㰗㧻㦚G ⁎Ⱒ⛖

㠊㣪?

7 The speaker:

㯊Ⰲ㞚 / The original utterance: 㠎㩲㰧㠦㢖㣪?

8 The speaker:

㠦㓺▪ / The original utterance: 㧊㹾Ṗ ⑚ῂ Ệ㡞㣪?

9 The speaker:

㩲Ⰲ / The original utterance: 㧮㰖⌊ἶ 㧞㠊㣪?

10 The speaker:

◆㧊㰖 / The original utterance: ⳝ 㔲㡞㣪?

Exercise 24.3

Quote the following indirectly as shown in the example. Then translate
the sentence.

Example:

The

speaker:

䎢⩢㓺 / The original utterance: 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖

䞿㔲┺.

= 䎢⩢㓺Ṗ 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮㧦ἶ 䟞㠊㣪.

“Terrence suggested that (we) study hard.”

1 The speaker:

㠦Ⰳ / The original utterance: ⻚㓺⯒ 䌧㔲┺

2 The speaker:

⋮㡺⹎ / The original utterance: 㡺䤚 Y 㔲㠦GⰢ⋿㔲┺

3 The speaker:

䋊⧒⧒ / The original utterance: ṯ㧊㣪Ṗ⯒G㔲㧧䞿㔲┺

4 The speaker:

㫆㰖 / The original utterance: 㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦G ṯ㧊G 㡗䢪⯒

⽛㔲┺

5 The speaker:

⋮䌞Ⰲ / The original utterance: ⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒G☚㢖G㭣㔲┺

6 The speaker:

㞚゚Ṗ㧒 / The original utterance: ゾ⧮⯒G䞮㕃㔲㡺

7 The speaker:

䅖ゞ / The original utterance: 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮㕃㔲㡺

8 The speaker:

┺㧊㠦⋮ / The original utterance: YW ⿚㞞㠦G ⌊⩺㡺㕃

㔲㡺

9 The speaker:

㪎㓺䕊 / The original utterance: 䢪⌊㰖 Ⱎ㕃㔲㡺

10 The speaker:

㧒⩞㧎 / The original utterance: 㡊㐶⯒ 㺔㦒㕃㔲㡺

Exercise 24.4

Finish the following translation using the cues provided in parenthesis, as
shown in the example.

227

Exercise
24.5

Example: “Luis suggested that (we) buy a wine.” (

⬾㧊㓺 / 㢖㧎㦚

㌓㔲┺)

= ⬾㧊㓺Ṗ 㢖㧎㦚㌂㧦ἶ 䟞㠊㣪.

1 Sam said that (he) leaves tonight (

㌮ / 㡺⓮ ⹺ ⟶⋮㣪)

2 Lisa asked (me) what time (I) go to bed (

Ⰲ㌂ / ⳝ 㔲㠦㧦㣪?)

3 Paul suggested that (we) eat Korean food (

䙊 / 䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ㦣㔲┺)

4 Teacher told (us) to be quiet (

㍶㌳┮G/ 㫆㣿䧞䞮㕃㔲㡺)

5 Susan said that (she) would call (me) tonight (

㑮㧪 / 㡺⓮ ⹺ 㩚䢪䞶 Ệ

㡞㣪)

Exercise 24.5

Finish the following translation using the sentence cue provided in par-
enthesis, as shown in the example.

Example: “(I) think that the room was too noisy.” (

⹿㧊 ⍞ⶊ 㔲⊚⩂

㤶┺)

= ⹿㧊 ⍞ⶊ 㔲⊚⩂㤶┺ἶ ㌳ṗ䞲┺.

1 (I) think that (their) food is delicious (

㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㧞┺)

2 (I) think that (their) service is great (

㍲゚㓺Ṗ 㫡┺)

3 (I) think that the coffee was too strong (

䄺䞒Ṗ ⍞ⶊ 㰚䟞┺)

4 (I) thought that (I) would start exercising from tomorrow (

⌊㧒⿖䎆

㤊☯㦚㔲㧧䟊㟒Ỷ㠊㣪)

5 (I) thought that (I) would write an e-mail to John (

㫊䞲䎢㧊Ⲫ㧒㦚

㖾㟒Ỷ┺)

228

KEY TO EXERCISES

Unit 1

Exercise 1.1

┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞. “Cross a bridge.”

ⶎ㦚G㡊㠊. “Open the door.”

㹾⯒G䕪㞚. “(Let us) sell the car.”

㝆⩞₆⯒ ⻚⩺. “(I) throw away the trash.”

㺓ⶎ㦚 ╁㞚. “Close the window.”

Ὃ㡆㦚㧒㹣 Ⱎ㼦. “End the concert early.”

㩧㔲⯒ ア⩺. “(Let us) borrow dishes.”

⹲㦚G㞑㠊. “(I) wash (my) feet.”

㧒㹣G㧦. “(Let us) go to bed early.”

㧦㩚Ệ⯒ 䌖? “Do (you) ride a bicycle?”

ⓦ⋢㧊G㫡㞚. “The feeling is good.”

ṫ㦮ṖG㨂⹎㧞㠊. “The lecture is interesting.”

䝚⧧㓺G㌂⧢㧊㟒? “Is (she) a Frenchman?”

㧒㦚G䟊 “Work.”

ἓ㺆ὖ㧊㞚┞㟒? “Isn’t (he) a policeman?”

㰧㧊GⲖ㠊. “The house is far.”

㌂ὒṖG╂㞚. “The apple is sweet.”

ⲎⰂṖG㞚䕢? “Does (your) head ache?”

䞮⓮㧊G䦦⩺. “The sky is cloudy.”

ὒ㧒㧊G㕇㕇䟊? “Is the fruit fresh?”

Exercise 1.2

㞚䂾㦚 ⲏ⓪┺. “(I) eat breakfast.”

㭧ῃ㠊⯒ Ṗ⯊䂲┺. “(I) teach Chinese.”

⑚⋮⯒ ₆┺Ⰶ┺. “(I) wait for (my) older sister.”

ⶒ㦚 Ⱎ㔶┺. “(I) drink water.”

㏢䙂⯒ ⹱⓪┺. “(I) receive a package.”

㧒⽎㠊⯒ ⺆㤊┺. “(I) learn Japanese.”

Key to
exercises

229

㌂ⶊ㔺㧊 ₾⊭䞮┺ “The office is clean.”

⻚㓺Ṗ ⓦⰂ┺. “The bus is slow.”

䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾ỗ┺. “The coffee is hot.”

㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦 ⹪㊮┺. “(I) am busy this weekend.”

Exercise 1.3

㠎㩲 ṖỢ ⶎ㦚 ╁┞? “When do (you) shut the store door?”

㠊❪㍲䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮┞? “Where do (you) meet (your) friend?”

㠎㩲 ⟶⋮┞? “When do (you) depart?”

㠊❪㍲ Ὃ⿖䞮┞? “Where do (you) study?”

╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆┞? “Do (you) smoke?”

㡊㐶⯒ 㺔┞? “Do (you) look for keys?”

⋶㝾Ṗ ➆⦑䞮┞? “Is the weather warm?”

㔲䠮㧊㠊⪋┞? “Is the test difficult?”

₆⿚㧊 ⋮㊮┞? “Is (your) mood bad?”

㰧㧊㫆㣿䞮┞? “Is the house quiet?”

Exercise 1.4

┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞⧒. “Cross the bridge.”

㞚⧮⪲ ⌊⩺Ṗ⧒. “Go down to the bottom.”

Ṗ⹿㦚 ▮㪎⧒. “Throw the bag.”

㺓ⶎ㦚㡊㠊⧒. “Open the window.”

㞚⻚㰖⯒ ➆⧒⧒. “Follow (your) father.”

㞺✲⮮⯒ ⹕㠊⧒. “Trust Andrew.”

㟧Ⱖ㦚㔶㠊⧒. “Put on (your) socks.”

㎪䁶⯒ 㧛㠊⧒. “Wear the shirt.”

㏦㦚㧷㞚⧒. “Take (my) hand.”

䋂Ợ 㣎㼦⧒. “Shout aloud.”

Exercise 1.5

㌂㰚㦚G⽊⌊㧦. “(Let us) send (him) the picture.”

⁎Ⱂ㦚G⁎Ⰲ㧦. “(Let us) draw a picture.”

⻪㧎㦚G㧷㧦. “(Let us) catch the criminal.”

㔶ⶎ㦚G㧓㧦. “(Let us) read the newspaper.”

㧒㦚GⰞ䂮㧦. “(Let us) finish the work.”

䌳㔲⯒G䌖㧦. “(Let us) take a taxi.”

䄺䞒㑣㠦㍲䠺㠊㰖㧦. “(Let us) get scattered at the coffee shop.”

⪲ⰾ㓺G㡗䢪⯒ ⽊㧦. “(Let us) see a romance movie.”

㺛㦚G㭒㧦. “(Let us) give (them) a book.”

㝆⩞₆⯒ ⻚Ⰲ㧦. “(Let us) throw garbage away.”

Key to
exercises

230

Exercise 1.6

1 Read page 19.
2 (Let us) wash (our) hands.
3 Close the door.
4 (Let us) borrow (his) money.
5 Go out from the room.
6 Drink green tea.
7 (Let us) give (them) homework.
8 (Let us) wear jeans.
9 Learn English.
10 (Let us) leave for London.

Exercise 1.7

㡺䤚 Y 㔲㠦㡗䢪Ṗ 㔲㧧䟊.

㫆㣿䧞G䟊U

㰧㦚G㼃㏢䟊U

䐆㦚G㠊❪㍲GⰢ⋮?

㠊❪㠦 Ṫ㠊?

╊⺆⯒G⊠㠞㠊U

⋶㝾ṖGⰧ㞮㠊U

㢖㧎㦚G㌂U

㠒Ⱎ⋮G₆┺⪎㠊?

䞲ῃ㠦㍲G㡗㠊⯒GṖ⯊㼺㠊.

Exercise 1.8

ἓ㩲䞯㦚㩚Ὃ䞲┺.

㧧⎚㠦㍲㤎㦚㡂䟟䟞┺.

䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾ỗ┺.

䃦⋮┺ ㌂⧢㧊┞?

㰖䞮㻶㧊䘎䟞┞?

䟟⽋䞮┞?

㺓ⶎ㦚G㡊㠊⧒.

㝆⩞₆⯒ ⻚⩺⧒.

㧦㔶Ṧ㦚 Ṗ㰖㧦.

⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊㧦.

Unit 2

Exercise 2.1

㢶❪ṖG㭧ῃG㌂⧢㧊㰖㣪?

㠦✲㤢✲⯒ Ⱒ⋮㰖㣪?

Key to
exercises

231

⋮⯒ ⹕㰖㣪?

Ṗỿ㧊゚㕎㰖㣪?

㩖₆㍲⻚㓺⯒ 䌖㰖㣪?

Exercise 2.2

㡺⓮ ⋶㝾Ṗ ▻㰖㣪? “Today’s weather is hot, right?”

ἓ䂮Ṗ 㞚⯚╋㰖㣪? “The scenery is beautiful, right?”

⹿㧊㫆㣿䞮㰖㣪? “The room is quiet, right?”

㰧㧊㔲⊚⩓㰖㣪? “The house is noisy, right?”

䄺䞒Ṗ ⰱ㧞㰖㣪? “The coffee is delicious, right?”

Exercise 2.3

㰧㦒⪲G☢㞚Ṗ㰖㣪.

䄺䞒⯒G㔲䋺㰖㣪.

㠦㠊䄾㦚G䅲㰖㣪.

Ⰶ┺䞲䎢㩚䢪⯒ Ỏ㰖㣪.

䡚⁞㦒⪲ 㰖⿞䞮㰖㣪.

㌳㧒䃊✲⯒ ㌂㰖㣪.

䞲ῃ 㡗䢪⯒ アⰂ㰖㣪.

㰖䞮㻶㦚㧊㣿䞮㰖㣪.

㫆❪㦮䂲ῂ✺☚ 㽞╖䞮㰖㣪.

╊⺆⯒ ⊠㰖㣪.

Exercise 2.4

䋂Ⰲ㓺Ṗ 䆪ἶ⍺㣪.

㞚゚Ợ㧒㧊 ⏎⧮⯒ 㧮䞮⍺㣪.

⪲⋶✲Ṗ ⿖㰖⩆䞮⍺㣪.

┺㧊㠦⋮Ṗ 䑊⁒䟞⍺㣪.

Ⰲ❪㞚Ṗ ☞㦚⻢㠞⍺㣪.

⹮㰖Ṗ ゚㕢⍺㣪.

Exercise 2.5

㫆㎟㧊G㰧㠦G㠜⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Joseph is not home.”

⩞㧊㼒㧊Gₖ䂮⯒Gⲏ⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Rachel eats kimchi.”

┞䆲⧒㓺ṖG ⋮䌞Ⰲ䞮ἶ 㧊㟒₆䞮⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Nicolas talks
to Natalie.”

◆㧊キ㧊G 㞢⩟㓺㦮䡫㧊⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) David is Alex’s older
brother.”

㞂❪ṖG㞚㰗G㞞G㧦⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Cindy does not sleep yet.”

⹿㧊G₾⊭䞮⍺㣪. “(Oh, I see that) the room is clean.”

Key to
exercises

232

Exercise 2.6

⋶㝾Ṗ 㕎⓮䞮ῆ㣪.

㠊㩲 ⹪⧢㧊 Ⱔ㧊⿞㠞ῆ㣪.

⽊㓺䏺㧊 ⹪╍Ṗ㨂⪲ 㥶ⳛ䞮ῆ㣪.

㯊Ⰲ㞚ṖGṚ䢎㌂㧊ῆ㣪.

㧊㩲⿖䎆G㡂⯚㧊ῆ㣪.

㰦㧊G⽊⍞㓺⯒G⹱㞮ῆ㣪.

Exercise 2.7

⋮㡺⹎ṖG 䕾㎮G ⳾◎㧊ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Naomi is a fashion
model.”

㥶⩓㦒⪲G 㔶䢒G 㡂䟟㦚G Ṗ⓪ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that they) go to Europe
for (their) honeymoon.”

㡺䤚 ` 㔲㠦 ṖỢ⯒ ╁㞮ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that they) closed (their) store
at 9 p.m.”

䟊ⰂṖG ⼖䢎㌂⪲G 㧒䟞ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) Harry worked as a
lawyer.”

ⶒṖṖ ゚㕎ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) prices are expensive.”

㠊㩲 ⹿㧊 ▪㤶ῆ㣪. “(Oh, I see that) the room was hot yesterday.”

Unit 3

Exercise 3.1

Ⰲ㌂⽊┺ 㺆㓺Ṗ 㧎₆Ṗ ▪ Ⱔ㞚㣪.

䞲ῃ⽊┺ 䞚Ⰲ䞖㧊 ▪ ▪㤢㣪.

⽚⽊┺ Ṗ㦚㦚 ▪ 㫡㞚䟞㠊㣪.

ὒ䞯⽊┺Gⶎ䞯㦚G▪G㩚Ὃ䞮ἶG㕌㠊䟞㠊㣪.

❪㰖䌞G䃊Ⲫ⧒⽊┺G⏎䔎⿗㦚 ▪ ㌂ἶ 㕌㠞㠊㣪?

㹾⽊┺G゚䟟₆ṖG▪Gザ⯛┞┺.

䢎⏖⭆⬾⽊┺GⓊ㣫㔲ṖG▪G䋓┞┺.

㠊㩲⽊┺G㡺⓮㧊G▲G㿻㔋┞┺.

䟊Ⰲ⽊┺G㌮㧊G䎢┞㓺⯒G▪G㧮䂿┞₢?

◆㧊ぢ⽊┺G㩲㧎㧊Gἶ₆⯒G▪ 㫡㞚䞿┞₢?

Exercise 3.2

㭒㓺ṖG㠒㦢㻮⩒G㹾Ṗ㤢㣪.

Ⰲ❪㞚ṖG䡫㌂㻮⩒G䟟☯䟊㣪.

䋂Ⰲ㓺ṖGⶒṲ㻮⩒G㑮㡗㦚㧮䟊㣪?

㩲ⰂṖG㟧㻮⩒G㑲䟞㠊㣪.

㟒㺚ṖG⁞㻮⩒G゚㕖GỆ㡞㣪.

Key to
exercises

233

㫊㧊G⏣ῂG㍶㑮㻮⩒G䋺Ṗ 䄺㣪.

㌢❪ṖG⳾◎㻮⩒G⋶㞂䟊㣪.

㞺㍲┞ṖG㞚㧎㓞䌖㧎㻮⩒G⡧⡧䟊㣪.

㌂⧒ṖG㡺䗮⧒GṖ㑮㻮⩒G⏎⧮⯒G㧮G䟞㠊㣪.

䏶Ⱎ㓺ṖGⰞ⧒䏺G㍶㑮㻮⩒G㧮G⥎GỆ㡞㣪.

Exercise 3.3

䃦㍲Ⰶ㧊G┦Ⱒ䋒G䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 㧮䞿┞┺.

⿖㠢㧊GỆ㔺Ⱒ䋒G䋓┞┺.

◆┞㠮㧊G䞚ⰓⰢ䋒G⿖㰖⩆䞿┞┺.

䕾䔎Ⰳ㧊G㠦Ⰲ䃊Ⱒ䋒G㢖㧎㦚㫡㞚䟞㔋┞₢?

⩞⻶䃊ṖG㩲┞䗒Ⱒ䋒G㟢㩚䟞㔋┞┺.

㍲㤎㧊GⓊ㣫Ⱒ䋒G゚㕎㣪.

㧊G㹾ṖG㩖G㹾Ⱒ䋒G㫡㞚㣪.

䞚Ⱃ㧊G㞚╊Ⱒ䋒G☞㦚G⻢㠊㣪?

㰖䞮㻶㧊G䌳㔲Ⱒ䋒G䘎䟞㠊㣪.

㠦✲㤢✲ṖG䏶Ⱎ㓺Ⱒ䋒GⰞ㎾㠊㣪.

Exercise 3.4

㩖⎗Ⱎ┺G㌆㺛䞿┞┺.

Ỿ㤎Ⱎ┺G㓺䋺⯒ 䌧┞₢?

㡂⯚Ⱎ┺G⹪╍Ṗ㠦 Ṫ㔋┞┺.

ṖỢⰞ┺G⹪㊶GỆ㡞㣪.

⹺Ⱎ┺GⰢ⋿㔲┺.

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩Ⱎ┺G㭒㓺⯒ 䕪㞚㣪.

䞯ᾦⰞ┺ ᾦṖṖ 㧞㠊㣪.

⹿Ⱎ┺ 㺓ⶎ㧊㧞㠞㠊㣪.

䞯㌳Ⱎ┺ 㔲䠮 Ὃ⿖⯒ 䞮ἶG㧞㠊㣪.

䂲ῂ✺㧊䏶㣪㧒Ⱎ┺ Ἶ䝚⯒G㼺㠊㣪?

Exercise 3.5

㌂ぢⰂ⋮Ⱎ㩖GỆ㰩Ⱖ㦚G䟞㠊㣪.

⑚⋮Ⱎ㩖G㌂㔺㦚GṦ䀚㠊㣪.

⋶㝾Ⱎ㩖㿪㤶㠊㣪.

㩲 ⹿Ⱎ㩖㠊⚦㤶㠊㣪.

㠦㠊䄾Ⱎ㩖Gἶ㧻⌂㠊㣪.

ⰺ䓲Ⱎ㩖G䞯ᾦ㠦G㞞GṪ㠊㣪.

⿖㧎Ⱎ㩖 ⹎ῃ㦒⪲ ☢㞚Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪.

⳾┞䃊Ⱎ㩖㔲䠮㠦 ⟾㠊㪢㠊㣪.

䘎㦮㩦Ⱎ㩖 ⶎ㦚 ╁㞮㠊㣪?

䙊Ⱎ㩖㹾⯒ 䕪 Ệ㡞㣪.

Key to
exercises

234

Exercise 3.6

㌂ὒ 㭒㓺⹬㠦㞞 Ⱎ㎪㣪. “(I) drink only apple juice.”

㌦⩂✲⹬㠦㞞 ⲏ㠊㣪. “(I) eat only salad.”

㠚Ⱎ⓪ 㞚ザ⹬㠦㞞㫡㞚䟊㣪. “As for Mom, (she) likes only Dad.”

㏦┮㧊 ^ ⳛ⹬㠦㠜㠊㣪. “There are only seven customers.”

⌄㧶㦚 X 㔲Ṛ⹬㠦㞞㧮 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will take a nap only one hour.”

㠊Ⲏ┞⹬㠦㌳ṗ 㞞䟞㠊㣪. “(I) thought of only (my) mother.”

㨂㯞⹬㠦㞞㫡㞚䟞㠊㣪. “(I) liked only jazz.”

㠊㩲 \ 㔲Ṛ⹬㠦㞞㧺㠊㣪. “(I) slept only 5 hours yesterday.”

XW ⿚⹬㠦㞞 ₆┺Ⰺ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will wait only 10 minutes.”

㠎┞⹬㠦㞞 Ⱒ⋶ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will meet only (my) older sister.”

Unit 4

Exercise 4.1

㧎☚G㦢㔳㦚Gⲏ㠊G⽺㔋┞┺. “(I) tried Indian food.”

☚㧦₆⯒GⰢ✺㠊G⽺㔋┞┺. “(I) tried making ceramics.”

䞲⽋㦚G㧛㠊G⽺㔋┞┺. “(I) tried wearing Hanbok.”

⻶㧊㰫㠦GṖG⽺㔋┞┺. “(I) have been to Beijing.”

⼧㤦㠦G㩚䢪䟊G⽺㔋┞┺. “(I) tried calling the hospital.”

Exercise 4.2

ⶊ㡃G䣢㌂㠦㍲G㧒䟊⽺㔋┞₢? “Have (you) tried working for a trading
company?”

⋰㔲⯒G䟊G⽺㔋┞₢? “Have (you) tried fishing?”

䌖㧊G㦢㔳㦚Gⲏ㠊G⽺㔋┞₢? “Have (you) tried (eating) Thai food?”

䞲ῃ㠊⯒G ⺆㤢G ⽺㔋┞₢? “Have (you) tried learning the Korean
language?”

ᾦ䣢㠦GṖG⽺㔋┞₢? “Have (you) been to church?”

Exercise 4.3

㡗㠊⯒GṖ⯊㼦G⽊㕃㔲㡺. “Try teaching English.”

㌆㦚G㢂⧒ṖG⽊㕃㔲㡺. “Try climbing the mountain.”

㞚䕢䔎㠦㍲G㌊㞚G⽊㕃㔲㡺. “Try living in an apartment.”

㡂㧦䂲ῂ⧧G䠺㠊㪎G⽊㕃㔲㡺. “Try breaking up with (your) girlfriend.”

䅊䜾䎆⯒Gἶ㼦G⽊㕃㔲㡺. “Try fixing the computer.”

Key to
exercises

235

Exercise 4.4

₆☚䟊G⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try praying.”

㍶㌳┮䞲䎢G ⿖䌗䟊⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try asking a favor to the
teacher.”

㹾⯒Gἶ㼦G⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try fixing the car.”

ῂⲣ㦚GⰟ㞚G⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try filling up a hole.”

㠦㠊䄾㦚G䅲G⽛㔲┺. “(Let us) try turning on the air conditioner.”

Exercise 4.5

㞚䝚Ⰲ䃊㠦GṖG⽺㔋┞┺.

䞲ῃ㠊⯒GὋ⿖䟊G⽒Gỗ┞┺.

䞲ῃGⰻ㭒⯒GⰞ㎪G⽺㔋┞┺.

㓺㤾◊㠦GṖG⽺㔋┞₢?

₆䌖⯒G㼦G⽺㔋┞₢?

㰧G㩚䢪G⻞䢎⯒G㣎㤢⽊㕃㔲㡺.

Ⱎ㌂㰖 ₆Ἒ⯒ ㌂㣿䟊⽊㕃㔲㡺.

䞲ῃ ㌂⧢䞮ἶ ㌂‖㠊⽊㕃㔲㡺.

㣪Ⰲ⯒ ⺆㤢⽛㔲┺.

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ἶ㼦⽛㔲┺.

Exercise 4.6

䡫㧊㫡㦖㏢㔳㦚㩚䟊㢪㠊㣪.

ṲṖ 㧊㴓㦒⪲ ╂⩺ 㢖㣪.

㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊 Ṧ₆⪲ ἶ㌳䟊㢪㠊㣪.

⪲⻚䔎⪲⿖䎆 ☚㤖㦚 ⹱㞚㡺ἶ 㧞㠊㣪.

ⶒ㧊㠒㠊 Ṗἶ 㧞㠊㣪.

Exercise 4.7

㤆ⰂG 䞶Ⲏ┞⓪G 䟊Ⱎ┺G ⓯㠊G Ṗ㕃┞┺. “As for my grandmother, (she)
continues to get old.”

㧊㩲⿖䎆䢒㧦㌊㞚ṧ┞₢? “Do (you) go on living alone from now
on?”

䟟⽋䞲 Ṗ㩫㦚 Ⱒ✺㠊 Ṗ㕃㔲㡺. “Continue to make a happy family.”

ⶒ㦚㩞㟓䟊 ṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) continue to save water.”

㫆⁞㝿G 㓺䅖㭚㦚G ⹪∪G ṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) continue to change the sch-
edule gradually.”

Key to
exercises

236

Unit 5

Exercise 5.1

䋆Gⶒἶ₆⯒G⋰㞚 ⌞㠊㣪.

ṫⶒ㦚GⰟ㞚G⌞㠊㣪.

䝚⪲㩳䔎⯒G➆G⌞㠊㣪.

☞㦚G⹱㞚G⌞㠊㣪.

⏒ⶎ㦚G㖾G⌞㠊㣪.

Exercise 5.2

゚⹖㦚䃦 ⌞㠊㣪. “(I) ferreted out a secret.”

㩚䢪₆⯒ Ⱒ✺㠊 ⌞㠊㣪. “(He) made a telephone.”

ἶ₆⯒ ῂ㤢 ⌞㠊㣪. “(I) roasted meat.”

⁞䞮ἶ 㦖㦚 ῂ⼚䟊 ⌞㠊㣪. “(I) made a distinction between gold and
silver.”

⁎Ⱂ㦚 ⁎⩺ ⌞㠊㣪. “(I) drew a picture.”

Exercise 5.3

㞺✲⮮Ṗ ㌂㰚㦚㹣㠊⻚⪎㠊㣪.

㌂⧒Ṗ ⏎䔎⿗㦚ア⩺ ⻚⪎㠊㣪.

☞㦚 ┺ 㖾⻚⪎㠊㣪.

䅖ゞ㧊G✲⧒Ⱎ⯒G⊳₢㰖G⽦G⻚⪎㠊㣪.

㞺㰖ṖG㰗㧻㦚G㢄ỾG⻚⪎㠊㣪.

Exercise 5.4

㹾Ṗ ⡦ ἶ㧻㧊 ⋮ ⻚⪎㠊㣪. “The car broke down again.”

ṖỢ ⶎ㦚 ╁㞚⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) shut the store door.”

䕢㧒㦚㰖㤢⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) erased the file.”

䂲ῂṖ Ⓤ㣫㦒⪲ ⟶⋮ ⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(My) friend left for New York.”

䞯ᾦ㠦㍲ ⋮㢖⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) came out from school.”

Exercise 5.5

⓼Ợ 㧒㠊⋮ἶ Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪.

㥚㓺䋺⯒ Ⱎ㔲ἶ Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪.

㡂㧦䂲ῂ䞲䎢㌂⧧㦚 ἶ⺇䞮ἶ Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪.

ἆῃ 㧒㦚 ⁎Ⱒ⚦ἶ Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪.

㹾Ṗ ἶ㧻㧊 ⋮ἶ Ⱖ㞮㞚㣪.

Key to
exercises

237

Exercise 5.6

⪲⋶✲Ṗ 䡫䞮ἶ 㕎㤆ἶ Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪. “Ronald ended up disputing with
(his) older brother.”

㌦ⰂṖG ⋾㧦G 䂲ῂ䞮ἶG 䠺㠊㰖ἶG Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪. “Sally ended up breaking
up with (her) boyfriend.”

䎢⩢㓺Ṗ ⏎䔎⿗㦚䕪ἶ Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪. “Terrence ended up selling (his)
notebook.”

㞂❪ṖG ₎㠦㍲G ⹎⊚⩂㰖ἶG Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪. “Cindy ended up sliding down
on the road.”

㫆㞺㧊㠎┞䞲䎢䢪⌊ἶ Ⱖ㞮㠊㣪. “Joan ended up getting mad at (her)
older sister.”

Exercise 5.7

䕆⋮ṖG䝚⪲㩳䔎⯒G☚㢖㮂㠊㣪.

㡺ザṖGṖ⹿㦚G㌂G㮂㠊㣪.

㫊㧊㹾⯒ 䕪㞚㮂㠊㣪.

ⲪỊ㧊㌂㰚㦚㹣㠊㭚 Ệ㡞㣪.

㠎┞Ṗ ㍺Ệ㰖⯒ 䟊㭚 Ệ㡞㣪.

㺛㦚ア⩺ 㭒㎎㣪.

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ἶ㼦㭒㎎㣪.

㢍㦚䢮⿞䟊㭒㎎㣪.

䞒㞚⏎⯒ 㼦㭒㎎㣪.

⧒❪㡺⯒G䔖㠊㭒㎎㣪.

Exercise 5.8

㺛㦚G㧓㠊G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) read a book (for her).”

䘎㰖⯒G㖾G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) wrote a letter (for her).”

㩚䢪⯒G⹱㞚G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) received the phone call (for her).”

㺓ⶎ㦚G╁㞚G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) shut the window (for him).”

㩚❇㦚G䅲G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) switched on the electric lamp (for her).”

ⶎ㦚G㡊㠊G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) opened the door (for him).”

㢍㦚G⹪∪G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) changed the dress (for him).”

⏎⧮⯒G⿞⩂G✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) sang the song (for her).”

㩦㕂㦚 Ⱒ✺㠊 ✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) made lunch (for him).”

䄺䞒⯒ 㔲䅲 ✲⪎㠊㣪. “(I) ordered coffee (for him).”

Key to
exercises

238

Unit 6

Exercise 6.1

㑯㩲⯒ ⊳⌊ ⏩㦒㎎㣪.

㰖☚⯒ ⁎⩺ ⏩㦒㎎㣪.

㏢㓺⯒ Ⱒ✺㠊 ⏩㦒㎎㣪.

ⶒ㦚 ⊩㡂 ⏩㦒㎎㣪.

☞㦚 ⹱㞚 ⏩㦒㎎㣪.

Exercise 6.2

㩚䢪G ⻞䢎⯒G ₆㠋䟊 ⚦㎎㣪. “Remember the telephone number for
later.”

㔶ⶎ㦚G㧓㠊G⚦㎎㣪. “Read newspapers for later.”

㫢㍳㦚G㡞㟓䟊G⚦㎎㣪. “Reserve a seat for later.”

㰖Ⰲ⯒G 㧋䡖G ⚦㎎㣪. “Make (yourself) familiar with the geographical
features for later.”

㟒㺚⯒G㞑㠊G⚦㎎㣪. “Wash vegetables for later.”

Exercise 6.3

ⶎ㧊G╁䡖G㧞㠊㣪.

㌂㰚㧊G⼓㠦GỎ⩺ 㧞㠊㣪.

ṖỢṖG㡊⩺G㧞㠊㣪.

㏦┮㧊G㏢䕢㠦G㞟㞚㧞㠊㣪.

㩲㧚㓺ṖGⶎG㞴㠦㍲㧞㠊㣪.

Exercise 6.4

⻚㓺ṖG㢖G㧞㠊㣪. “Bus is here.”

㩫㤦㠦G↙㧊G䞒㠊㧞㠊㣪. “Flowers are in bloom in the garden.”

䂲ῂṖG㰧㠦G㢖G㧞㠊㣪. “The friends are (here) home.”

䢮㧦ṖG䂾╖㠦G⑚㤢㧞㠊㣪. “The patient is lying on the bed.”

㩚❇㧊Gℒ㪎G㧞㠊㣪. “The electric lamp is off.”

Exercise 6.5

䟟⽋䟊䟊㣪.

₆ㄦ䟊㣪.

㰖⬾䟊䞶 Ệ㡞㣪.

㤆㤎䟊䟞㠊㣪.

ᾊ⪲㤢䟞㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

239

Exercise 6.6

▪㤢䟊㣪. “(He) feels hot.”

㞚䕢䟊㣪. “(He) feels sore.”

ἶⰞ㤢䟊㣪. “(He) feels thankful.”

ῗ⁞䟊䟊㣪. “(He) feels curious.”

⿖⩂㤢䟊㣪. “(He) envies.”

Exercise 6.7

ⲎⰂṖG㠊㰖⩂㤢㪢㠊㣪.

㎇ỿ㧊G㹾⿚䟊㪢㠊㣪.

⳿㏢ⰂṖG⿖✲⩂㤢㪢㠊㣪.

ⴎ㧊G䔒䔒䟊㪢㠊㣪.

㹾ṖG▪⩂㤢㰞GỆ㡞㣪.

Exercise 6.8

㞚㧊㦮G䋺ṖG䄺㪢㠊㣪. “The child’s height has become tall.”

㩲㔲䃊ṖG㡞ㄦ㪢㠊㣪. “Jessica has become pretty.”

㦢㔳GṨ㧊G゚㕎㪢㠊㣪. “Food price has become expensive.”

⋶㝾ṖGⰧ㞚㪢㠊㣪. “The weather has become clear.”

㠒Ὴ㧊 ₢ⰺ㪢㠊㣪. “(My) face has become dark.”

Unit 7

Exercise 7.1

㏢䙂⯒G⹱㦒⩂G㤆㼊ῃ㠦G㡺㎎㣪.

㹾⯒Gἶ䂮⩂G㩫゚㏢㠦GṖἶG㧞㠊㣪.

⋰㔲㰞G䞮⩂G⹪╍Ṗ⪲Gṧ㔲┺.

゚䟟₆⯒G䌖⩂GὋ䟃㠦GṞGỆ㡞㣪.

䅊䜾䎆GỢ㧚㦚G䞮⩂G䂲ῂG㰧㠦㧦㭒 Ṗ㎎㣪?

Exercise 7.2

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲⩂ 㓺䌖⻛㓺㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) went to Starbucks to drink
coffee.”

㔲䠮 Ὃ⿖䞮⩂ ☚㍲ὖ㠦 Ṗ㕃㔲㡺. “Go to the library to study for the
test.”

㠒Ὴ㦚㞑㦒⩂ 䢪㧻㔺㠦 Ṗἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am going to toilet to wash
(my) face.”

㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ㦒⩂ 㭧ῃ 㔳╏㠦 ṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) go to the Chinese restau-
rant to have lunch.”

Key to
exercises

240

䅖㧊䔎⯒ Ⱒ⋮⩂ Ὃ䟃㠦 ṧ┞₢? “Do (you) go to the airport to meet
Kate?”

Exercise 7.3

㌊㦚ヒ⩺ἶ 㤊☯䟊㣪.

㍶㌳┮㦚 Ⱒ⋮⩺ἶ ㌂ⶊ㔺㠦㍲ ₆┺Ⰲἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪.

㦮ὒ ╖䞯㠦 ✺㠊Ṗ⩺ἶ 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪.

㧊⻞㡂⯚㠦䞲ῃ㠦 Ṗ⩺ἶ ゚䟟₆䚲⯒ 㡞㟓䟞㠊㣪.

䀾㰗䞮⩺ἶ ⏎⩻䞮ἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪.

Exercise 7.4

⋾䘎䞲䎢㌳㧒㍶ⶒ⪲ 㭒⩺ἶ ㍶ⶒ㦚 ἶ⯊ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am choosing
a gift intending to give (it) to (my) husband for (his) birthday present.”

䕢Ⰲ⪲ ⟶⋮⩺ἶ ₆㹾㡃㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) went to the train station intend-
ing to leave for Paris.”

ṯ㧊㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ㦒⩺ἶ ⪲゚㠦㍲䂲ῂ⯒ ₆┺⩺㣪. “(I) wait for (my)
friend at lobby intending to have lunch together.”

㕎Ợ 㹾⯒ ㌂⩺ἶ 䦻㩫㦚䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am negotiating intending to
buy the car at a cheap price.”

☞㦚⻢⩺ἶ 㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎⯒ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) had a side job intending to earn
(some) money.”

Exercise 7.5

㺛㦚GアⰂ⩺ἶ

㟒㺚⯒G㌂⩺ἶ

㡂㧦G䂲ῂ䞲䎢㭒⩺ἶ

䞯ᾦ㠦GゾⰂGṖ⩺ἶ

⋾㧦G䂲ῂ㦮GṖ㫇㦚 Ⱒ⋮⩺ἶ

Exercise 7.6

Ⓤ㓺⯒G✺㦚G㑮G㧞☚⪳G⧒❪㡺⯒ 䅲㭒㎎㣪.

㹾⯒G㝎G㑮G㧞☚⪳G䠞⧓䟊G㭒㎎㣪.

Ịṫ㦚G䣢⽋䞶G㑮G㧞☚⪳G☚㢖㭒㎎㣪.

䀾㰗䞶G㑮G㧞☚⪳G㿪㻲㍲⯒G㖾㭒㎎㣪.

㧮G㑮G㧞☚⪳G㩚❇㦚GℒG㭒㎎㣪.

Exercise 7.7

㟆な⧖㓺ṖG㰖⋮ṞG㑮G㧞☚⪳G₎㦚G゚䅲G㭒㎎㣪. “Please get out of the
way so that the ambulance can pass by.”

Key to
exercises

241

㫡㦖㧎㌗㦚㭚㑮㧞☚⪳ 㤙㠊㭒㎎㣪. “Please smile so that (you) can
give (them) a good impression.”

㔲䠮㠦G⿯㦚G㑮G㧞☚⪳G㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Study hard so that (you)
can pass the test.”

㞚䂾㠦㧒㹣㧒㠊⋶ 㑮㧞☚⪳ 㞢⧢㦚 ⰴ㿪㠊㭒㎎㣪. “Please set the
alarm, so that (he) can get up early in the morning.”

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞶㑮㧞☚⪳ 䢒⌊ 㭒㎎㣪. “Please teach (him) a lesson, so
that (he) can study hard.”

Unit 8

Exercise 8.1

㡂䟟㌂㠦G㩚䢪䟊㍲G䟃Ὃ 㣪⁞㠦 ╖䟊㍲ ⶒ㠊⽒ Ệ㡞㣪.

䞯ᾦ㠦GṖ㍲Gᾦ㑮┮㦚GⰢ⌂㠊㣪.

➎₆⯒G㞑㠊㍲Gⲏ㠞㠊㣪?

⁎ ⹮㰖⯒ ㌂㍲㡂㧦䂲ῂ䞲䎢㭒㎎㣪.

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤢㍲㍲㤎㠦㍲䀾㰗䞿㔲┺.

Exercise 8.2

㞚䂾㠦㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮㍲㤊☯䞶⧮㣪. “(I) will get up early in the morning
and then exercise.”

䂲ῂ 㰧㠦 Ṗ㍲㣪Ⰲ䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Go to (your) friend’s house and then
cook.”

㠎㩲 Ⓤ㣫㠦 Ṗ㍲ ⷺ㔲䅂㦚⽒ Ệ㡞㣪? “When will (you) go to New
York and then see a musical?”

㍶ⶒ㦚䙂㧻䟊㍲㌳㧒䕢䕆 ➢ 㮂㠊㣪. “(I) wrapped up the gift and
then gave (it to her) at (her) birthday party.”

䕢䕆㠦 Ṗ㍲䦻ἏỢ ⏟㔲┺. “(Let us) go to the party and then play
merrily.”

Exercise 8.3

ᾦ䐋㧊 Ⱏ䡖㍲㑮㠛㠦 ⓼㠞㠊㣪.

㞚䂾㦚 ⓼Ợ ⲏ㠊㍲㞚㰗㩦㕂㦚㞞 ⲏ㠞㠊㣪.

⺆Ṗ 㞚䕢㍲㰧㠦㧒㹣 Ṗἶ 㕌㠊㣪.

⹿㧊 ⍞ⶊ ▪⩂㤢㍲㡺⓮ 㼃㏢䞶 Ệ㡞㣪.

㌳㧒㧊㠊㍲㧒㹣㰧㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

242

Exercise 8.4

㠊㩲Ṗ 䂲ῂ ㌳㧒㧊㠊㍲㌳㧒䕢䕆㠦 Ṫ㔋┞┺. “Since yesterday was
(my) friend’s birthday, (I) went to (his) birthday party.”

㧊㔳╏ 㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㧞㠊㍲㧦㭒㢖㣪. “Since this restaurant’s food is
delicious, (we) come (here) often.”

⑞㧊 Ⱔ㧊㢖㍲䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṟ ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “Since (it) snows much, (I)
guess that (I) will not be able to go to school.”

Ṧ₆ Ỏ⩺㍲㟓㦚 ⲏἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “Since (I) caught a cold, (I) am taking
medicines.”

㟓㏣㔲Ṛ㠦 ⓼㠊㍲ ⹎㞞䞿┞┺. “(I) am sorry in that (I) am late for
the appointment.”

Exercise 8.5

䄺䞒⯒ ⴑ Ⱎ㔲┞₢ ╖㔶 ⏏㹾⯒ ㌓㔲┺.

䑊⁒ 㔲Ṛ㧊┞₢ ᾦ䐋㧊 Ⱏ䧯┞┺.

㔲Ṛ㧊㠜㦒┞₢ 㣿ỊⰢ Ⱖ䞮㕃㔲㡺.

䠞ⰂṖ 㞚䝚┞₢ ⑚ῂ☚ Ⱒ⋮ἶ 㕌㰖㞠㔋┞┺.

㿪㤆┞₢ 㺓ⶎ㦚 ╁㦒㕃㔲㡺.

Exercise 8.6

⌊㧒 ⹪㊮┞₢ ⳾⧮ 㩚䢪䞶Ợ㣪. “Since (I) am busy tomorrow, (I) will
call (you) the day after tomorrow.”

☚㍲ὖ㧊┞₢ 䋂Ợ 㧊㟒₆䞮㰖 Ⱎ㕃㔲㡺. “Since (here) is the library,
do not talk aloud.”

ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚┞₢ 㟓㦚㌂㭒㎎㣪. “Since (my) head aches, please buy
medicines (for me).”

⌊㧒㞚䂾㠦㧊㌂䞮┞₢ 㡺㩚 _ 㔲₢㰖㡺㎎㣪. “Since (we) move (into
the new residence) tomorrow morning, come by 8 a.m.”

㦢㔳㧊㕇Ệ㤆┞₢ ㏢⁞㦚 ⍹㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Since the food is watery, put
(some) salt in (it).”

▪㤆┞₢ 㠦㠊䆮㦚G 䔖㠊㭒㎎㣪. “Since (it) is hot, please turn on the
air conditioner.”

㧊㩲 Ἵ 䞒㧦Ṗ ☚㹿䞮┞₢ 㫆⁞ ▪ ₆┺Ⱃ㔲┺. “Since the pizza will
arrive (here) soon, (let us) wait a little more.”

Exercise 8.7

ⰻ㭒⯒ ㌂ⓦ⧒ἶ ☞㦚 ┺ 㗒㠊㣪.

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ἶ䂮ⓦ⧒ἶ 㞚㰗䑊⁒㦚 ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪.

㡺⧮ 䐋䢪䞮ⓦ⧒ἶ 㩖⎗㦚 ṯ㧊 ⴑ ⲏ㠞㠊㣪.

☯㩚㦚 ⍹ⓦ⧒ἶ 㰖ṧ㦚 ⟾㠊⥾⪎㠊㣪.

㡊㐶⯒ 㺔ⓦ⧒ἶ ⓼㠞㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

243

Exercise 8.8

㑯㩲⯒ 䞮ⓦ⧒ἶ ⹺㦚㌞㤶㠊㣪. “(I) stayed up all night because of
doing (my) homework.”

⧒❪㡺⯒ ✹ⓦ⧒ἶ 㽞㧎㫛㏢Ⰲ⯒ ⴑ ✺㠞㠊㣪. “(I) could not hear the
doorbell sound because of listening to the radio.”

㌂⧒⯒ ₆┺Ⰲⓦ⧒ἶ ⓼㠞㠊㣪? “Were (you) late waiting for Sarah?”

┺㧊㠊䔎⯒ 䞮ⓦ⧒ἶ 㩖⎗㦚 Ⱔ㧊㞞 ⲏ㔋┞┺. “(I) do not eat dinner
much because (I) am on diet.”

㦖䟟㦚㺔ⓦ⧒ἶ ㌂⧢✺䞲䎢 ⶒ㠊⽊ἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪. “(I) was asking people
because (I) was looking for a bank.”

Unit 9

Exercise 9.1

㔲Ṛ㧊㧞㦒Ⳋ ア䞲䎢㩚䢪䞶 Ệ㡞㣪.

₎㧊 Ⱏ䧞Ⳋ 㰖䞮㻶㦚䌧㔲┺.

゚㕎Ⳋ ㌂Ỷ㠊㣪?

⌊㧒㞚䂾㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮Ⳋ ₾㤢㭒㎎㣪.

㧊㟒₆䟞㦒Ⳋ 䢪⌞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

Exercise 9.2

⺆Ṗ 㞚䝚Ⳋ ⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ㎎㣪. “If (your) stomach hurts, go to hospital.”

⋶㝾Ṗ ⍞ⶊ 㿪㤆Ⳋ 䧞䎆⯒ 䅲Ỷ㠊㣪. “If the weather is too cold, (I)
will turn on the heater.”

⳾⯊Ⳋ ⶒ㠊⽊㎎㣪. “If (you) do not know, try asking (someone).”

▪㤆Ⳋ 㺓ⶎ㦚㡓㔲┺. “If (it) is hot, (let us) open the window.”

☚㤖㧊䞚㣪䞮Ⳋ ⑚ῂ䞲䎢㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪? “When (you) need help, who
do (you) call?”

Exercise 9.3

Ὃ䟃㠦㍲ Ⱒ⋮Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.

㌳㧒㍶ⶒ⪲ 㔲Ἒ⯒ ⹱㦒Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.

⩞✲ 㢖㧎㦚㔲䋺Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.

㩖⎗㦒⪲ 䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㦚 ⲏ㦒Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.

☞㦚 Ⱔ㧊⻢Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

244

Exercise 9.4

⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎Ṗ 䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (my) roommate is
a Korean.”

䃦⋮┺⪲ 㥶䞯ṖⳊ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (I) go abroad for study to
Canada.”

㰗㧻㧊㰧㠦㍲ Ṗ₢㤆Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (my) place of work is
near from home.”

⌊㧒 ⋶㝾Ṗ ➆⦑䞮Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that tomorrow’s weather is
warm.”

⋾䘎㧊㧒㹣㧦Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (my) husband goes to bed
early.”

┺㦢䞯₆㠦 ₖᾦ㑮┮㧊 Ṗ⯊䂮㔲Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that Professor
Kim teaches next semester.”

⋾㧦䂲ῂṖ ╊⺆⯒ ⊠㦒Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (my) boyfriend
quits smoking.”

⏎䔎⿗㦚㌳㧒㍶ⶒ⪲ ⹱㦒Ⳋ 㫡Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) wish that (I) receive a
notebook for (my) birthday present.”

Exercise 9.5

ⶒ㦚 ⊩㧊⩺Ⳋ ⌚゚Ṗ 䞚㣪䟊㣪. “If (you) intend to boil water, (you)
need a pot.”

㧊㔳╏㠦㍲㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㦒⩺Ⳋ 㡞㟓䞮㕃㔲㡺. “If (you) intend to have
dinner in this restaurant, make a reservation.”

⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ⩺Ⳋ 㰖䞮㻶㦚䌖㎎㣪. “If (you) intend to go to hospital, take
a subway.”

⹎ῃ㠦㧛ῃ䞮⩺Ⳋ ゚㧦⯒ ⹱㞚㟒䟊㣪. “If (you) intend to enter the
States, (you) have to receive a visa.”

㧊䣢㌂㠦䀾㰗䞮⩺Ⳋ ╖䞯㫎㠛㧻㦚㩲㿲䞮㎎㣪. “If (you) intend to
get employed in this company, submit (your) college diploma.”

ぢ⪲✲㤾㧊㑒⯒ ⽊⩺Ⳋ Ⓤ㣫㠦 Ṗ㟒 ♒㣪. “If (you) intend to see a
Broadway show, (you) must go to New York.”

䎢┞㓺⯒G 䂮⩺ⳊG Ὃ䞮ἶG ⧒䅩㧊G 䞚㣪䟊㣪. “If (you) intend to play
tennis, (you) need a ball and a racket.”

䢪㧻㔺㦚㌂㣿䞮⩺Ⳋ 㣪⁞㦚 ⌊㎎㣪. “If (you) intend to use a toilet,
pay the fee.”

Exercise 9.6

䘎㰖⯒G㧓㦒ⳊG㧓㦚㑮⪳ 䢪Ṗ ⋮㣪.

⋶㝾ṖG䦦ⰂⳊG䦦Ⰺ㑮⪳ 㿪㤢㣪.

㔲Ṛ㧊G㰖⋮ⳊG㰖⋶㑮⪳ 㡱⋶㧊 ⁎Ⰲ㤢㣪.

䋂ⳊG䋊㑮⪳G゚㕢㠊㣪.

⁎G㺛㦚G㧓㦒ⳊG㧓㦚㑮⪳ 㨂⹎㧞㠞㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

245

Exercise 9.7

䞲ῃ㠦㌊Ⳋ ㌊㑮⪳ 㫡㞚㣪. “The more (I) live in Korea, the better
(it) is.”

㌂⧢✺㦚 Ⱒ⋮Ⳋ Ⱒ⋶㑮⪳ 䞒Ἲ䞿┞┺. “The more (I) meet people,
the more tired (I) am.”

☞㦚㝆Ⳋ 㝎㑮⪳ 䞚㣪䞿┞┺. “The more (I) spend money, the more
(I) need (it).”

㡂䟟㦚䞮Ⳋ 䞶㑮⪳ Ⱔ㧊⺆㤎 Ệ㡞㣪. “The more (you) travel, the
more (you) will learn.”

⹪㊮ⳊG ⹪㊶㑮⪳G ỊṫG 㫆㕂䞮㎎㣪. “The busier (you) are, take more
care of (your) health.”

Exercise 9.8

㞚₆Ṗ 㤎Ệ✶ 㞚₆⯒ 㞞㞚㭒㎎㣪.

ⰱ㧞Ệ✶ ▪ 㔲䌋㔲┺.

䋂Ⰲ㓺Ⱎ㓺䔎Ⰲ⯒ Ⱒ✺Ệ✶ ㌂㰚㦚㹣㦒㎎㣪.

㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦㧒䞮Ệ✶ 䕢䕆㠦㡺㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

⋮㭧㠦 ⲪⰂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮Ệ✶ Ⲫ㎎㰖⯒ 㩚䟊㭣㔲┺.

Exercise 9.9

㿪㻲㍲Ṗ 䞚㣪䞮Ệ✶ 㩖䞲䎢㡆⧓䞮㎎㣪. “If (you) need a recommen-
dation letter, contact me.”

⡦ ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚Ệ✶ 㟓㦚 ✲㎎㣪. “If (your) head aches again, take
medicines.”

ệ㩫ỆⰂṖ 㧞Ệ✶ Ⱖ䞮㎎㣪. “If (you) have a source of anxiety, talk
(to me).”

㕂㕂䞮Ệ✶ {} ⽊㎎㣪. “If (you) feel bored, watch TV.”

⼧㤦㠦 ṖỆ✶ ⹫㍶㌳┮㦚 Ⱒ⋮㎎㣪. “If (you) go to the hospital, meet
Dr. Park.”

Exercise 9.10

㩦㕂㦚 ⓼Ợ ⲏ㠞Ệ✶㣪. “(I) ate lunch late, you know.”

⳿㧊㞚䝚Ệ✶㣪. “(My) throat hurts, you know.”

┺㧊㠊䔎⯒ 䞮ἶ 㧞Ệ✶㣪. “(I) am on diet, you know.”

☞㧊㠜Ệ✶㣪. “(I) do not have money, you know.”

㑶㦚 ⴑ Ⱎ㔲Ệ✶㣪. “(I) cannot drink alcohol, you know.”

㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 㧧㞮Ệ✶㣪. “The size was small, you know.”

Key to
exercises

246

Exercise 9.11

㡂㧦G䂲ῂṖG䟟⽋䟊㟒G㩖☚ 䟟⽋䟊㣪.

㎎㧒㦚G䟊㟒G㌊G㑮G㧞㠊㣪.

㡊㕂䧞GὋ⿖䟊㟒G㦮㌂Ṗ ♶ 㑮㧞㠊㣪.

㧒㦚G⁎Ⱒ⛂㟒G㡂䟟㦚G䞶㑮㧞㠊㣪.

╊⺆⯒G⊠㠊㟒G⼧㧊G⋮㦚G㑮㧞㠊㣪.

Exercise 9.12

㔲䠮㦚㧮⽦㟒⻫╖㠦 ✺㠊Ṟ 㑮㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (you) do well on the
test, (you) can enter law school.”

㞚⯊⹪㧊䔎⯒ 䟊㟒䞯゚⯒ ⌒ 㑮㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (I) do a side job, (I)
can pay (my) tuition.”

㩖⁞㦚䟊㟒㌞㏢䕢⯒ ㌊㑮㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (we) save money, (we)
can buy a new sofa.”

䕢Ⰲ㠦GṖ㟒G㠦䗶䌖㤢⯒G⽒G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (you) go to Paris, (you)
can see Eiffel Tower.”

䋂Ⰲ㓺䕊㦚GⰢ⋮㟒G㺛㦚G⹱㦚G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “Only if (you) meet Christine,
(you) can receive the book.”

Unit 10

Exercise 10.1

㞚䂾㦚 ⲏἶ 㤊☯䞿┞┺.

㧊⯒ ┼ἶ 㧦㣪.

㍶㌳┮䞲䎢 Ⲓ㩖 ⶒ㠊⽊ἶ 䢪㧻㔺㠦 ṧ┞₢?

㡞㟓㦚䞮ἶ ⟶⋿㔲┺.

╖䞯ᾦ⯒ 㫎㠛䞮ἶ 䀾㰗䞮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪.

㑮㧪㦖 ⑞㧊䋂ἶ 㫆㣿䟊㣪.

䕖㦖 ⳿㏢ⰂṖ 㫡ἶ 㥶ⲎṖ 㧞㠊㣪.

㞺✲⮮⓪ Ἆ㏦䞮ἶ ⿖㰖⩆䟊㣪.

Exercise 10.2

㎎㑮⯒ 䞮ἶ 㢍㦚 Ṟ㞚㧛㦒㎎㣪. “Wash (your) face and then change
(your) clothes.”

㑯㩲⯒ 䞮ἶ 㧎䎆⎍㦚㝆Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) will do (my) homework and then
use the internet.”

㌺㤢⯒ 䞮ἶ 㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㦣㔲┺. “(Let us) take a shower and then eat
dinner.”

䋺Ṗ 䋂ἶ 㠒Ὴ㧊㧧㞮㠊㣪 “(His) height was tall and (his) face was
small.”

㫊㧊 ZX ㌊㧊ἶ 㦮㌂㧛┞┺. “John is 31 years old and (he) is a doctor.”

Key to
exercises

247

Exercise 10.3

䙊㦮 ⳿㏢ⰂṖ 䋂Ⳇ ⿖✲⩓㔋┞┺.

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ ὒ䞯㧦㧊Ⳇ ⹲ⳛṖ㧛┞┺.

㥂❪Ṗ ⺆㤆㧊Ⳇ Ṗ㑮㧛┞┺.

㡺⓮ ⋶㝾Ṗ Ⱗ㦒Ⳇ ㍶㍶䞿┞┺.

⁎ 䞯ᾦṖ 㫡㦒Ⳇ 㥶ⳛ䞿┞┺.

₆㹾Ṗ 㞞㩚䞮Ⳇ 䘎䞿┞┺.

Exercise 10.4

䎢⩢㓺Ṗ 䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲Ⳇ 㔶ⶎ㦚㧓ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “Terrence is reading
newspapers, drinking coffee.”

⁎⩞㧊㓺Ṗ 䎪⩞゚㩚㦚⽊Ⳇ 㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㠞㠊㣪. “Grace ate dinner,
watching TV.”

Ⰲ㻮✲Ṗ 䕳䆮㦚 ⲏ㦒Ⳇ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽦㣪. “Richard sees a movie, eating
popcorn.”

㠦㓺▪Ṗ ➖㦚䦮ⰂⳆ 䎢┞㓺⯒ 䂮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “Esther is playing tennis,
sweating.”

⪲⻚䔎Ṗ 㤎Ⳇ ㏢Ⰲ 㰞⩖㠊㣪. “Robert shouted crying.”

┞䆲㧊 ⋶㞂䞮Ⳇ 㹿䟊㣪. “Nicole is slender and tenderhearted.”

䋊⧒⧒Ṗ 㡞㊮Ⳇ ㎇ỿ㧊㫡㞚㣪. “Clara is pretty and (her) personality
is good.”

⪲⧒⓪ ⲎⰂṖ ₎Ⳇ 䂲㩞䟞㠊㣪. “As for Laura, (her) hair was long,
and (she) was nice.”

㍲㤎㦖 ⋶㝾Ṗ 䦦ⰂⳆ ゚Ṗ 㡺Ỷ㠊㣪. “As for Seoul, the weather will
be cloudy and rain may fall.”

㧊 ⹿㧊䋂Ⳇ 㔲㤦䟊㣪. “This room is big and cool.”

Exercise 10.5

⿖㧦㧊Ệ⋮ Ệ㰖㧊Ệ⋮ 㩲䡫㧊㠦㣪.

㠊⪋Ệ⋮ 㓓Ệ⋮ 䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪.

㡺Ệ⋮ 㞞㡺Ệ⋮ ₆┺Ⰺ Ệ㡞㣪.

ア⩺㭒Ệ⋮ 㞞ア⩺㭒Ệ⋮ ⶒ㠊⽒ Ệ㡞㣪.

㨂⹎㧞Ệ⋮ 㨂⹎㠜Ệ⋮ ⁎ ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ┺㔲⽊㕃㔲㡺.

Exercise 10.6

⽊䐋㠎㩲㡗䢪⯒ ⽊Ệ⋮ 㣎㔳㦚䞿┞₢? “When (do) you usually see
movies or dine out?”

↙㦚㌂Ệ⋮ 䅖㧊䋂⯒ Ⱒ✲㕃㔲㡺. “Buy flowers or make cakes.”

㞚䂾㠦㫆ₛ㦚䞮Ệ⋮ 㣪Ṗ⯒ 䟊㣪. “In the morning, (I) jog or do
yoga.”

Key to
exercises

248

䡚⁞㦒⪲ ⌊Ệ⋮ 䃊✲⪲ 㰖⿞䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will pay by cash or defray
by a card.”

㌆㦒⪲ ṖỆ⋮ ⹪╍Ṗ⪲ ṧ㔲┺. “(Let us) go to mountains or beach.”

Exercise 10.7

㩦㕂㦚Gⲏ✶㰖G䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔺GỆ㡞㣪.

㰧㠦GṖ✶㰖G䄺䞒㑣㠦Gṧ㔲┺.

㌂ὒG㭒㓺⯒GⰞ㔲✶㰖G䏶Ⱎ䏶㭒㓺⯒ Ⱎ㔲㎎㣪.

㞷㎮G㡗䢪⯒G⽊✶㰖GὋ䙂G㡗䢪⯒ ⽛㔲┺.

㿻✶㰖G▻✶㰖G䎢┞㓺⯒G䂶GỆ㡞㣪.

Exercise 10.8

䆲⧒⯒G㌂✶㰖G㭒㓺⯒G㌂Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) will buy cola or juice.”

㏢ἶ₆⯒Gⲏ✶㰖G♒㰖ἶ₆⯒ ⲏ㦣㔲┺. “(Let us) eat beef or pork.”

䄺䞒⯒GⰞ㔲✶㰖G䅖㧊䋂⯒Gⲏ㠊㣪. “Drink coffee or eat cake.”

⋶㝾ṖG䦦Ⰲ✶㰖G㿪㤎GỆ㡞㣪. “The weather will be cloudy or cold.”

㔶ⶎ㦚G 㧓✶㰖G {}G ⯒G ⽒G Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will read newspapers or watch
TV.”

Unit 11

Exercise 11.1

㤎Ⳋ㍲㩚䢪⯒ 䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪.

㡂䟟㦚䞮Ⳋ㍲䂲ῂ⯒ ㌂„ Ệ㡞㣪?

㧒㠊⋮Ⳋ㍲䂾╖㠦㍲ ⟾㠊㰖㰖 Ⱎ㕃㔲㡺.

㣪Ⰲ䞮Ⳋ㍲㩧㔲⯒ ₾⥾Ⰲ㰖 Ⱟ㔲┺.

㧦㩚Ệ⯒ 䌖Ⳋ㍲ ⍮㠊㪢㔋┞₢?

Exercise 11.2

䐆䞮ἶ 㩲ⰂṖ 㤙㦒Ⳋ㍲㧊㟒₆䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “Tom and Jerry are talking,
smiling.”

㓺䕆ぢṖ 㺛㦚㧓㦒Ⳋ㍲䢒㧦㭧㠒Ệ⩺㣪. “Steve murmurs alone, while
reading a book.”

⬾㧊㓺Ṗ 㧦Ⳋ㍲䆪⯒ Ἶ㞮㠊㣪. “Lewis snored, while sleeping.”

䟊ⰂṖ ⏎⧮⯒ 䞮Ⳋ㍲㌺㤢⯒ 䟊㣪. “Harry takes a shower, singing.”

㫆❪Ṗ ₎㦚 Ỏ㦒Ⳋ㍲ ⶊ㠎Ṗ 㺔ἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪. “Jodie was looking for
something, while walking on the road.”

Key to
exercises

249

Exercise 11.3

䀾㰗䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦 ἆ䢒䞮ἶ 㕌㔋┞┺.

⋾㧦䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮㧦Ⱎ㧦㤎㠞㠊㣪.

䂾╖㠦 ⑫㧦Ⱎ㧦䆪⯒ Ἶ Ệ㡞㣪.

╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦 ⶊ㠝㦚䞮ἶ 㕌㠊㣪?

⩆▮㠦 ☚㹿䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦 ⑚⋮䞲䎢㩚䢪䞮㕃㔲㡺.

㡗䢪ὖ㠦 ✺㠊Ṗ㧦Ⱎ㧦䕳䆮㦚㌓㔲┺.

Exercise 11.4

㧒㠊⋮㧦Ⱎ㧦㎎㑮⯒ 䞿┞┺. “(I) wash (my) face as soon as (I) get
up.”

㌞G㰧㦒⪲G㧊㌂⯒G䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦G㭒㏢⯒G⹪∾㠊㣪. “(I) changed (my) address
as soon as (I) moved to the new house.”

╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦㹾⯒ ㌊ Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) buy a car as soon
as (you) graduate from college?”

㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ㧦Ⱎ㧦䄺䞒⯒ 㔲䌋㔲┺. “(Let us) order coffee as soon as
(we) eat lunch.”

㎎㑮⯒ 䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦㟧䂮㰞㦚䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Brush (your) teeth as soon as
(you) wash (your) face.”

Exercise 11.5

䎪⩞゚㩚㦚G⽊┺ṖG㧺㠊㣪.

㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦㍲G㟒㺚⯒G㌂┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ㢖GⰞ㭒㼺㠊㣪.

ⶎ㦚G㡊┺ṖG㏦⳿㦚G┺㼺㠊㣪.

⏣ῂ⯒G䞮┺ṖG⹲⳿㦚G㋦㠞㠊㣪.

䘎㰖⯒G㝆┺ṖG䢪㧻㔺㠦GṪ㠊㣪.

Exercise 11.6

㔶ⶎ㦚G㧓┺ṖG㫎㞮㠊㣪. “As (I) read newspapers, (I) dozed off.”

㡗䢪⯒G⽊┺ṖG㤎㠞㠊㣪. “As (I) saw the movie, (I) cried.”

㡺⯎㴓㦒⪲GṖ┺ṖGⲞ㿪㎎㣪. “Go to the right side and then stop.”

Ἒ┾㦚G 㢂⧒Ṗ┺ṖG ⍮㠊㪢㠊㣪? “Did (you) fall as (you) went up the
stairs?”

⑚ṖG 㣪Ⰲ⯒G 䞮┺ṖG 㩧㔲⯒G ⃒㠊㣪? “Who broke dishes while
cooking?”

Key to
exercises

250

Exercise 11.7

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖⯒ 㞞䞮┺Ṗ⓪ ╖䞯㠦 ⴑ ✺㠊Ṗ㣪.

╊⺆⯒ Ἒ㏣䞒㤆┺Ṗ⓪ 㞪㠦 ỎⰊ 㑮㧞㠊㣪.

ὒ㏣㦚䞮┺Ṗ⓪ ㌂ἶṖ ⋶ Ệ㡞㣪.

㡆⧓㦚㞞䞮┺Ṗ⓪ ㍲⪲ 㧠㠊⻚Ⰺ 㑮㧞㠊㣪.

Ἒ㏣ Ệ㩞䞮┺Ṗ⓪ ₆䣢⯒ ⏩䂶㑮㧞㠊㣪.

ⰺ㧒㥚㓺䋺⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺Ṗ⓪ 㞢䆲㭧☛㧦Ṗ ♶ Ệ㡞㣪.

Exercise 11.8

㧦₆G㩚㠦GⰤ㧊Gⲏ┺Ṗ⓪G㌊㹪GỆ㡞㣪. “If (she) eats a lot before going
to bed, (she) may gain weight.”

Ἒ㏣ ⏖┺Ṗ⓪ 㔲䠮㠦 ⟾㠊㰞㑮㧞㠊㣪. “If (you) continue to play,
(you) can fail the test.”

☞Ⱒ 㝆┺Ṗ⓪ Ệ㰖Ṗ ♶ Ệ㡞㣪. “If (he) only spends money, (he may)
become a beggar.”

㡊㕂䧞㧒㦚㞞䞮┺Ṗ⓪ 䣢㌂㠦㍲㴩Ỿ⋶ 㑮㧞㠊㣪. “If (you) do not
work hard, (you) can be expelled out from the company.”

Ⱔ㧊 ⲏ┺Ṗ⓪ ⺆䌞⋶ Ệ㡞㣪. “If (he) eats a lot, (he) may have a
stomachache.”

Unit 12

Exercise 12.1

™㦚㞏ἶ 㧞⓪◆ 㧊Ṗ 㞚䕢㣪.

₎㦚㼃㏢䞮ἶ 㧞⓪◆ ☚㢖㭚⧮㣪?

㍶ⶒ㦚㌂㟒䞮⓪◆ ⺇䢪㩦㠦 ṯ㧊 ṧ㔲┺.

㠊㩲㠦Ⰳ㦚 Ⱒ⌂⓪◆ 㩚䞮ἶ ⡧ṯ㞮㠊㣪.

Ὃ⿖⯒ 㡊㕂䧞䟞⓪◆ 㔲䠮㠦 ⟾㠊㪢㠊㣪.

Exercise 12.2

⿖㠢㦚㑮Ⰲ䞮ἶ 㧞⓪◆ ゚㕎㣪. “(They) are repairing the kitchen, but
(it) is expensive.”

㰖⁞ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ⓪◆ ṯ㧊 ṧ㔲┺. “(I) am going to school now, and (let
us) go together.”

ⶒ㦚 ⊩㧊ἶ 㧞⓪◆ Ⱎ㔺⧮㣪? “(I) am boiling water, and will (you)
drink (it)?”

⺇䢪㩦㠦 Ṫ⓪◆ ㌂⧢✺㧊 ⍞ⶊ Ⱔ㞮㠊㣪. “(I) went to the department
store, and there were too many people.”

㰖⋲G㭒㠦G㏢䙂⯒G⿖㼺⓪◆G☚㹿䟞㠊㣪? “(I) mailed the package last
week, and did (it) arrive (there)?”

Key to
exercises

251

Exercise 12.3

㧧⎚㠦䞯㌳㧊㠞⓪◆ 㧊㩲㍶㌳┮㧊㠦㣪.

㩚㠦㌂⧢✺㧊 Ⱔ㞮⓪◆ 㧊㩲⼚⪲ 㠜㠊㣪.

㠊㩲⓪ ▪㤶⓪◆ 㡺⓮㦖㍶㍶䟊㣪.

Ṩ㦖㕢⓪◆ 㟧㧊㩗㠞㠊㣪.

⋶㝾Ṗ ⋮ナ⓪◆ ㏦┮㧊 Ⱔ㞮㠊㣪.

Exercise 12.4

₆䌖⯒G⺆㤆ἶG㕌㦖◆Gṯ㧊G⺆㤗㔲┺. “(I) want to learn (how to play)
a guitar, and (let us) learn (it) together.”

ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝞◆ 㟓㧞㠊㣪? “(My) head aches, and do (you) have
medicines?”

Ṗ⹿㧊 ⶊỆ㤊◆ ☚㢖㭒㔺⧮㣪? “The bag is heavy, and will (you) help
(me)?”

㞺✲⮮⓪G⹎ῃG㌂⧢㧎◆G㓺䗮㧎㠊☚G㧮G䟊㣪. “As for Andrew, (he) is
an American, but (he) also speaks Spanish well.”

㣪㯞㦢 ⶊ㻯 ⹪㊲◆ ┺㦢㭒㠦㡆⧓㭒㎎㣪. “(I) am very busy nowadays,
so contact (me) next week.”

Exercise 12.5

⌊㧒㦖㫖 ⹪㊲◆㣪.

䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㧊 ⲏἶ 㕌㦖◆㣪.

\ ╂⧒⹬㠦㠜⓪◆㣪.

㞚㰗㦢㔳㧊㞞 ⋮㢪⓪◆㣪.

㔲⊚⩂㤊◆㣪.

Exercise 12.6

㡗㠊㍶㌳┮㧎◆☚ 㡗㠊⯒ 㧮 ⴑ䟊㣪.

㟧㧊㩗㦖◆☚ ⰱ㧞㠊㣪.

㤪 㧊 Ⱔ㦖◆☚ ⁎Ⱒ⚮ Ệ㡞㣪.

㔲䠮㧊㠊⩺㤶⓪◆☚ 䞿ỿ䟞㠊㣪.

Ṗ⋲䟞⓪◆☚ 䟟⽋䟞㠊㣪.

Exercise 12.7

㟓㦚 ⲏ㠞⓪◆☚ ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䕢㣪. “Although (I) took medicines, (my)
head aches.”

ⶒ㦚G ⚦G 䅋㧊⋮G Ⱎ㎾⓪◆☚G ⳿Ⱖ⧒㣪? “(You) drank as many as two
cups of water, but are (you) thirsty?”

⁎ 㹾Ṗ ゚㕒◆☚ ㌊ Ệ㡞㣪. “Although that car is expensive, (I) will
buy (it).”

Key to
exercises

252

䧞䎆⯒ 䆆⓪◆☚ ⹿㧊㿪㤶㠊㣪. “Although (I) turned on the heater,
the room was cold.”

☞㧊㠜㠞⓪◆☚ ㍲㤎㠦 Ṗἶ 㕌㠞㠊㣪. “Although (I) did not have
money, (I) wanted to go to Seoul.”

Unit 13

Exercise 13.1

◆㧊ぢṖ ㍲㤎㠦㧞㰖Ⱒ ⹪⹪⧒䞲䎢 ⰺ㧒㩚䢪䟊㣪.

Ṗ⹿㧊䋂㰖Ⱒ Ṗ⼒㤢㣪.

ṯ㧊 Ṗἶ 㕌㰖Ⱒ 㟓㏣㧊㧞㠊㣪.

⌊㧒㔲䠮㦚⽒ Ệ㰖Ⱒ Ὃ⿖⯒ 㞞䟞㠊㣪.

㡂⯚㠦 ▻㤶㰖Ⱒ Ỿ㤎㠦㿪㤶㠊㣪.

Exercise 13.2

䞲ῃ㠊⓪ 㠊⪋㰖Ⱒ 㨂⹎㧞㠊㣪. “Although Korean is difficult, (it) is
interesting.”

⹎ῃ㦒⪲ 㥶䞯㦚 Ṗἶ 㕌㰖Ⱒ ❇⪳⁞➢ⶎ㠦 ệ㩫♒㣪. “Although (I)
want to study abroad in America, (I) feel uneasy because of tuition.”

ἶ₆⯒ 㫡㞚䞮㰖Ⱒ 㧦㭒 ⲏ㰖 ⴑ 䟊㣪. “Although (I) like meat, (I) can-
not eat (it) often.”

㡗ⶎ䞯㦚㩚Ὃ䟞㰖Ⱒ 㡗㠊⯒ 㧮 ⴑ䟊㣪. “Although (I) majored in English
literature, (I) cannot speak English well.”

㽞╖㧻㦚⽊⌞㰖Ⱒ 㞞㢂 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “Although (I) sent an invitation,
(it) seems that (he) will not come.”

Exercise 13.3

䞲ῃ㠊⯒G㧒⎚G⺆㤶㦒⋮G㞚㰗㠊⩺㤢㣪.

䞲G㔲ṚG₆┺⪎㦒⋮G㞞G㢪㠊㣪.

㡺ザ䞮ἶG┺䒲㦒⋮G⁞⹿G䢪䟊䟞㠊㣪.

Ệ㔺㧊G⍩㦒⋮G⿖㠢㧊G㫗㞚㣪.

⹿㧊G₾⊭䞮⋮G㔲⊚⩂㤢㣪.

Exercise 13.4

⩞㧊Ⲓ✲⓪ 䋺Ṗ 䋂⋮ ⤇⤇䟊㣪. “As for Raymond, (his) height is tall,
but (he) is chubby.”

㫆㰖⓪ 䢲⹲䞮⋮ ◆㧊キ㦖 ⌊㎇㩗㧊㠦㣪. “As for George, (he) is active,
but as for David, (he) is introverted.”

Key to
exercises

253

⺇䢪㩦㧊 Ṗ₢㤆⋮ 㰖䞮㻶㡃㧊 Ⲗ㠊㣪. “The department store is near,
but the subway station is far.”

䌳㔲Ṗ 䘎䞮⋮ ゚㕎㣪. “Taxi is convenient, but (it) is expensive.”

㦢㔳㦖㕢㦒⋮ ㍲゚㓺Ṗ ⋮ナ㠊㣪. “As for food, (it) was cheap, but the
service was bad.”

Exercise 13.5

㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㧞㦒⋮ ⰱ㠜㦒⋮ ┺ ⲏ㦣㔲┺.

㔲䠮㧊㓂㤆⋮ 㠊⩺㤆⋮ ⽦㟒䟊㣪.

㫆ₛ㦚䞮⋮ 㣪Ṗ⯒ 䞮⋮ ⰺ㧒䞮㕃㔲㡺.

䞲ῃ㦒⪲ Ṗ⋮ 㧒⽎㦒⪲ Ṗ⋮ ゚㧦Ṗ 䞚㣪䟊㣪.

♒㰖ἶ₆⋮ ㏢ἶ₆⋮ ┺ ゚㕎㣪.

Exercise 13.6

䧞䎆⯒ 䅲☚ 㡂㩚䧞㿪㤢㣪.

╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤶㠊☚ Ịṫ䟞㠊㣪.

Ⱔ㧊 ⲏ㠊☚ ㌊㧊㞞㳚㣪.

⚦ 㔲Ṛ㦚 ₆┺⪎㠊☚ 㡆⧓㧊㠜㠞㠊㣪.

㞚䕢☚ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪.

Exercise 13.7

㠦⹖ⰂṖ 㠊⩺☚ 䋺Ṗ 䄺㣪. “Even if Emily is young, (she) is tall.”

䞲ῃ 㦢㔳㧊 ⰺ㤢☚ ⰱ㧞㠊㣪. “Even if Korean food is spicy, (it) is
delicious.”

⪲⻚䔎Ṗ Ợ㦚⩂☚ ⡧⡧䟊㣪. “Even if Robert is lazy, (he) is smart.”

㢍㧊゚㕎☚ ㌂ἶ 㕌㠞㠊㣪. “Even if the dress was expensive, (I) wanted
to buy (it).”

㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 㧧㞚☚ ‖㡂㤶㠊㣪. “Even if the size was small, (it) was
cute.”

Unit 14

Exercise 14.1

䞒䎆㦮G㧊㟒₆⯒ ⹕㠊☚ ♒㣪.

⌊G䅊䜾䎆⯒G㖾☚ ♒㣪.

㠦㠊䆮㦚G䔖㠊☚ ♒㣪.

㩚❇㦚Gℒ☚G♒㣪.

ⶎ㦚G╁㞚☚G♒㣪.

Key to
exercises

254

Exercise 14.2

㧊㩲G䑊⁒䟊☚ ♒㣪. “(You) may go home now.”

⑞㦚G⟶☚G♒㣪. “(You) may open (your) eyes.”

㠒Ὴ㦚G㞑㠊☚ ♒㣪. “(You) may wash (your) face.”

㏦㦚G㧷㞚☚G♒㣪. “(You) may hold (her) hand.”

㌺㤢⯒ 䟊☚ ♒㣪. “(You) may take a shower.”

Exercise 14.3

㡊㐶⯒ 㧙㠊⻚ⰂⳊ 㞞 ♒㣪.

┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱎ㔲Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

㝆⩞₆⯒ ⻚ⰂⳊ 㞞 ♒㣪.

㡂₆㍲ ╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤆Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

Exercise 14.4

ῃ㧊㕇Ệ㤆Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “It would not be all right if the soup is
watery.”

⹮㺂㧊㰲Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “It would not be all right if side dishes are
salty.”

㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㠜㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “It would not be all right if the movie is
uninteresting.”

⹿㧊㧧㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “It would not be all right if the room is small.”

₎㧊㫗㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “It would not be all right if the road is narrow.”

Exercise 14.5

㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

㌂ⶊ㔺㦚㼃㏢䞮㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

㍺Ệ㰖⯒ 䞮㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

⹬㠦 ⋮Ṗ㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

㰧㠦㧞㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

Exercise 14.6

㔲䠮GὋ⿖⯒G䞮㰖G㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “(I) must study for the test.”

㧒㦚G㔲㧧䞮㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㞞 ♒㣪. “(I) must begin (my) work.”

㏦㦚G㞑㰖G㞠㦒ⳊG㞞G♒㣪. “(You) must wash (your) hands.”

⌊㧒G 㞚䂾G 㧒㹣G 㧒㠊⋮㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “(You) must get up early
tomorrow morning.”

㤊㩚Ⳋ䠞⯒ ➆㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪. “(I) must obtain a driver’s license.”

Key to
exercises

255

Exercise 14.7

㦮㌂㧊㠊㟒G♒㣪.

㥶┞䙒㦚G㧛㠊㟒 ♒㣪.

☞㦚G⻢㠊㟒G♒㣪.

㠒Ὴ㦚G㞑㠊㟒G♒㣪.

⼧㤦㠦GṖ㟒G♒㣪.

Exercise 14.8

㡂䟟 Ṗ⹿㦚㕎㟒 ♿┞┺. “(I) must pack a travel bag.”

㩚₆㎎⯒ ⌊㟒 ♿┞┺. “(I) must pay for electricity bill.”

⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㞚㟒 ♿┞┺. “The weather has to be good.”

Ṗỿ㧊㕎㟒 ♿┞┺. “The price has to be cheap.”

ἶ❇䞯㌳㧊⧒㟒 ♿┞┺. “(He) has to be a high-school student.”

Exercise 14.9

㝆Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

䑊⁒䟊☚ ♒㣪.

╁㞚☚ ♒㣪.

䌖Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

Exercise 14.10

㩖₆㍲ ╊⺆⯒ 䞒㤢☚ ♒㣪.

⹿㠦㍲㌂㰚㦚㹣㠊☚ ♒㣪.

䞲ῃ㠊㑮㠛㦚㞞 ✺㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

䆪䔎⯒ 㞞㌂Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

䋆㏢Ⰲ⪲ Ⱖ䞮㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

㞞㩚⻾䔎⯒ ⰺ㰖㞠㦒Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

㡂₆㠦㭒㹾䟊㟒 ♒㣪.

䕢Ⰲ⯒ ⟶⋮㟒 ♒㣪.

⌟㧻ἶ⯒ 㡊Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

⁎Ⱂ㦚 Ⱒ㰖Ⳋ 㞞 ♒㣪.

Unit 15

Exercise 15.1

1 a

䕪㞚㣪. b

䕪⩺㣪.

2 a

✺㠞㠊㣪. b

✺⩺㣪.

3 a

⏩㦚₢㣪? b

⏩㡂㧞㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

256

Exercise 15.2

㢂Ⰲぢ ₆⯚Ⱒ 㝗┞┺.

㧊䛣㍶㧊㌳㧒䕢䕆㠦㝆㡂㣪.

ⳝ 㔲㠦 ṖỢ⯒ ╁㞚㣪?

ⶎ㧊 ⹪⧢㠦 ╁䡪㠊㣪.

㮦⯒ 㧷㞮㠊㣪.

☚⚧㧊 ἓ㺆䞲䎢㧷䡪㠊㣪.

⳾₆Ṗ ⶒ㠊㣪.

㫊㧊 ⳾₆䞲䎢 Ⱔ㧊 ⶒ⪎㠊㣪.

㞚₆Ṗ 㤎Ⳋ 㞞㦒㎎㣪 (or 㞞㞚㭒㎎㣪).

㞚₆Ṗ 㞚ザ䞲䎢㞞ἒ㠊㣪.

Exercise 15.3

1 (I) heap a desk with books.
2 Because of the stress, stress is piled up.
3 (I) removed the laundry from a clothes-line.
4 Fortunately, fog was lifted up.
5 The bear bit a fish.
6 (I) was bitten by mosquitoes.
7 Please sell (it) at a cheap price.
8 Sweaters are sold well.
9 Please hang up the phone first.
10 The electricity is disconnected due to rain.

Exercise 15.4

₾㤗┞┺.

㧛䧯┞┺.

㔶ₗ┞┺.

㞟䧯┞┺.

㨂㤗┞┺.

Exercise 15.5

㞚㧊⯒G㤎Ⰲ㰖GⰞ㎎㣪.

㥶┞䙒㦚G㧛䡪㠊㣪?

䞯㌳✺㦚G㤙ỾG㭒㎎㣪

㩖⯒G]G㔲㠦G₾㤢㭒㎎㣪.

ⶒ㦚G⊩㡂G㭒㎎㣪.

㞚₆⯒G䂾╖㠦G⑫䧞㎎㣪.

ἶ₆⯒G䌲㤆㰖GⰞ㎎㣪.

Key to
exercises

257

Exercise 15.6

1 What shall (we) eat today?
2 Susan feeds a cat.
3 Peter sleeps about 7 hours everyday.
4 Usually (my) older sister put the child to sleep around 8 o’clock.
5 Chris often wears jeans.
6 Please dress (him) a T-shirt.
7 Please sit in the back.
8 Please make Andrew sit in the front row.
9 Don’t take off (your) sweater.
10 Please undress (his) jacket.

Exercise 15.7

ῃ㦚 ⱋỢ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

⹿㦚 ➆⦑䞮Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

㭒㥚⯒ 㠊⚷Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

Ⰲ㌂⯒ 䟟⽋䞮Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

⿖㧎㦚 ₆㊮Ợ 䟊㭒㎎㣪.

Exercise 15.8

1 Please make (your) presentation longer.
2 Please make (it) delicious (for me).
3 Please make (it) cheap (for me).
4 Please make (him/her) drink coffee.
5 Please make (him/her) chew a gum.

Unit 16

Exercise 16.1

㡞㊲ ❪㧦㧎

䞲ῃ㠦㍲G㩲㧒G㥶ⳛ䞲Gὖὧ㰖

䞲ῃ㠦㍲G㩲㧒G㧎₆㧞⓪G⺆㤆

㩲㧒゚㕒㔲Ἒ

₊ ⲎⰂ

Exercise 16.2

㧊㰧㠦㍲㩲㧒㫆㣿䞲 ⹿ “the quietest room in this house”

◆┞㠮㧊 Ṗἶ 㕌㦖䞯ᾦ “the school Daniel wants to go to”

㩲㧒㞚⯚┺㤊㎂ “the most beautiful island”

Key to
exercises

258

⹎ῃ㠦㍲㩲㧒 ⏨㦖㌆ “the highest mountain in the U.S.A.”

㩲㧒㕒㢍 “the cheapest clothes”

Exercise 16.3

䞒䎆Ṗ 㣪㯞㦢㧓⓪ 㺛

Ỿ㤎㠦㯦₆⓪ 㓺䙂䁶

䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧊 ⰺ㧒 ⲏ⓪ 㦢㔳

㩲㔲䃊Ṗ 㧒䞮⓪ ṖỢ

㠎┞Ṗ ㌂‖⓪ ⋾㧦

Exercise 16.4

䂲ῂṖ ㌂⓪ ὒ㧒 “the fruit which (my) friend buys”

㔲䃊ἶ㠦㍲ Ṟ㞚䌖⓪ ₆㹾 “the train that (I) change at Chicago”

䡫㧊㌂⓪ 㞚䕢䔎 “the apartment where (my) older brother lives”

⑚⋮Ṗ 㝆⓪ 䅊䜾䎆 “the computer which (my) older sister uses”

⌊Ṗ ṯ㧊㧒䞮⓪ ㌂⧢ “the person that I work with”

Exercise 16.5

ṯ㧊㹣㦖㌂㰚

㰖⋲ ╂㠦⽎㡗䢪

㠊㩲 ⹪− 㢍

㞚䂾㠦 Ⱎ㔶㤆㥶

㡺䤚㠦䕦 ⶒỊ

Exercise 16.6

㠊㩲⿖⯎ ⏎⧮ “the song that (I) sang yesterday”

㧧⎚㠦 Ⱒ⋲ ㌂⧢ “the person that (I) met last year”

㰖⋲ 㭒㠦 ⹱㦖㍶ⶒ “the present that (I) received last week”

㞚䂾㠦⻚Ⰶ 㝆⩞₆ “the garbage that (I) threw away in the morning”

⌊Ṗ Ⱒ✶ 㦢㔳 “the food that (I) made”

Exercise 16.7

⌊Ṗ ⌊㧒㣪Ⰲ䞶㦢㔳

㤆㥶⯒ ╊㦚⼧

䢮㧦Ṗ Ⱎ㔺 ⶒ

☚㍲ὖ㠦㍲アⰊ 㺛

㤆㼊ῃ㠦㍲⿖䂶㏢䙂

Key to
exercises

259

Exercise 16.8

㩲㧊㓾㧊㧛㦚㟧⽋ “the suit which Jason will wear”

⑚⋮Ṗ ἆ䢒䞶㌂⧢ “the person whom (my) older sister will marry”

㤆ⰂṖ ┺㦢㭒㠦㧊㌂Ṟ 㰧 “the house where we will move into next
week”

⍺Ṗ ⌊㧒アⰊ 㺛 “the book which you will borrow tomorrow”

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ 㞟㦚㧦Ⰲ “the seat where James will sit”

Exercise 16.9

₆䌖⯒ 䂮⓪ ⰞⰂ㞚

⌊㧒㧒⽎㦒⪲ ⟶⋶ ㌂⧢

䅖㧊䋂⯒ Ⱒ✶ 㡂㧦

⌊Ṗ 㫡㞚䞮⓪ Ἒ㩞

Ὃ㦚 ▮㰚㞚㧊

㞶䝢䅊䜾䎆Ṗ 㧞⓪ 䞯㌳

䢪㣪㧒㠦 ⪲⧒⯒ Ⱒ⋶ ⋾㧦

゚㕒㹾Ṗ 㧞⓪ 䐆

ἓ㺆ὖ㧎 ◆㧊ぢ

㠊㩲䘎㰖⯒ ⽊⌎ ㏦┮

Unit 17

Exercise 17.1

㢖㕇䎊㠦㍲G 㿲⹲䞮⓪G ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (they) depart from
Washington.”

㡺䤚㠦G ☚㹿䞮⓪G ộG ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (they) arrive (here) in
the afternoon.”

䂲ῂ⯒G ₆┺Ⰲ⓪G ộG ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (he) waits for (his)
friend.”

☞㧊G⼚⪲G㠜⓪GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (he) does not have much
money.”

㍲㤎㠦G䂲ῂṖGⰤ㦖GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (she) has many friends
in Seoul.”

㹢ṲṖG㰶GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that the stew is salty.”

㞺✲⮮Ṗ ㎇㔺䞮ἶ ⡧⡧䞲 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that Andrew is ear-
nest and smart.”

⋶㝾Ṗ 㿻ἶ 䦦Ⰶ ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that the weather is cold and
cloudy.”

䂲ῂṖ ⿖㰖⩆䞲 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (your) friend is diligent.”

Ṗỿ㧊㕒 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that the price is cheap.”

Key to
exercises

260

Exercise 17.2

㔶䢒G㡂䟟㦖G⧒㓺⻶Ṗ㓺⪲GṞGộGṯ㞚㣪. “As for (their) honeymoon,
(it) seems that (they) will go to Las Vegas.”

䙊㧊 ╊⺆⯒ ⊠㦚 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that Paul will quit smoking.”

┺㦢㑮㣪㧒㠦㰧㠦 ☢㞚Ṟ ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (they) will
return home next Wednesday.”

䡫㧊 ☞㦚ア⩺ 㭚 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (my) older brother will
lend (me) money.”

┺㦢䞯₆⿖䎆 ₆㑯㌂㠦㍲㌊ ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that (they) will
live in the dormitory from next semester.”

㩲㧎㧊 ⏎⧮⯒ 㧮䞶 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that Jane will sing well.”

㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㠜㦚 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that the food will be tasteless.”

ⰺ㧒G⹪㊶GộGṯ㞚㣪. “(It) looks like (I) will be busy everyday.”

⋶㝾Ṗ ▪㤎 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) looks like the weather will be hot.”

㫊㧊 Ἆ㏦䞶 ộ ṯ㞚㣪. “(It) seems that John will be humble.”

Exercise 17.3

㩲㧚㓺Ṗ 䞲ῃ㠦㍲㡗㠊⯒ Ṗ⯊䂮⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that
James teaches English in Korea.”

䏶Ⱎ㓺Ṗ ⿖㠢㠦㍲㣪Ⰲ䞮⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Thomas
cooks in the kitchen.”

㫊㧊 ┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that John crosses the
bridge.”

㌢❪Ṗ 䂲ῂ⯒ ₆┺Ⰲ⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Sandy waits
for (her) friends.”

㞺㍲┞Ṗ 㹾⯒ ἶ䂮⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Anthony repairs
(his) car.”

㌂⧒Ṗ 䘎㰖⯒ ⿖䂮⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Sarah sends the
letter.”

㺆㓺Ṗ 䄺䞒⯒ 㔲䋺⓪ ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Charles orders
coffee.”

㥂❪Ṗ Ṗ⋲䞲 ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Wendy is poor.”

䅖㧊䔎Ṗ ⿖㰖⩆䞲 ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Kate is diligent.”

㌦ⰂṖ 㧎₆Ṗ Ⱔ㦖 ⳾㟧㧊㠦㣪. “(It) appears that Sally is popular.”

Exercise 17.4

㡊㐶⯒ 㺔ἶ 㧞⓪ ❅䞿┞┺.

䏶㣪㧒㠦G㧒䞮⓪ ❅䞿┞┺.

㰧㦚G䕦G❅䞿┞┺.

㰗㧻㦚G⁎Ⱒ⚮G❅䞿┞┺.

ῃ㧊G㰶G❅䞿┞┺.

Key to
exercises

261

⹮㰖ṖG⍞ⶊG゚㕒 ❅䞿┞┺.

㌂㧊㯞ṖG⍞ⶊG㧧㦚 ❅䞿┞┺.

⹿㧊G⍞ⶊG㿪㤎G❅䞿┞┺.

Exercise 17.5

䂲ῂ⯒ ☫ἶ 㧞⓪ ❅䟊㣪. “(It) seems that (he) is helping (his)
friends.”

㧒⽎ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊ἶ 㧞⓪ ❅䟊㣪. “(It) seems that (they) are singing a
Japanese song.”

䅊䜾䎆⯒G ἶ䂮ἶ 㧞⓪ ❅䟊㣪. “(It) seems that (he) is repairing (his)
computer.”

⑞㧊G㡺⓪G❅䟊㣪. “(It) seems that (it) snows.”

㦢㔳㧊G㰶G❅䟊㣪. “(It) seems that the food is salty.”

Exercise 17.6

⌎㔲Ṗ ┺㦢 ╂㠦䞲ῃ㠦 Ṗ⋮ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Nancy goes to
Korea next month.”

㪎㓺䕊㧊G ⼧㤦㠦㍲G 㧒䞮⋮G ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Justin works at the
hospital.”

⋮㡺⹎Ṗ 㧊⻞⽚㠦 ἆ䢒䞮⋮ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Naomi marries this
spring.”

㌮㧊 ⪲⧒⯒ 㫡㞚䞮⋮ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Sam likes Laura.”

䕆⳾䕆Ṗ 㞚䝞Ṗ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Timothy is sick.”

ₖ䂮Ṗ 㕇Ệ㤊Ṗ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that kimchi is watery.”

㡺⓮ ⋶㝾Ṗ ▪㤊Ṗ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that today’s weather is hot.”

㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㠜⋮ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that the food is tasteless.”

㼒㔲Ṗ ╖䞯㤦㌳㧎Ṗ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Chelsea is a graduate
student.”

ぢ⧮✲Ṗ 䃦⋮┺ ㌂⧢㧎Ṗ ⽦㣪. “(I) guess that Brad is a Canadian.”

Exercise 17.7

₆ㄦG⽊㡂㣪.

ⶊ㍲㤢G⽊㡂㣪.

㣎⪲㤢G⽊㡂㣪.

㕂㕂䟊G⽊㡂㣪.

䟟⽋䟊G⽊㡂㣪.

䦻⿚♒G⽊㡖㠊㣪.

₊㧻♒G⽊㡖㠊㣪.

㔶⋮G⽊㡖㠊㣪.

㰲㯳⋮ ⽊㡖㠊㣪.

䢪⋮ ⽊㡖㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

262

Exercise 17.8

䅖㧊䔎ṖG㩠㠊G⽊㡂㣪. “Kate looks young.”

㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊G⹪ザG⽊㡂㣪. “William looks busy.”

Ⰶ┺ṖG㞚䕢G⽊㡂㣪. “Linda looks sick.”

㌂㧊ⴂ㧊G㔂䗒G⽊㡂㣪. “Simon looks sad.”

㩲㔲ṖG㡞ㄦG⽊㡂㣪. “Jessie looks pretty.”

㞶䝢䕢㧊ṖGⰱ㧞㠊⽊㡂㣪. “The apple pie looks delicious.”

‖Ỏ㧊ṖG゚㕎G⽊㡂㣪. “The earring looks expensive.”

㞞ἓ㧊㕎⽊㡂㣪. “(His) glasses look inexpensive.”

㰧㞞㧊 ₾⊭䟊⽊㡂㣪. “The inside of the house looks clean.”

⏎䔎⿗㧊 Ṗ⼒㤢⽊㡂㣪. “The notebook looks light.”

Unit 18

Exercise 18.1

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ⓪ ₎㠦㏢䙂⯒ ⽊⌒ Ệ㡞㣪.

⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ⓪ ₎㠦㍶㌳┮䞮ἶ Ⱎ㭒㼺㠊㣪.

☚㍲ὖ㠦㍲㡺⓪ ₎㠦㰖ṧ㦚㧙㠊⻚⪎㠊㣪.

ᾦ䣢㠦㍲㡺⓪ ₎㠦㝆⩂㪢㠊㣪.

ṖỢ㠦㍲㡺⓪ ₎㠦㫊㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪.

Exercise 18.2

㔲䠮㠦G⟾㠊㪎G⽎G㩗㧊㠜㠊㣪.

ⰾ䞮䎊㠦GṖG⽎G㩗㧊G㧞㠊㣪.

ₖ䂮⯒Gⲏ㠊G⽎G㩗㧊G㧞㠊㣪.

ἆ䢒㦚G䟊G⽎G㩗㧊G㠜㠊㣪.

㽳㦚G㙊G⽎G㩗㧊G㧞㠊㣪.

Exercise 18.3

㧻䞯⁞㦚 ⹱㞚⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have an experience of receiving a
scholarship.”

䌲ῢ☚⯒ ⺆㤢⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have an experience of learning
Taekwondo.”

䡫ὒG┺䒞G⽎G㩗㧊G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have an experience of quarrelling with
(my) older brother.”

䞲ῃ㠦㍲㓺䋺⯒ 䌖⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have an experience of skiing
in Korea.”

㧒㣪㧒㠦㧒䟊⽎㩗㧊㧞㠊㣪. “(I) have an experience of working on
Sunday.”

Key to
exercises

263

Exercise 18.4

䟊ⰂṖGゾ⧮⯒G䞮⓪G☯㞞㠦G䅖㧊䔎ṖG㣪Ⰲ䟊㣪.

⌊ṖG㡊㐶⯒G㺔⓪G☯㞞㠦G㰖⋮ṖG㰦㦚G㕖GỆ㡞㣪.

㫊㧊G㤊㩚㦚G䞮⓪G☯㞞㠦G㌦ⰂṖG㰖☚⯒G⽺㠊㣪.

㺆㓺ṖG㧒䞮⓪G☯㞞㠦G㞂❪ṖG䄺䞒㑣㠦㍲G₆┺⪎㠊㣪.

⌊ṖG㎎㧒㯞ⰾ䞮ἶG䦻㩫㦚G䞮⓪G☯㞞㠦G㞚⌊Ṗ ṖỢ⯒ ῂἓ䟞㠊㣪.

Exercise 18.5

㠦✲㤢✲Ṗ ⳾㧦⯒ ㌂ἶ 㧞⓪ ☯㞞㠦䞒䎆Ṗ 䢪㧻㔺㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “While
Edward was buying a hat, Peter went to the restroom.”

⌊Ṗ 㫆ₛ㦚䞮ἶ 㧞⓪ ☯㞞㠦㞚⌊Ṗ 㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “While I was
jogging, (my) wife went to the supermarket.”

⬾㧊㓺Ṗ 䂲ῂ䞮ἶ 㧊㟒₆䞮ἶ 㧞⓪ ☯㞞㠦㠦Ⰲ䃊Ṗ 㦢㔳㦚㔲䆆㠊
㣪. “While Luis was talking to (his) friend, Erica ordered food.”

ⲪỊ㧊㧦ἶ 㧞⓪ ☯㞞㠦㫆㧊㓺Ṗ {} ⯒ ⽺㠊㣪. “While Megan was
sleeping, Joyce watched TV.”

㤆ⰂṖ 㧦Ⰲ⯒ 㺔ἶ 㧞⓪ ☯㞞㠦㌮㧊䕳䆮㦚㌂⩂ ⋮Ṫ㠊㣪. “While
we were looking for seats, Sam went out to buy popcorn.”

Exercise 18.6

㤊㩚䞮⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪.

⋮ⶊ⯒ 㕂⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪.

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ἶ䂮⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪.

䘎㰖⯒ 㝆⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪.

┺Ⰲ⯒ Ị⍞⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪.

Exercise 18.7

㰦㦚㕎⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle of packing loads.”

㭧ῃ 㦢㔳㦚㔲䋺⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle of ordering Chinese
food.”

㠦Ⰳ䞮ἶ 䎢┞㓺⯒ 䂮⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle of playing
tennis with Eric.”

♒㰖ἶ₆⯒ 㖾⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle of cutting pork (into
piecies).”

㟧⽋㦚㧛⓪ 㭧㧊㠦㣪. “(I) am in the middle of wearing a suit.”

Exercise 18.8

㰧㧊G㔲⊚⩂㤊G䘎㧊㠦㣪.

⹿㧊G㠊⚦㤊G䘎㧊㠦㣪.

Key to
exercises

264

⌎㔲㦮G㦢㔳㧊G㰶G䘎㧊㠦㣪.

⋮㡺⹎ṖG㞚䂾㦚Gῌ⓪ 䘎㧊㠦㣪.

ⰺ㧒㤊☯䞮⓪ 䘎㧊㠦㣪.

Exercise 18.9

㓺䕆ぢṖ ⰻ㭒⯒ 㫡㞚䞮⓪ 䘎㧊㠦㣪. “Steve kind of likes beer.”

䡂⩢㧊㣪Ⰲ⯒ 㧮䞮⓪ 䘎㧊㠦㣪. “Helen kind of cooks well.”

㠊Ⲏ┞Ṗ 㧪㏢Ⰲ⯒ 䞮㔲⓪ 䘎㧊㠦㣪. “(My) mother tends to do useless
talk.”

㔲䠮㧊㠊⩺㤊䘎㧊㠦㣪. “The test is kind of hard.”

㡺⓮ ⋶㝾Ṗ 䦦Ⰶ 䘎㧊㠦㣪. “Today’s weather is kind of cloudy.”

Unit 19

Exercise 19.1

㌂㧊ⴂ㧊㰖㔲䞮⓪ ╖⪲ 䞶 Ệ㡞㣪.

₆╖䞲 ╖⪲ 䘎㰖Ṗ 㠊㩲 ☚㹿䟞㠊㣪.

Ⱎ㔲ἶ 㕌㦖 ╖⪲ Ⱎ㔺 Ệ㡞㣪?

㧦ἶ 㕌㦖 ╖⪲ 㧦㎎㣪.

ⲏἶ 㕌㦖 ╖⪲ ⲏ㦣㔲┺.

Exercise 19.2

㧒㠊⋮⓪ ╖⪲ ㌺㤢䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will take a shower as soon as (I) get
up.”

㔳㌂⯒ Ⱎ䂮⓪ ╖⪲ ㌂ⶊ㔺⪲ ☢㞚Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) return to the
office as soon as (you) finish (your) meal?”

㡊㐶⯒ 㺔⓪ ╖⪲ ⟶⋮㎎㣪. “Leave as soon as (you) find the key.”

㍲⮮⯒ ⹱⓪ ╖⪲ 㧒㦚㔲㧧䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Start working as soon as (you)
receive the document.”

㺛㦚G ⹱⓪G ╖⪲G ☢⩺㭣㔲┺. “(Let us) return the book (to them) as
soon as (we) receive (it).”

Exercise 19.3

⽊䐋G㧊⯒G┼㦖G䤚㠦GⳊ☚⯒ 䟊㣪.

㞚䂾G㔳㌂⯒G䞲G䤚㠦G㿲⁒䟊㣪.

㏢䙂⯒G⽊⌎G䤚㠦G䞯ᾦ⪲G☢㞚㢪㠊㣪.

㍶ⶒ㦚G㌆G䤚㠦G䕢䕆㠦GṞGỆ㡞㣪.

㧒㦚G⊳⌎G䤚㠦G㓂ἶG㕌㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

265

Exercise 19.4

㌺㤢⯒ 䞲䤚㠦㧮 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will go to bed after taking a shower.”

ⶒ㦚 ⊩㧎䤚㠦 ⧒Ⳋ㦚 ⍹㦒㎎㣪. “Put ramyon after boiling water.”

╖䞯㦚㫎㠛䞲䤚㠦䀾㰗㭖゚⯒ 䞮Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) will prepare for employ-
ment after graduating from college.”

㺓ⶎ㦚 ╁㦖䤚㠦㩚❇㦚 ⊚㕃㔲㡺. “Turn off the electric lamp after
closing the window.”

㧒㦚GⰞ䂲G䤚㠦G㰧㠦GṪ㔋┞┺. “(They) went home after finishing (their)
work.”

Exercise 19.5

㧦ἶ 㧞⓪ 㻯䞮㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

㡊㕂䧞㧒䞮ἶ 㧞⓪ 㻯䞮㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

㍶ⶒ㦚㫡㞚䞮⓪ 㻯䟊㣪.

㑮㡗䞶㑮㧞⓪ 㻯䟞㠊㣪.

⹎ῃ ㌂⧢㧎㻯䞶 Ệ㡞㣪?

Exercise 19.6

㩲㧚㓺ṖG ゚⹖G ⻞䢎⯒G 㞚⓪G 㻯䟊㣪. “James pretends that (he) knows
the secret code.”

㰖⋮䞮ἶG ⪲⋶✲ṖG 䟟⽋䞲G 㻯䟊㣪. “Gina and Ronald pretend that
(they) are happy.”

䕾䔎Ⰳ㧊G 䟃㌗G ☞㧊G 㠜⓪G 㻯䟊㣪. “Patrick always pretends that (he)
has no money.”

㩲㧚㓺ṖG㩲㔲䃊⯒G㕁㠊䞮⓪G㻯䟊㣪. “James pretends that (he) dislikes
Jessica.”

㞺㍲┞Ṗ Ὃ⿖㠦 ὖ㕂㧊㠜⓪ 㻯䟊㣪. “Anthony pretends that (he) is
uninterested in studying.”

Exercise 19.7

ᾦ㑮┮㦚G䞾℮GⰢ⋮⓪ Ệ㡞㣪.

㤆ⰂG⳾⚦G䆮䎣䔎 ⩢㯞⯒ ⋒⓪ Ệ㡞㣪.

㧊㩲⿖䎆Gṯ㧊G㌂⓪ Ệ㡞㣪.

ⶒṖṖG⏨㦖GỆ㡞㣪.

㫆㰖ṖG㏪㰗䞲GỆ㡞㣪.

㩲㧚㓺ṖG⡧⡧䞲 Ệ㡞㣪.

㌞G㹾⯒G㌆GỆ㡞㣪.

㰖ṧ㦚G㧙㠊⻚Ⰶ Ệ㡞㣪.

㰖⋮☚G䕢䕆㠦G㽞㼃䞲 Ệ㡞㣪.

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ 㩚Ὃ䞲 Ệ㡞㣪.

Key to
exercises

266

Exercise 19.8

⓼ỢG㧒㠊⋮⓪G⹪⧢㠦G㑮㠛㠦G㰖ṗ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) was late for the class
because (I) got up late.”

ṧ㧦₆G゚ṖG㡺⓪G⹪⧢㠦G㢍㧊G㩬㠞㠊㣪. “(My) dress got wet because
(it) rained suddenly.”

㹾Ṗ ἶ㧻㧊 ⋮⓪ ⹪⧢㠦䣢㌂㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to the
company because (my) car broke down.”

Ṧ₆㠦 ỎⰂ⓪ ⹪⧢㠦 Ὃ⿖⯒ ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) could not study because
(I) caught a cold.”

⹪⧢㧊⿖⓪ ⹪⧢㠦 ⳾㧦⯒ 㧙㠊⻚⪎㠊㣪. “(I) lost (my) hat because
the wind blew.”

㏢⁞㦚G Ⱔ㧊G ⍹⓪G ⹪⧢㠦G 㦢㔳㧊G ⍞ⶊG 㱆㠊㣪. “The food was too
salty because (I) put too much salt (into it).”

䆪⯒ ἶ⓪ ⹪⧢㠦㧶㦚 ⴑ 㧺㠊㣪. “(I) could not sleep because (he)
snored.”

₎㠦㍲ ⹎⊚⩂㰖⓪ ⹪⧢㠦䠞Ⰲ⯒ ┺㼺㠊㣪. “(I) hurt (my) waist
because (I) slid on the road.”

㹾㌂ἶṖ ⋮⓪ ⹪⧢㠦㩚䢪⯒ ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) could not make a phone
call because there was a car accident.”

㌞⼓㠦G 㧒䞮⓪G ⹪⧢㠦G Ṧ₆㠦G Ỏ⪎㠊㣪. “(I) caught a cold because
(I) worked at dawn.”

Exercise 19.9

㤪 㦚 ⹱㦚 ➢ ₆⿚㧊㫡㔋┞┺. “When (I) receive (my) salary,
(I) feel good.”

㡗䢪Ṗ 㔲㧧䞶 ➢ 䕳䆮㦚 ⲏ㦣㔲┺. “When the movie begins, (let us)
eat popcorn.”

㑯㩲⯒ 䞶 ➢ 㦢㞛㦚 ✹㔋┞₢? “Do (you) listen to music when (you)
do (your) homework?”

ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱎ㔺 ➢ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊㕃㔲㡺. “Sing a song, when (you) drink
beer.”

㓺䎢㧊䋂⯒ ⲏ㦚 ➢ 㢖㧎㦚 Ⱎ㕃┞┺. “When (I) eat steak, (I) drink
wine.”

㓺䔎⩞㓺Ṗ Ⱔ㦚 ➢ 㤊☯㦚䞮㕃㔲㡺. “When there is a lot of stress,
do exercise.”

☚㤖㧊䞚㣪䞶 ➢ 䂲ῂ✺䞲䎢㡆⧓䞶 ỗ┞┺. “When (I) need help,
(I) will contact (my) friends.”

ἆ䢒㔳㠦 Ṟ ➢ 㟧⽋㦚㧛㠞㔋┞┺. “When (I) went to the wedding
ceremony, (I) wore a suit.”

゚Ṗ 㢂 ➢ 㤆㌆㧊䞚㣪䞿┞┺. “When (it) rains, (you) need an
umbrella.”

Key to
exercises

267

㔲Ṛ㧊㧞㦚 ➢ 䆪⹎❪ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽊㕃㔲㡺. “When (you) have (some)
time, see a comedy movie.”

⋶㝾ṖG 䦦ⰊG ➢G ₆⿚㧊G ⋮㊿┞┺. “When the weather is cloudy, (I)
feel bad.”

㡂㧦䂲ῂ ㌳㧒㧒 ➢Gⶊ㓾㌳㧒㍶ⶒ㦚㭖゚䞿┞₢? “When it is (your)
girl friend’s birthday, what kind of birthday gift do (you) prepare?”

㕂㕂䞶 ➢ ㍲㩦㠦 ṧ┞┺. “When (I) feel bored, (I) go to a book-
store.”

㠊⪎㦚 ➢ 㦮㌂Ṗ ♮ἶ 㕌㠞㔋┞₢? “When (you) were young, did
(you) want to become a doctor?”

⋶㝾Ṗ ▪㤎 ➢ 㰽㦖 ⹪㰖⯒ 㧛㦣㔲┺. “When the weather is hot, (let
us) wear short pants.”

Exercise 19.10

䂲ῂ䞮ἶG㕎㤎Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost quarrelled with (my) friend.”

ⶒ㠦Gザ㰞Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost fell into the water.”

㟓㏣㦚G㧠㦚Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost forgot about the appointment.”

ⶎ㦚G㧶⁖Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost locked the door.”

Ợ㧚㦚G㰞Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost lost the game.”

㤆ⰂG䕖㧊Gἓ₆⯒G㧊₎ ㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “Our team almost won the game.”

₎㠦㍲G⹎⊚⩂㰞Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost slid on the road.”

㞚㧊✺䞲䎢G䢪⌒Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost got angry at (my) children.”

㢖㧎㦚GⰞ㔺Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost drank wine.”

₎㦚GỊ⍦Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost crossed the road.”

Unit 20

Exercise 20.1

䢒㧦GṖỢ⯒G㡊G㑮G㧞㠊㣪.

⁎✺㠦ỢG䧂ⰳ㦚G㭚G㑮G㧞㠊㣪.

ⶊ╖ 㥚㠦㍲㿺㦚㿲㑮㧞㠊㣪.

㰧㦚䕪㑮㠜㠊㣪.

㧊㑮䞯 ⶎ㩲⯒ 䛖㑮㠜㠊㣪.

Exercise 20.2

䔎⩃㦚G㤊㩚䞶G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can drive a truck.”

▪㥚⯒Gⓦ⋚G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can feel the heat.”

㢖㧎㦚GⰞ㔺G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can drink wine.”

䞲ῃG⏎⧮⯒G⿖⯒G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can sing Korea songs.”

⹎ῃG䂲ῂ⯒G㌂„G㑮G㧞㠊㣪. “(I) can make American friends.”

Key to
exercises

268

Exercise 20.3

㧒⽎G⏎⧮⯒G⿖⯒G㭚G㞢㞚㣪.

㭧ῃG㦢㔳㦚GⰢ✺G㭚G㞢㞚㣪.

㓺䃒Ⱅ㧊G㡊㐶⯒GṖ㰖ἶG㧞㦚㭚㞢㞮㠊㣪.

㧒㣪㧒㠦☚GṖỢ⯒G㡊G㭚G㞢㞮㞚㣪.

㡺⓮Gᾦ䣢㠦G㧞㦚G㭚G㞢㞮㠊㣪.

Exercise 20.4

ₖ䂮⯒ Ⱒ✺ 㭚㞢㞚㣪. “(I) know how to make kimchi.”

Ἶ䝚⯒ 䂶㭚㞢㞚㣪. “(I) know how to play golf.”

㧦㩚Ệ⯒ 䌞㭚㞢㞚㣪. “(I) know how to ride a bicycle.”

㡂₆㍲䣢㌂₢㰖 Ṟ 㭚㞢㞚㣪. “(I) know how to get to the company
from here.”

㑮㡗䞶㭚㞢㞚㣪. “(I) know how to swim.”

Exercise 20.5

㩲ⰂṖ 㥶ⳛ䞶㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪.

㧻 ᾦ㑮┮㧊䞲ῃ ㌂⧢㧒㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪.

䅖㧊䔎Ṗ Ὃ⿖⯒ 㧮䞶㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪.

⋾㧦䂲ῂṖ 㧞㦚㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪.

㫆㰖Ṗ ἓ㺆ὖ㧒㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪.

Exercise 20.6

䡫㧊㤪㣪㧒㠦㧒⽎㦒⪲ Ṟ 㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not think that (my)
older brother would go to Japan on Monday.”

ⰺ䓲Ṗ 䏶㣪㧒㠦 ṖỢ⯒ 㧒㹣 ╁㦚㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not think that
Matthew would close the store early on Saturday.”

㑮㧪㧊䞲ῃ㠦 Ṟ 㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not think that Susan would go
to Korea.”

㌂㧊Ⲓ㧊㤊☯㦚㧮䞶㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not think that Simon would
be good at sports.”

㺆㓺Ṗ 㡺⓮ ⩆▮㦒⪲ ⟶⋶ 㭚 ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. “(I) did not think that Charles
would leave for London today.”

Exercise 20.7

㢍㌂㧊㯞Ṗ ⰴ㦚 ⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪.

⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㦚 ⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪.

⁎ 㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㧞㦚 ⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪.

㞺✲⮮Ṗ Ợ㦒⯒ ⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪.

㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊䞲ῃ 㡃㌂⯒ 㩚Ὃ䞶 ⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

269

Exercise 20.8

╖䞯G㌳䢲㧊G㨂⹎㧞㦚GⰂṖ 㠜㠊㣪. “There is no possibility that college
life is fun.”

㰖䞮㻶㧊G 䘎䞶G ⰂṖG 㠜㠊㣪. “There is no possibility that a subway is
convenient.”

䎢┞㓺ṖG 㓂㤎G ⰂṖG 㠜㠊㣪. “There is no possibility that (playing)
tennis is easy.”

䌳㔲G 㣪⁞㧊G 㕖G ⰂṖG 㠜㠊㣪. “There is no possibility that taxi fee is
cheap.”

❪㧦㧎㧊G㡞㊶GⰂṖG㠜㠊㣪. “There is no possibility that the design is
pretty.”

Unit 21

Exercise 21.1

㩲ⰂṖGⳝG㌊㧎㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know how old Jerry is?”

㡗䢪ṖG ⳝG 㔲㠦G 㔲㧧䞮⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know what time the
movie starts?”

㠊❪㠦㍲G㧒䞮⓪㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know where (he) works?”

㠊❪㠦㍲G ⻚㓺⯒G 䌖⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know where (he) rides
the bus?”

㩲㧚㓺㦮G⹿㧊GⳝG䂋㠦G㧞⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know on what floor
James’ room is?”

㭚ⰂṖG㢲G䕢Ⰲ⪲G⟶⋮⓪㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know why Julie leaves
for Paris?”

㰧㧊G㢲G㔲⊚⩂㤊㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know why the house is noisy?”

⹿㧊G㢲G▪㤊㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know why the room is hot?”

㧊Gῃ㧊G㢲G㰶㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know why this soup is salty?”

㧊䅊䜾䎆Ṗ 㢲㕒㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know why this computer is
inexpensive?”

Exercise 21.2

Ⱎ㧊䋊㧊Gⶊ㓾G㧒㦚G䞶㰖G㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know what kind of work
Michael will do?”

㠊❪㍲㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ㦚㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know where (they) will have
dinner?”

㣪㯞㦢 ⪲Ⱎ㦮 ⋶㝾Ṗ 㠊⟾㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know how Rome’s
weather will be like nowadays?”

゚䟟₆Ṗ Ὃ䟃㠦 ⳝ 㔲㠦 ☚㹿䞶㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know what time
the airplane will arrive at the airport?”

⌊㧒 ⳝ 㔲㠦 ṖỢ⯒ ╁㦚㰖㞚㎎㣪? “Do (you) know what time (they)
will close the store tomorrow?”

Key to
exercises

270

Exercise 21.3

䙊㧊㔲䠮㠦䞿ỿ䟞⓪㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

㠊❪㍲ ἆ䢒㔳㦚䞮⓪㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

ⶮ ㌂㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

㧊⯚㧊 ⶊ㠝㧎㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

㠎㩲 ἆ䢒㦚䟊㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

㠎㩲㏢䙂Ṗ ☚㹿䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

䙊㧊㹾Ṗ 㧞⓪㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

㔲䠮㧊㓂㤶⓪㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

Ṗỿ㧊゚㕒㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

Ṗ⹿㧊㠒Ⱎ⋮ ⶊỆ㤎㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪.

Exercise 21.4

1 “How noisy the house is, (I) cannot study.”
2 “How congested the road was, (I) was late for the party as long as one

hour.”

3 “How difficulty the test was, (I) could not solve even one problem.”
4 “How interestingly (they) see a movie, (they) do not even go to a

toilet.”

5 “How heavily (it) snows, (it) seems that (we) may not be able to go to

school.”

Exercise 21.5

ⳝ 㔲₢㰖 ₆┺⩺㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know what time (we)
should wait until.”

㠊ⓦ 㹾⯒ ㌂㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know which car (I) should
buy.”

㠒Ⱎ㠦㰧㦚䕪㞚㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know at what price
(I) should sell the house.”

㢲G 㡂㧦G 䂲ῂ㢖G 䠺㠊㪎㟒G 䞶㰖G ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know why (I)
should break up with (my) girlfriend.”

ⶊ㠝㦚 Ⱎ㎪㟒䞶㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. “(I) do not know what (I) should
drink.”

Exercise 21.6

⑞㧊㡺₆ 㔲㧧䞲㰖 [ 㧒㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

䃦⋮┺⪲ 㧊㌂㡾㰖 X ⎚㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤊㰖 Z 㭒Ṗ ♦㠊㣪.

╊⺆⯒ ⊠㦖㰖 ] Ṳ㤪㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

㣪Ⰲ⯒ 㔲㧧䞲㰖 XW ⿚㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

㹾⯒ ㌆㰖㧊䔖㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

Key to
exercises

271

㩲┞䗒Ṗ ⩆▮㦒⪲ ⟶⋲㰖㧒㭒㧒㧊 ♦㠊㣪.

ⲎⰂ⯒ 㧦⯎㰖㠒Ⱎ⋮ ♦㠊㣪?

㰧㠦 ☢㞚㡾㰖㠒Ⱎ⋮ ♦㠊㣪?

⁎⯒ Ⱎ㰖Ⱏ㦒⪲ ⽎㰖㠒Ⱎ⋮ ♦㠊㣪?

Exercise 21.7

㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ㦖㰖 Y 㔲Ṛ㧊 ♦㠊㣪. “(It) has been two hours since (I) ate
(my) lunch.”

Ṧ₆ ỎⰆ㰖㧊䔖㧊 ♦㠊㣪. “(It) has been two days since (I) caught a
cold.”

䘎㰖⯒ ⹱㦖㰖 X 㭒㧒㧊 ♦㠊㣪. “(It) has been one week since (I)
received the letter.”

㤊☯㦚㔲㧧䞲㰖 [ 㧒㧊 ♦㠊㣪. “(It) has been four days since (I) started
exercising.”

䀾㰗䞲㰖 X ⎚㧊 ♦㠊㣪. “(It) has been one year since (I) got
employed.”

Unit 22

Exercise 22.1

㏦┮㧊GⰤ▪⧒ῂ㣪.

㍲゚㓺ṖG㫡▪⧒ῂ㣪.

㞚䕢䔎㎎ṖG゚㕎▪⧒ῂ㣪.

┺㎅G㔲ṚGỎⰂ▪⧒ῂ㣪.

㰧㧊G䋂▪⧒ῂ㣪.

Exercise 22.2

㥢Ⰲ㠚㧊⿖㰖⩆䞮▪⧒ῂ㣪. “William was diligent (you know).”

㑮㧪㦮㡺ザṖ 䣢㌂㌂㧻㧊▪⧒ῂ㣪. “Susan’s older brother was the
company president (you know).”

䐆㧊䌳㔲⯒ ₆┺Ⰲ▪⧒ῂ㣪. “Tom waited for a taxi (you know).”

㩲㧎㦮㌳㧒㧊㠊㩲㧊▪⧒ῂ㣪. “Jane’s birthday was yesterday (you
know).”

䃦㍲Ⰶ㧊 ⹮㰖⯒ ㌂ἶ 㧞▪⧒ῂ㣪. “Catherine was buying a ring (you
know).”

Exercise 22.3

✹▮G⏎⧮

䌖▮G㧦㩚Ệ

㧒䞮▮G䣢㌂

Key to
exercises

272

㫡㞚䞮▮G㦢㔳

㝆▮G䃁㏪

㝿㝿䞮▮G⋾㧦

⿖✲⩓▮G䞒⿖

㠊⚷▮G⹿

➆⦑䞮▮G⋶㝾

㏦┮㦒⪲G⿦゚▮GṖỢ

Exercise 22.4

╖䞯ᾦ ➢ 㧓▮ ㏢㍺㺛㧊㠦㣪. “(It) is the novel that (I) used read dur-
ing (my) college days.”

㌂‖▮ 㡂㧦䂲ῂ㡞㣪. “(she) is (my ex) girlfriend that (I) used to go
out with.”

䞲ῃ㠦㍲㯦Ỿ ⽊▮ TV ✲⧒Ⱎ㡞㣪. “(It) is the TV drama that (I) used
to enjoy watching in Korea.”

XW ⎚㩚㠦㌊▮ 㞚䕢䔎㡞㣪. “(It) is the apartment where (I) used to
live ten years ago.”

㭧䞯ᾦ ➢ 㧛▮ ᾦ⽋㧊㠦㣪. “(It) is the school uniform that (I) used to
wear during (my) intermediate school days.”

ṯ㧊㧒䞮▮ ☯⬢㡞㣪. “(He) is (my) colleague whom (I) used to work
with.”

Exercise 22.5

㞚䂾㠦⓪ 㰧㧊㫆㣿䞮▪┞ 㡺䤚㠦⓪ 㔲⊚⩂㤢㣪. “In the morning, the
house was quiet, but in the afternoon, (it) is noisy.”

㰖⋲ 㭒₢㰖㧒⽎ ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ⽊▪┞ 㧊⻞㭒⓪ 䞲ῃ ✲⧒Ⱎ⯒ ⽦㣪. “(She)
watched Japanese dramas until last week, but (she) watches Korean
dramas this week.”

䞲ῃ㠊⯒ ⺆㤆▪┞ 䞲ῃ 㡗䢪Ⱒ ⽦㣪. “(He) has learned Korean, and
as a result (he) only sees Korean movies.”

㕃⿚ ₆┺⪎▪┞ 㦢㔳㧊 ⋮㢪㠊㣪. “As (I) waited for ten minutes, the
food was served.”

㠊㩲 ⰻ㭒⯒ Ⱔ㧊 Ⱎ㎾▪┞ ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䕢㣪. “Since (I) drank beer a lot
yesterday, (my) head aches.”

Exercise 22.6

㔲Ṛ㧊㧞㠞▪⧒Ⳋ Ⱒ⌂㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

⹪㊮㰖㞠㞮▪⧒Ⳋ 㰧㠦 ✺⩖㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

䟟⽋䟞▪⧒Ⳋ 㧊䢒䞮㰖㞠㞮㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

゚⹖㦚㞢㞮▪⧒Ⳋ ㎇Ὃ䟞㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

㡆㔋㦚 ▪ 㡊㕂䧞䟞▪⧒Ⳋ ἓ₆⯒ 㧊ἒ㦚 Ệ㡞㣪.

Key to
exercises

273

Exercise 22.7

⼧㤦㠦 Ṫ▪⧒Ⳋ ㌊㞮㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case that he) went to
the hospital, (he) might have lived.”

㟓㦚 ⲏ㠞▪⧒Ⳋ 㞞㞚䕶㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case that she) took
the medicine, (she) might not feel painful.”

☞㧊㧞㠞▪⧒Ⳋ ⟶⌂㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case that I) had money,
(I) might have left.”

ἶ₆Ṗ 㧞㠞▪⧒Ⳋ ㌖㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case that they) had meat,
(she) might have bought (it).”

㹾Ṗ 㧞㠞▪⧒Ⳋ Ⱒ⌂㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “If (it was the case that he) had a car,
(he) might have met (her).”

Exercise 22.8

ῗ⁞䞮▪⧒☚Gⶑ㰖GⰞ㎎㣪.

Ṗ⪋▪⧒☚G⁗㰖GⰞ㎎㣪.

䢪⋮▪⧒☚G㺎㦒㎎㣪.

㕂㕂䞮▪⧒☚G㰧㠦G㧞㦒㎎㣪.

⓼ỢG㡺▪⧒☚G㧪㏢Ⰲ 䞮㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪.

Exercise 22.9

䞒Ἲ䞮▪⧒☚ 㫎㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪. “Even if (you) may be tired, do not doze
off.”

㡗䢪Ṗ 㨂⹎㠜▪⧒☚ Ↄ ⽊㎎㣪. “Even if the movie may be uninterest-
ing, see (it) for sure.”

₆⿚㧊 ⋮㊮▪⧒☚ 㤙㦒㎎㣪. “Even if (your) mood may be bad,
smile.”

ⶊỗ▪⧒☚ Ṗ㪎㡺㎎㣪. “Even if (it) may be heavy, bring (it).”

㔂䝚▪⧒☚ 㤎㰖 Ⱎ㎎㣪. “Even if (you) may be sad, do not cry.”

Unit 23

Exercise 23.1

㞚䂾㦚G ⲏ₆G 㩚㠦G ㏦㦚G 㞑㦒㎎㣪. “Wash (your) hands before eating
breakfast.”

㔲䠮㦚G⽊₆G㩚㠦G㧶㦚G㿿⿚䧞G㧦㎎㣪. “Sleep sufficiently before tak-
ing a test.”

₆㹾⯒ 䌖₆ 㩚㠦 ₆㹾䚲⯒ 㡞㟓䟊㟒 ♒㣪. “(You) must reserve a
train ticket before riding the train.”

⩞㓺䏶⧧㠦 Ṗ₆ 㩚㠦㰧㠦 ✺⯛㔲┺. “(Let us) stop by home before
going to the restaurant.”

Key to
exercises

274

㿲⁒䞮₆G 㩚㠦G 㔶ⶎ㦚G ⽊㎎㣪? “Do (you) read newspapers before
leaving home for work?”

䢪㧻㦚䞮₆ 㩚㠦㌺㤢⯒ 䟊㣪. “(I) take a shower before doing
makeup.”

㌞㰧㦒⪲ 㧊㌂䞮₆ 㩚㠦㞚䕢䔎㠦㍲㌊㞮㠊㣪? “Did (you) live in an
apartment before moving into the new house?”

㩚Ὃ㦚㩫䞮₆ 㩚㠦 ᾦ㑮┮䞮ἶ ㌗╊䟊㟒䞿┞┺. “(You) must consult
with (your) professor before deciding (your) major.”

䞒䎆⯒ Ⱒ⋮⩂ ⋮Ṗ₆ 㩚㠦㩚䢪䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) make a phone call
before going out to meet Peter.”

㹾⯒G䕪₆G㩚㠦G㞚⻚㰖䞮ἶG㦮⏒䞮㎎㣪. “Consult with (your) father
before selling (your) car.”

Exercise 23.2

㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ₆⓪ 䄺⎫ 㞚䂾☚ 㞞 ⲏ㠞㠊㣪. “Far from eating lunch, (she)
did not even eat breakfast.”

❇㌆㦚䞮₆⓪ 䄺⎫ 㰧 ⹬㠦☚ 㞞 ⋮Ṫ㠊㣪. “Far from climbing the
mountain, (they) did not even go outside of the house.”

㩖⎗㦚 ⲏ₆⓪ 䄺⎫ 䄺䞒☚ ⴑ Ⱎ㎾㠊㣪. “Far from eating dinner,
(I) could not even drink coffee.”

㌞㹾⯒ ㌂₆⓪ 䄺⎫ ῂἓ☚ ⴑ 䟞㠊㣪. “Far from buying a new car,
(I) could not even look around.”

㌳㧒䕢䕆⯒ 䞮₆⓪ 䄺⎫ ㍶ⶒ☚ ⴑ ⹱㞮㠊㣪. “Far from having a birth-
day party, (I) could not even receive a present.”

Exercise 23.3

⚦ ㌂⧢㧊㧦₆㠦⓪ 䂾╖Ṗ ⍞ⶊ 㧧㞚㣪. “The bed is too small for two
people to sleep.”

㡗䢪⯒ ┺㤊⪲✲ ⹱₆㠦⓪ 㩲䅊䜾䎆Ṗ ⍞ⶊ ⓦ⩺㣪. “My computer is
too slow for downloading a movie (file).”

㑮㡗㦚䞮₆㠦⓪ ⋶㝾Ṗ ⍞ⶊ 㿪㤢㣪. “The weather is too cold for
swimming.”

㡗䢪⯒G ⽊₆㠦⓪G 㔲Ṛ㧊G 㠜㠊㣪. “(We) do not have time for seeing
a movie.”

㩚䢪⯒G䞮₆㠦⓪G⍞ⶊG⓼㠞㠊㣪. “(It) is too late for making a phone
call.”

⏣ῂ⯒G 䞮₆㠦⓪G 䋺ṖG 㧧㞮㠊㣪. “(My) height was small for playing
basketball.”

䄺䞒⯒G Ⱎ㔲₆㠦⓪G ⍞ⶊG 㠊⪎㠊㣪. “(I) was too young to drink
coffee.”

䢒㧦G㤊㩚䞮₆㠦⓪G⍞ⶊGⲖ㠞㠊㣪. “(It) was too far (for me) to drive
alone.”

Key to
exercises

275

⏎䔎⿗㦚G㌂₆㠦⓪G☞㧊G⳾㧦⧦㠊㣪. “The money was short for buy-
ing a notebook.”

㍶ⶒ⪲ 㭒₆㠦⓪ ⍞ⶊ ゚㕢㠊㣪. “(It) was too expensive (for me to)
give (it) away as a gift.”

Exercise 23.4

Ṧ₆ Ỏ⪎₆ ➢ⶎ㠦䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṗ㣪. “(I) cannot go to school because
(I) caught a cold.”

㞚䂾㦚 ⓼Ợ ⲏ㠞₆ ➢ⶎ㠦㩦㕂㦚 ⲏἶ 㕌㰖㞠㞚㣪. “(I) do not want
to eat lunch because (I) ate breakfast late.”

゚Ṗ 㡺₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 ἓ₆Ṗ 䀾㏢♶ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I guess that) the game will
be cancelled because (it) rains.”

⻚㓺Ṗ ⿞䘎䞮₆ ➢ⶎ㠦㰖䞮㻶㦚㧊㣿䟊㣪. “(I) use a subway because
a bus is inconvenient.”

㔲䠮 ₆Ṛ㧊₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 ☚㍲ὖ㠦㌂⧢㧊 Ⱔ㞚㣪. “There are many people
in the library because (it) is an examination period.”

Exercise 23.5

㌊㦚ヒ₆ 㥚䟊㍲㩖⎗㦚㫆⁞ ⲏ㦚 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will eat dinner a little
to lose weight.”

㦮ὒ ╖䞯㠦㰚䞯䞮₆ 㥚䟊㍲㭖゚䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am preparing to
enter medical school.”

㹾⯒ ἶ䂮₆ 㥚䟊㍲㩫゚㏢㠦 Ṗἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am going to the repair
shop to repair (my) car.”

┺㦢 ἓ₆⯒ 㧊₆₆ 㥚䟊㍲ ⰺ㧒㡆㔋䟊㣪. “(I) practice everyday to
win the next game.”

䞲ῃ㠦㧞⓪ 䂲ῂ䞲䎢㩚䢪䞮₆ 㥚䟊㍲㩚䢪䃊✲⯒ ㌖㠊㣪. “(I) bought
a telephone card to make a phone call to (my) friend in Korea.”

Exercise 23.6

⌊⎚ ⽚㠦 ἆ䢒䞮₆⪲ 䟞㠊㣪. “(We) decided to get married next year’s
spring.”

䞯ᾦ ₆㑯㌂㠦㍲㌊₆⪲ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) decided to live in school
dormitory.”

┺㦢䞯₆㠦䞲ῃ㠊㑮㠛㦚 ✹₆⪲ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) decided to take the
Korean language class next semester.”

⌊㧒⿖䎆 ╊⺆⯒ ⊠₆⪲ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) decided to quit smoking from
tomorrow.”

┺㦢 ╂⿖䎆䌲ῢ☚⯒ ⺆㤆₆⪲ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) decided to learn Taekwondo
from next month.”

Key to
exercises

276

Exercise 23.7

䏶㣪㧒Ⱎ┺ 䎢┞㓺⯒ 䂮₆☚ 䟊㣪. “(We) also play tennis every
Saturday.”

Ṗ⊪ ₢Ⱒ ⍻䌖㧊⯒ ⰺ₆☚ 䟊㣪. “(I) also wear a black tie occasionally.”

㭒Ⱖ㠦䂲ῂ✺䞮ἶ ⏣ῂ⯒ 䞮₆☚ 䟊㣪. “(I) also play basketball with
(my) friends on the weekend.”

㕂㕂䞮Ⳋ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽊₆☚ 䟊㣪. “When feeling bored, (we) also see
movies.”

䏶㣪㧒㞚䂾㠦㫆ₛ㦚䞮₆☚ 䟊㣪. “(I) also jog on Saturday morning.”

Exercise 23.8

ⰺ㧒㣪Ṗ⯒ 䞮₆Ṗ 㠊⩺㤢㣪. “Doing yoga everyday is difficult.”

䝚⧧㓺㦢㔳㦚 Ⱒ✺₆Ṗ 㠊⩺㤢㣪. “Making French food is difficult.”

㔲䠮㠦 ⟾㠊㰖₆Ṗ 㓂㤢㣪. “(It) is easy to fail a test.”

㧊㌂䞮₆ṖG䧮✺㠊㣪. “Changing one’s residence is laborious.”

⏎⧮⯒G⿖⯊₆ṖG㫡㞚㣪. “(It) is nice to sing songs.”

㹾⯒G䌖₆ṖG䘎䟊㣪. “Riding a car is convenient.”

㧒䞮₆ṖG㕁㠊㣪. “(It) is unpleasant to work.”

㣪Ⰲ䞮₆Ṗ 㨂⹎㧞㠊㣪. “Cooking is interesting.”

ゾ⧮⯒ 䞮₆Ṗ ‖㺄㞚㣪. “Doing the laundry is bothersome.”

ⰺ㧒G㤊☯䞮₆ṖG䧮✺㠊㣪. “Exercising everyday is laborious.”

Exercise 23.9

㫡₆⓪㣪.

㡗䢪⯒ ⽊₆⓪㣪.

㧦㭒 Ⱒ⋮₆⓪㣪.

➆⦑䞮₆⓪㣪.

⿖㰖⩆䞮₆⓪㣪.

Exercise 23.10

⌊㧒G㡺㩚 XW 㔲㠦G☢㞚㢊. “Will be back at 10 a.m. tomorrow.”

㡺⓮G㩖⎗ 㓺䎢㧊䋂㧚. “Tonight’s dinner is steak.”

㹾Gἶ㼺㦢. “Repaired (your) car.”

㰧㠦G㞞GṪ㦢. “Did not go home.”

㢍㌖㦢. “Bought the dress.”

㠊㩲GⲎⰂG㧮⧦㦢. “Had a hair cut yesterday.”

㤆ⰂṖ 㰖ṧ ⽊ὖ䞮ἶ 㧞㦢. “We are keeping (your) wallet.”

㧙㠊⻚Ⰶ Ṳ 㺔㞮㦢. “Found the lost dog.”

⭎Ⲫ㧊䔎 ῂ䞾. “Seeking a roommate.”

㡗䢪㨂⹎㠜㦢. “The movie is uninteresting.”

Key to
exercises

277

Unit 24

Exercise 24.1

⑚⋮Ṗ “㩲⹲ 㧒㹣㧒㠊⋮⧒” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “(My) older sister said ‘For
heaven’s sake, get up early.’”

㞺✲⮮Ṗ “ゾⰂ ➆⧒㡺㎎㣪” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Andrew said ‘Follow (me)
immediately.’”

㧊㌂⻾㧊 “㩫Ⱖ 㤆㥶⯒ 㧮 Ⱎ㔲⍺㣪” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Isabel said ‘(You)
really drink milk well.’”

Ⰲ㌂Ṗ “㩖⎗㠦㩖䧂㰧㠦 ✺⯊㎎㣪” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Lisa said ‘Stop by
our house in the evening.’”

㍶㌳┮㧊 “㡺⓮ 㑮㠛 ⊳” 㧊⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Teacher said ‘The end of
class for today.’”

䙊㧊 “䞒㧦 ⲏ㧦” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Paul said ‘Let us eat pizza.’”

ⰞⰂ㞚Ṗ “㹢ṲṖ ⱋ┺” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Maria said ‘Pot stew is spicy.’”

ぢ⧮✲Ṗ “㤆Ⰲ ⁞㣪㧒㠦 Ⱒ⋮㧦” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Brad said ‘Let us meet
on Friday.’”

┞䆲㧊 “㧊➆ 㔲Ṛ 㧞㦒Ⳋ 㩚䢪䟊” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Nicole said ‘Call (me)
if (you) have time later.’”

㰖⋮Ṗ “㰧㠦㞞 Ṗ㎎㣪?” ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. ‘Gina said ‘Don’t you go
home?’”

Exercise 24.2

⳾┞䃊Ṗ Ⓤ㣫㠦 [ Ἒ㩞㧊㧞┺ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Monica said that there are
four seasons in New York.”

㞺㍲┞Ṗ ⌊㧒㏢⋮₆Ṗ ⌊ⰂỶ┺ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Anthony said that (it)
would shower tomorrow.”

㌂ぢⰂ⋮ṖG 㰧㎎ṖG 㢂⧦┺ἶG 䟞㠊㣪. “Sabrina said that house rent
went up.”

㩲㧊㓾㧊㡺⓮ 㓺䕢Ợ䕆⯒ Ⱒ✶┺ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Jason said that (he) would
make spaghetti today.”

㫆❪Ṗ ⌊㧒 ┺㔲㩚䢪䞮Ỷ┺ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Jodie said that (she) would
call again tomorrow.”

㓺䕆ぢṖG㠎㩲G㰗㧻㦚G⁎Ⱒ⛖⌦ἶGⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “Steve asked (me) when
(I) quitted (my) job.”

㯊Ⰲ㞚ṖG㠎㩲G㰧㠦G㡺⌦ἶGⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “Julia asked (them) when (he)
would come home.”

㠦㓺▪ṖG 㧊G 㹾ṖG ⑚ῂG Ệ⌦ἶG ⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “Esther asked (me) whose
car this is.”

㩲ⰂṖG 㧮G 㰖⌊ἶG 㧞⌦ἶG ⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “Jerry asked (me) how (I) am
getting along.”

◆㧊㰖ṖGⳝG㔲⌦ἶGⶒ㠞㠊㣪. “Daisy asked (her) what time it is.”

Key to
exercises

278

Exercise 24.3

㠦Ⰳ㧊⻚㓺⯒ 䌖㧦ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Eric suggested that (we) take a bus.”

⋮㡺⹎Ṗ 㡺䤚 Y 㔲㠦 Ⱒ⋮㧦ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Naomi suggested that (we)
meet at 2 p.m.”

䋊⧒⧒Ṗ ṯ㧊㣪Ṗ⯒ 㔲㧧䞮㧦ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Clara suggested that (we)
start yoga together.”

㫆㰖Ṗ 㧊⻞㭒Ⱖ㠦 ṯ㧊㡗䢪⯒ ⽊㧦ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “George suggested
that (we) see a movie together this weekend.”

⋮䌞ⰂṖ ⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ ☚㢖㭒㧦ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Natalie suggested that (we)
help that friend.”

㞚゚Ṗ㧒㧊ゾ⧮⯒ 䞮⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Abigail told (me) to do laundry.”

䅖ゞ㧊㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ⿖䞮⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Kevin told (her) to study hard.”

┺㧊㠦⋮Ṗ YW ⿚㞞㠦 ⌊⩺㡺⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪. “Diana told (us) to come
down within 20 minutes.”

㪎㓺䕊㧊G䢪⌊㰖GⰦ⧒ἶG䟞㠊㣪. “Justin told (him) not to be angry.”

㧒⩞㧎㧊G㡊㐶⯒G㺔㦒⧒ἶG䟞㠊㣪. “Elaine told (them) to find keys.”

Exercise 24.4

㌮㧊G㡺⓮G⹺G⟶⋲┺ἶG䟞㠊㣪.

Ⰲ㌂ṖGⳝG㔲㠦G㧦⌦ἶGⶒ㠞㠊㣪.

䙊㧊G䞲ῃG㦢㔳㦚Gⲏ㧦ἶG䟞㠊㣪.

㍶㌳┮㧊G㫆㣿䧞G䞮⧒ἶG䟞㠊㣪.

㑮㧪㧊G㡺⓮G⹺G㩚䢪䞶GỆ⧒ἶ 䟞㠊㣪.

Exercise 24.5

㦢㔳㧊 ⰱ㧞┺ἶ ㌳ṗ䞲┺.

㍲゚㓺Ṗ 㫡┺ἶ ㌳ṗ䞲┺.

䄺䞒Ṗ ⍞ⶊ 㰚䟞┺ἶ ㌳ṗ䞲┺.

⌊㧒⿖䎆㤊☯㦚㔲㧧䟊㟒Ỷ┺ἶ ㌳ṗ䟞┺.

㫊䞲䎢㧊Ⲫ㧒㦚㖾㟒Ỷ┺ἶ ㌳ṗ䟞┺.

279

INDEX

auxiliary verbs 27–8, 122
auxiliary verb ~

ἶGⰦ┺ 27, 35

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚GṖ┺ 27, 28 – 9

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⋮┺ 27

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⌊┺ 27, 33–4

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⏩┺ 27, 42 – 3

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⚦┺G43

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⻚Ⰲ┺ 27, 33 – 5

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G⽊┺ 27, 28, 158

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G㡺┺ 27, 28 – 9

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G㧞┺G43–4

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚G㭒┺ 27, 35 – 7

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚㰖┺ 27, 46

auxiliary verb ~

㠊/㞚䞮┺ 27, 45 – 6

causatives 131 – 2
suffix

ῂG131

suffix

₆G131 – 2

suffix

㤆G131

suffix

㧊G131 – 2

suffix

ⰂG131 – 2

suffix

䧞G131 – 2

suffix

㿪G131

clausal conjunctives 51 – 4
conjunctive

Ệ⋮G87 – 8

conjunctive

Ệ✶G76 – 7

conjunctive

ἶ 51 – 2, 85 – 6

conjunctive

ⓦ⧒ἶG 65

conjunctive

⓪/(㦒)ච◆G105 – 7

conjunctive ~

⓪/(㦖)ච◆☚G107

conjunctive ~

┺ṖG97 – 9

conjunctive ~

▪┞G197

conjunctive ~

▪⧒☚G198 – 9

conjunctive

☚⪳G51, 56

conjunctive ~

✶㰖G88 – 9

conjunctive

㠊/㞚☚G 115, 120, 198

conjunctive

㠊/㞚㍲ 51–4, 61 – 3, 64 – 5

conjunctive

㠊/㞚㟒G 75 – 6, 123

conjunctive

㠞/㞮▪⧒ⳊG 198

conjunctive ~(

㦒)⋮G114 – 5

conjunctive

㦒)┞₢G 53 – 4, 64 – 5

conjunctive

㦒)ඥ㑮⪳G 75

conjunctive

㦒)⩂G 51, 54 – 5

conjunctive

㦒)⩺ἶG51, 53, 55, 74,

conjunctive

㦒)⩺┺ṖG 98 – 9

conjunctive ~(

㦒)⩺ⳊG 74

conjunctive ~(

㦒)ⳆG86 – 7

conjunctive

㦒)ⳊG 72 – 3, 74 – 5, 121 – 2,

198

conjunctive

㦒)Ⳋ㍲G 51, 95 – 6

conjunctive ~

㧦Ⱎ㧦G96

conjunctive

㰖Ⱒ 51 – 3, 113–4

ellipsis 107

honorific suffix ~(

㦒)㔲G 12 – 13

modality
ability

178 – 80

evidentiality

146 – 50

obligation

122 – 3

permission

120 – 1

possibility 178 – 80
prohibition

121 – 2

modifiers 137 –40
noun-modifying ending ~

⓪G

137 –8, 146 – 8, 157 – 60, 166 – 9, 186 – 8

noun-modifying ending ~

▮G196

noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)චG

138 – 9, 146 – 8, 157 – 8, 160,
166 – 9, 186 – 9

noun-modifying ending ~(

㦒)ඥG

139–40, 146 – 8, 169 – 70, 178 – 80,
186 – 9

relative clause 137 – 40, 186

Page numbers in bold refer to those pages in the book where the relevant grammar
point is discussed in detail.

Index

280

negation 122
negative

ⴑG178 – 9

negative

㞞G121 – 2

nominalization 205 – 11
nominalizing ending ~

₆ 205 – 10

nominalizing ending ~(

㦒)ත 210 – 11

particles
particle

ṯ㧊G20

particle

₢㰖G21

particle

☚ 107, 179, 210

particle

⪲G208

particle

Ⱎ┺G21

particle

Ⱎ㩖G21

particle

ⰢG22, 76, 179

particle

Ⱒ䋒G20

particle

⹬㠦G22, 179

particle

⽊┺G19 – 20

particle

㠦G158 – 9, 166, 168, 206 – 7

particle

㠦ỢG130

particle

㦖/⓪G98, 205 – 7

particle

㧊/ṖG180, 209 – 10

particle

㫆㹾G21

particle

㻮⩒G20

particle

䞲䎢G130

passives 129 – 30, 131 – 2
suffix

₆G129, 130, 132

suffix

㧊G129, 131 – 2

suffix

ⰂG129, 130, 132

suffix

䧞G129, 131 – 2

post modifiers 157
~

⓪ ₎G157

⓪ ☚㭧G159

⓪ ☯㞞G158 – 9

⓪G⹪⧢㠦G168

⓪G㭧㧊┺G159 – 60

⓪/(㦒)ච ộ㧊┺G168 – 9

⓪/(㦒)ච ╖⪲G166

⓪/(㦒)ච 㻯/㼊䞮┺G167 – 8

⓪/(㦒)ච 䘎㧊┺G160

㦒)ච 㩗/㧒G157 – 8

㦒)ච 䤚㠦G166 – 7

㦒)ඥ ➢G169 – 70

㦒)ඥ ㄪ䟞┺G169

predicate type restriction 53, 56, 73, 113
progressive 44, 159 – 60

question
direct

question

186 – 7

indirect

question

186 – 7

quotation
abbreviated indirect quotation endings

222 – 3

direct

quotation

219 – 20

indirect

quotation

219 – 23

indirect quotation particle

ἶ 195,

220 – 3

quotation particle (

㧊)⧒ἶG219

quotation particle

䞮ἶG 220

retrospective suffix ~

▪G195–8

sentence-final endings
ending

Ệ✶㣪G76 – 7

ending

ῆ㣪G14– 15

ending

⍺㣪G13– 14

ending ~

⓪/(㦒)ච◆㣪G107

ending ~

▪⧒ῂ㣪G195

ending

㰖㣪G11 – 13

sentence types 1 – 3, 28, 53–4, 56, 63 – 4,

73, 114, 221

declarative 1 – 3, 53 – 5, 64, 120, 221
imperative 1 – 3, 53 – 4, 63, 65, 76, 222
interrogative 1 – 3, 53 – 5, 64, 120, 158,

222

propositive 1 – 3, 53 – 4, 63, 65, 76, 222
speech levels 11
deferential speech level 2, 11, 52
intimate speech level 1 – 2, 11
plain speech level 2 – 3, 11, 221 – 2
polite speech level 1 – 2, 11, 120, 221
subject agreement restriction 52 – 3, 54 – 6,

65, 73, 113

suffixes
suffix

ỶG13 – 15

suffix

ῆG11

suffix

⍺G11

suffix

㰖G11

tense 27 – 8, 52, 219
past 14 – 15, 46, 52, 74, 97 – 8, 106,

138 – 40, 146 – 50, 170, 186 – 7,
196 – 8, 207

present 137 – 8, 146, 186 – 7

prospective 139 – 40, 146, 186 – 7

tense agreement restriction 52, 54 – 6, 63,

65, 73, 86 – 7, 95 – 6, 113

voice 27, 129

Document Outline

BOOK COVER
TITLE
COPYRIGHT
CONTENTS
PREFACE
UNIT 1 The intimate speech level and the plain speech level
UNIT 2 Sentence-final endings
UNIT 3 Particles
UNIT 4 Auxiliary verbs I
UNIT 5 Auxiliary verbs II
UNIT 6 Auxiliary verbs III
UNIT 7 Clausal conjunctives (purpose or intention)
UNIT 8 Clausal conjunctives (reasons and cause)
UNIT 9 Clausal conjunctives (conditions)
UNIT 10 Clausal conjunctives (listing and choice)
UNIT 11 Clausal conjunctives (time)
UNIT 12 Clausal conjunctives (background)
UNIT 13 Clausal conjunctives (although)
UNIT 14 Permission, prohibition, and obligation
UNIT 15 Passives and causatives
UNIT 16 The noun-modifying endings
UNIT 17 Describing the appearance of actions or states of affair
UNIT 18 Post modifiers I
UNIT 19 Post modifiers II
UNIT 20 Ability and possibility
UNIT 21 Indirect question form
UNIT 22 The retrospective suffix
UNIT 23 Nominalizing endings
UNIT 24 Direct and indirect quotation
KEY TO EXERCISES
INDEX

Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
05 Intermediate Korean a grammar and workbook
Let´s go to England Interm
Discussions A Z Intermediate handout part 1
Market Leader 3 Intermediate exit test
English, Intermediate Grammar Questions answers
connections pre intermediate minimock test 0 4 b
Korean [Language 30]
New Headway Intermediate Test
Kurczak po koreańsku, Przepisy kulinarne
PDF Upper Intermediate Boxing
Market Leader 3 Intermediate entry test
Market Leader 3 Intermediate progress test 01
Intermetallic Fibre Materials
chocolate upper intermediate teacher's notes
ANGIELSKI Solutions Pre Interme Nieznany (4)
El cronometro intermedio 5 35

więcej podobnych podstron