Fuel for Thought
Sir[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:51:00 2003 ] — [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:51:00 2003 ]David Ritson[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:28:00 2003 ] commendably [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:28:00 2003 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:33:00 2003 ]addresses [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:28:00 2003 ]the political agenda of large energy companies[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:53:00 2003 ] [[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:33:00 2003 ]][Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:33:00 2003 ]. The energy crisis [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:28:00 2003 ]has a solution, [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:29:00 2003 ]since an EM circuit can be [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:29:00 2003 ]nearly freely powered[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:29:00 2003 ]. We offer a[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:41:00 2003 ] replicable example[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:41:00 2003 ].[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
In thermodynamics, change of parameter such as potential [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:30:00 2003 ]V[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ] is considered work. [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ]In an EM system, gauge freedom assures that [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ]V[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ]— [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:41:00 2003 ]and the [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ]system's potential energy [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ]— [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:41:00 2003 ]can[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:32:00 2003 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:31:00 2003 ]be freely changed[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:32:00 2003 ] [[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:32:00 2003 ]][Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:32:00 2003 ].[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:33:00 2003 ]
If [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ] Drude electrons in a circuit are temporarily "pinned", potential[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]izing them from an external potential source is free. [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]No [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:55:00 2003 ]cost incurs unless the current[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:55:00 2003 ] flows. [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:55:00 2003 ]Using conductors made of 2% Fe and 98% Al[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ], instead of copper, electron gas relaxation time [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]is increased from 10"19[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:57:00 2003 ] seconds [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:57:00 2003 ]to about a millisecond. [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]During that millisecond, an external source of potential [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]V can be connected [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]to [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:57:00 2003 ]potentialize [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]pinned [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:56:00 2003 ]charges [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]q[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ], [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]with excess energy [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]Vq[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ] freely collected in the circuit [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]without cost except switching.[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:34:00 2003 ]
The potential source is switched away and a diode connected in its place[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:36:00 2003 ]. [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:36:00 2003 ]Current in the now-[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:36:00 2003 ]separate circuit containing the load can flow in only one direction[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:36:00 2003 ]. As the electron gas relaxes, current flows and the circuit discharges its excess [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:36:00 2003 ]potential [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:58:00 2003 ]energy in the load, freely performing work.[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:36:00 2003 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:37:00 2003 ]With repetition one obtains more [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:37:00 2003 ]work[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:58:00 2003 ] in the load than one has to pay [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:37:00 2003 ]for in [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:00:00 2003 ]switching costs[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:59:00 2003 ]. [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:37:00 2003 ]Per [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:02:00 2003 ]W = [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:02:00 2003 ]Vq[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:02:00 2003 ], a[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:02:00 2003 ]ny amount [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ]W[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ] of energy can be [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ]freely collected from [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ]V[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ], [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ]if enough charges [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ]q[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ]are in the circuit.[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:39:00 2003 ] The secret [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:01:00 2003 ]in getting the energy "for free" is[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:02:00 2003 ] for the circuit to convert itself from "static potentialization[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:01:00 2003 ]" mode to normal dynamic powering mode, after the source of potential is disconnected.[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:01:00 2003 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
EM fields and potentials and their energy come from [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:40:00 2003 ]associated source charges[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:40:00 2003 ]. Eerily, the present classical Maxwell-Heaviside electrodynamics assumes that every charge freely creates EM energy out of nothing at all, and continuously pours it out at light speed in all directions, thereby establishing and continuously replenishing its associated EM fields and potentials, expanding at light speed in all directions.[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:08:00 2003 ] Where the input energy comes from has finally been solved [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:40:00 2003 ][[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:04:00 2003 ]][Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:04:00 2003 ].[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:40:00 2003 ] A rigorous theoretical basis for extracting EM energy from the vacuum has been given by Evans et al. [,]. More than a dozen methods for approaching such systems have been given [].[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
Tesla's patented circuits "shuttled" [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:44:00 2003 ]potential[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:45:00 2003 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:44:00 2003 ]energy around at will, as shown by Barrett [[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:44:00 2003 ]], [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:44:00 2003 ]one of the pioneers of ultrawideband radar, who improved the method [[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:44:00 2003 ]][Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:44:00 2003 ].[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
The common solar cell[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:46:00 2003 ] outputs more energy than the operator inputs, for he inputs nothing. [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:46:00 2003 ]The cell may have an efficiency of 17% and waste 83% of the energy input to it, but the remaining 17% is output as useful electrical energy without operator input[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:46:00 2003 ]. The coefficient of performance is [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:46:00 2003 ]that 17% divided by zero, so that its [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:06:00 2003 ]COP = [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:46:00 2003 ]", similar to [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:48:00 2003 ]a common windmill.[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 23:06:00 2003 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
The energy crisis can [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:48:00 2003 ]be solved whenever the scientific community will allow [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:48:00 2003 ]the research [Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:48:00 2003 ]to be funded.[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
T. E. Bearden
Magnetic Energy Ltd.
P.O. Box 1472
Huntsville, AL 35807, U.S.A.[Author ID1: at Sat Feb 15 22:50:00 2003 ]
. David Ritson, Nature 421, 575-576 (2003).
. E.g., J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edn., Wiley, New York, 1975, p. 219-221.
. Bearden, J. New Energy, 5(1), 11-23 (2000); "Extracting and Using Electromagnetic Energy from the Active Vacuum," in M. W. Evans (ed.), Modern Nonlinear Optics, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 2001; Vol. 2, p. 639-698; Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles, Cheniere Press, Santa Barbara, CA, 2002, Chapter 5.
. M. W. Evans et al., "The Aharonov-Bohm Effect as the Basis of Electromagnetic Energy Inherent in the Vacuum," Found. Phys. Lett., 15(6), 561-568 (2002).
. M. W. Evans et al., "The Most General Form of the Vector Potential in Electrodynamics," Found. Phys. Lett., 15(3), 245-261(2002).
. M. W. Evans et al., "Classical Electrodynamics Without the Lorentz Condition: Extracting Energy from the Vacuum," Physica Scripta 61(5), 513-517 (2000).
. T. W. Barrett, Ann. Fond. Louis de Broglie, 16(1), 23-41 (1991).
. U.S. patents 5,486,833 and 5,493,691.