The relation between the name of the ford and the name of the shepherd in Sumerian

We can demonstrate that Sumerian ideograms have been used by Semitic priests to express secret messages to the gods. One of the most spectacular discoveries is the name of the shepherd in Sumerian.

Sumerian sipad [shepherd] = PA
[ĝidru = SCEPTER] + LU
[UDU =sheep]

PA.LU

sib₂

(see full listing)

sipad (sibad sipa)

sipad [BIRD](sipad^mušen).

sipad [SHEPHERD](^lu₂sipad).

Akkadian workshop

Also: reʾu, nuska₂, nusku₂, nuška₂, nušku₂, reʾe, reʾi, sap₃, siba, sip₂, šab₅, šap₅, zip₃.

LU

lu

lu [ABUNDANT].

lu [MIX].

lub [TURNIP] (lu^sar).

lug

lug [DWELL].

lug [POSITION] (^ĝešlug).

lug [TWIST].

udu

udu [SHEEP].

Full listing.

Also: eze, nu₁₂, si₆.

lug [DWELL] (15x: Old Babylonian) wr. lug; lug_x(LUL) "to live, dwell (of animals), pasture"

[1]		lug
[2]		lugx(LUL)

9 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. to live, dwell (of animals), pasture (15x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Sippar [[lu]] = = LU = re-e-ia-u₂-um MSL 14, 122-127 09 282; [[lu]] = = = ra-ba-şum MSL 14, 122-127 09 286. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown [[lu]] = = = re-e-hu-um JCS 04, 75-76 41; [[lu]] = = = ra-ba-şum JCS 04, 75-76 43; [[lu]] = = LU = ri-e-u₂ MSL 09, 124-137 iii 196; [[lu]] = = = ri-i-[tum] MSL 09, 124-137 iii 200.

[2004] J. Bauer, St Pettinato 3-4.

[1992] P. Steinkeller and J.N. Postgate, LAT 25; 35.

[1980] J. Bauer, AoN 1980/13.

See ETCSL: lug=to be located.

We can see that Semitic writers equalised the term to dwell (of animals) = to dwell humans = pastor.

Pastor:

[[sub₂]] = = = re-e-ia-um ;  [[šuba₂]] = = = re-ia-um  [[šuba₂]] = = = re-e-e₂-um 

Dwell:

[[lu]] = = LU = re-e-ia-u₂-um ; [[lu]] = = = ra-ba-şum  [[lu]] = = = re-e-hu-um ; [[lu]] = = = ra-ba-şum ; [[lu]] = = LU = ri-e-u₂ ; [[lu]] = = = ri-i-[tum] .

The name of the pastor in Semitic derived from the verb to dwell. The suggestion is that the name of pastor in Sumerian has derived from the verb to dwell too:

wašābu  [TUŠ : 
 ]  (vb. a/i ; imp. šib, tišab, pres. uššab, pret. ūšib)

G. to sit ; to stay, dwell ; to be present, exist D. to install Š. to install

Comparison with other Semitic languages :

Proto-Semitic : ^*waθāb "to sit"

Syriac : yāteb  ܝܵܛܸܒ

Hebrew : yāšab  יָשַׁב

Ugaritic : wθb  

šubtu  [KI.TUŠ : 
 , TUŠ : 
 , DAG : 
 ]  (n. f.)

abode, dwelling, residence; settlement ; (Military) quarters ; seat ; foundation, base ; placement ; ambush ;

Cf. wašābu

Variants : šuptu

See also : mūšubu, rimītu, bītu, šapattu, āšibu

Semitic šuptu > Sumerian sipad = pastor

The Akkadian workshop suggests that:

sap₃, siba, sip₂, šab₅, šap₅, zip₃ = Semitic root verb [dwell] which derived from Akkadian ša bētu = of the house

bītu  [É : 
 ]  (n. fem.)

[City → Buildings]

1) a house ; 2) a room ; bēt pūti : front room ; kummu : inner room ; bētu dannu : main room , living-room (?) ; 3) a family , a mesny ; bēt tilli : supply-room ; rugbu : upper room , room on the roof salle haute , salle sur le toit ;

Variants : bētu

See also : bētānīu, bētānu, bēt, bētāniāti, kaqquru, tuānu, ruggubu, rapšu, šadlu

Comparison with other Semitic languages :

Proto-Semitic : ^*bayt

Arabic : bayt  بَيْت

Syriac : baytā  ܒ݁ܰܝܬ݁ܳܐ

Hebrew : bayit  בַיִת

Ugaritic : bt  

Ge'ez : bēt

sipad [SHEPHERD] (2463x: ED IIIa, ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian) wr. sipad;  su₈-ba;  ^lu₂sipad;  šuba "shepherd; herder" Akk. rē'û

[1]		sipad ( sipa )
[2]		su8-ba (ES)
[3]		^lu2sipad
[4]		šuba

49 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. shepherd (2461x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad OB Nippur Lu 463;  sipad nim OB Nippur Lu 470;  [[sub₂]] = = = re-e-ia-um OB Diri Nippur 96;  [[šuba₂]] = = = re-ia-um OB Diri Nippur 254.LEX/Old Babylonian/unknown [[šuba₂]] = = = re-e-e₂-um OB Diri "Oxford" 182. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu  sipa  maš VAT 4459 o ii 1;   sipa -da VS 14, 008 o ii 3;   sipa -kam 1(AŠ×DIŠ@t) VS 14, 034 r iii 4. ELA/ED IIIb/Nippur  sipa  TMH 5, 002 o ii 1;  GAL-LU  sipa  TMH 5, 011 o iii 2; sipa  TMH 5, 102 o iii 1;   sipa  TMH 5, 102 o iv 2;  [...]  sipa  OSP 1, 110 o i 1. ELA/ED IIIb/Umma  sipa  x RGK 20050520n o iv 3;   sipa  zabala₅^[ki] RGK 20050520n r ii 8.ELA/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa  maš-ka Nik 1, 009 r i 8;   sipa  gu₄-ka Nik 1, 009 r ii 3;  ziz₂-bi3(barig@c) 2(ban₂)  sipa  šagan_x(AMA)^ša:gan Nik 1, 013 o iv 5. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab e₂-mu  sipa  Adab 0658 9;  ur₅-du₂ [ sipa ] Adab 0690+0876 15;  1/2(diš)  sipa  x Adab 0719+1016+0762+1053 r i 3. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu [x]  sipa  maš₂ CT 50, 166 2;  ur-su sipa ITT 1, 01101 6;  1(aš@c) sila₄ ur-eden-na  sipa  ITT 1, 01370 4. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur  sipa  me TMH 5, 039 r ii 6;   sipa  maš₂-bar-du₈ OSP 2, 180 4. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma ^dutu-mu  sipa -da MAD 4, 020 7;  ^dutu-mu  sipa  MAD 4, 023 7;  si-du₃ sipaMAD 4, 024 9. ELA/Old Akkadian/unclear 1(aš@c) du-du  sipa  MC 4, 52 15;  ^den-lil₂ sipaMC 4, 70 6. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown 1(aš@c) ur-kun  sipa  MAD 4, 036 8;  lugal-šu-mah  sipa  MAD 4, 060 3;  dumu tir-ku₃  sipa  MAD 4, 077 10. ELA/Ur III/Adab  sipa  ur-[gi₇-ra] MVN 03, 271 6;  PU₃.ŠA-^den-lil₂  sipa  ur-gi₇ MVN 03, 271 3;  da-a-a  sipa  dumui-ga-ga MVN 13, 907 4. ELA/Ur III/Drehem dingir-ba-ni  sipa  ur-ra Aegyptus 19, 235, 01 2;  dingir-ba-ni  sipa  ur-gi₇ šu ba-ti Aegyptus 19, 235, 02 1;  PU₃.ŠA-^den-lil₂  sipa  ur-gi₇-ra-ke₄ Aegyptus 19, 236, 05 4. ELA/Ur III/Girsu  sipa  ur-me ABTR 08 6;   sipa  ur-ra AfO 04, 26 5;  inim-gi-na  sipa  Amherst 020 o i 3. ELA/Ur III/Lagash 2(diš) sila₃ kaš  sipa  urRochester 152 19. ELA/Ur III/Nippur ud₅  sipa  a-PA-x NATN 007 4;  nu-ur₂-^diškur sipaNATN 091 4;   sipa -da NATN 165 4. ELA/Ur III/Umma la₂-ia₃ su-ga nam-ha-ni  sipa  AnOr 01, 080 2;   sipa  x [...] AnOr 01, 143 3;  ki lugal-mas-su  sipa -ta AnOr 01, 255 2. ELA/Ur III/Ur ur-ba-ba  sipa  UET 3, 0010 11;  ša₃ e₂-duru₅  sipa -e-ne UET 3, 0025 5;  ^dnanna-zi sipa gu₄-ke₄ i₃-dab₅ UET 3, 0074 5. ELA/Ur III/Wilayah [šu]-ma  sipa  JCS 38, 032 07 3; šu-ma  sipa  JCS 38, 032 07 1;  šu-ma  sipa  JCS 38, 032 07 3. ELA/Ur III/unclear sipa geme₂-^dištar an AfO 25, pl. 5, Boellinger 6 2;  lugal-ma₂  sipa  AUCT 1, 791 6;  [...] še-bi sipa AUCT 2, 310 3. ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown  sipa  ur-ra-me-eš₂ BIN 10, 101 3.unknown/Ur III/Umma  sipa  gu₄ niga-bi 1(diš)-am₃ SNAT 536 r i 1. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown [[su₈-<(ba)>]] = su₄-u₂ = DU%DU = ri-e-a-[um] RA 09, 77-78 ii 7.unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu  sipa  u₈-ka DP 059 r i 7;   sipa  šagan_x(AMA)^ša:gan DP 087 o iii 5; sipa  maš DP 094 o iii 5. unknown/ED IIIb/Nippur  sipa  x ti HU ASJ 16, p. 43-46 prism ix 14. unknown/ED IIIb/Uruk dumu lugal-du₁₁-ga-ni  sipa  AoF 21, p. 5ff. 4. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa -ra MVN 03, 066 1;   sipa -ne DP 032 o vi 1;   sipa  gu₄ HSS 03, 05 ii 11.unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab ur-ur  sipa  OIP 014, 120 1;  la₂-ia₃  sipa  ensi₂-ka-ke₄-ne OIP 014, 144 6;  dam lugal-du  sipa  OIP 014, 167 2;   sipa  OIP 014, 187 1. unknown/Old Akkadian/Girsu [...]  sipa  e₂-mi₂-ke₄-ne RTC 185 2;  [...  sipa ] da-ri₂ RTC 224 8.unknown/Old Akkadian/Umma  sipa -e dam-gar₃ sanga BIN 08, 392 3. unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown  sipa  me Fs. Sjoberg, 04 1;  pa₃-da  sipa  Mes 09, p. 100ff, no. 2 5;  pa₃-da  sipa  Mes 09, p. 100ff, no. 3 2. unknown/Ur III/Drehem  sipa  gu₄ [niga] Aleppo 305 2; sipa  gu₄ niga Aleppo 317 2;  kišib₃ nam-ha-ni  sipa  Aleppo 350 3. unknown/Ur III/Girsu[...]  sipa  a-ru-a ASJ 13, 234 76 r iii 8;  2(diš) sila₃  sipa  ur ASJ 14, 337 23 5;   sipa  unu₃ASJ 19, 138 122 o i 14. unknown/Ur III/Lagash ki ik-šu-dum  sipa  a-bu-um-dingir-ta Rochester 227 3. unknown/Ur III/Nippur la₂-ia₃ ur-^den-ki  sipa  BBVO 11, 270, 6N-T082 3; ur-^dutu  sipa -e BBVO 11, 299, 6N-T842 1;  lu₂-^dnin-šubur  sipa  i₃-dab₅ AAICAB 1/1, pl. 057, 1924-0479 1. unknown/Ur III/Umma 1(diš) sila₃ lugal-ma₂-gur₈-re dumu ur-^dištar an  sipa  ASJ 19, 223 69 3;  1/2(diš) sila₃ [... dumu] šu-^diškur  sipa  ASJ 19, 223 69 10;  nam-erim₂ ku₅-ra₂  sipa  unu₃ LÕuomo 56 o ii 8'. unknown/Ur III/unclear še-ba sipagir₂-su^ki TCS 1, 051 4.

~ anše[equid]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad anše OB Nippur Lu 472. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu  sipa anše-me VS 14, 117 o ii 4;   sipa  anše-ke₄ VS 14, 173 r iii 5;   sipa  anše-me VS 25, 041 o vi 5. ELA/ED IIIb/Nippur [x]  sipa  anše TMH 5, 002 r i 1;  2(aš@c)  sipa  anše TMH 5, 002 r i 3;  [x] 6(aš@c)  sipa  anše TMH 5, 002 o ii 2;  2(aš@c)  sipa  anše TMH 5, 002 o ii 4; 5(aš@c)  sipa  anše TMH 5, 026 2;   sipa  anše TMH 5, 067 o iii 8. ELA/ED IIIb/unknownsipa anše-me Nik 1, 013 r v 2;   sipa  anše bir₃-ka Nik 1, 016 o ii 6;   sipa  anše bir₃-ka-me Nik 1, 018 o ii 7;   sipa  anše bir₃-ka Nik 1, 020 o ii 10;  [ sipa  anše bir₃-ka] Nik 1, 022 o i 13;   sipa  anše Nik 1, 044 o iii 7. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab  sipa  anše me Adab 0639 o ii 7; 3(ban₂@c) ur-uš  sipa  anše Adab 0667 11;  [1(barig)] di-ku₅  sipa  anše Adab 0826 2.ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(aš@c) zag-mu  sipa  anše ITT 1, 01363 1;  1(aš@c) lu₂-nigir-ra sipa anše arad₂ lugal ITT 1, 01463 2;  1(aš@c) ur-nu  sipa  anše RTC 081 16;  ur-nusipa anše STTI 108 2;   sipa  anše STTI 119 3;   sipa  anše me STTI 135 6. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur dam  sipa  anše TMH 5, 034 iii 14. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma [x]-ni  sipa anše-ka-kam Nik 2, 054 5;  ur-eš₃  sipa  anše USP 74 8;  [x]-x-ki  sipa  anše RGK 20050522k o i 4;  sag-šu  sipa  anše RGK 20050522k o i 6;  e₂-edin-ne₂  sipa  anše RGK 20050522k o ii 1. ELA/Ur III/Drehem  sipa  anše^* SACT 1, 062 3;  ki bar-bar  sipa  anšešagan_x(AMA)^gan-ta TRU 120 3. ELA/Ur III/Girsu dumu  sipa  anše kunga₂-me ASJ 14, 338 37 10;  2(diš)  sipa  anše si₂-si₂ ASJ 18, 228 HSM 6495 1;  3(diš)  sipa  anše si₂-si₂ CT 07, 47 BM 017775 6. ELA/Ur III/Nippur 3(ban₂) ARAD₂  sipa  anše Cat RSM 1909.405-17 4 1;  ur-dun  sipa  anše NATN 019 6;  2(diš)  sipa  anše NATN 819 11. ELA/Ur III/Umma1(diš) tug₂ u₂ kal  sipa  anše engar ^dgu-la AnOr 07, 337 2;  ur-ge₆-par₄ dumu  sipa  anšeAnOr 07, 374 o ii 3;  dumu lugal-ku₃-zu  sipa  anše-me AnOr 07, 374 o ii 14. ELA/Ur III/Urlu₂-hu-bi₂-ma  sipa  anše UET 3, 0993 3. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu  sipa  anše [bir₃]-ka DP 116 o ii 6;   sipa  anše bir₃-ka DP 117 o ii 1;   sipa  anše bir₃-ka DP 118 o ii 7. unknown/ED IIIb/Isin igi ur-su  sipa  anše-še₃ BIN 08, 029 6. unknown/ED IIIb/Nippur ur-lugal sipa anše-ke₄ BIN 08, 173 7. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa  anše me HSS 03, 05 r ii 4;  sipa anše [me] HSS 03, 06 r ii 4;   sipa  anše me HSS 03, 07 r v 13. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab[1(aš@c)] udu lu₂-dingir-ra  sipa  anše OIP 014, 167 3;  1(aš@c) sila₄ u₂-da  sipa  anšeOIP 014, 167 4. unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown dumu lugal-da  sipa  anše lugal-ka MVN 03, 107 4;  dumu ur-sag  sipa  anše lugal-ka MVN 03, 107 6. unknown/Ur III/Drehem giri₃ ab-ba-gi-na unu₃ u₃ ur-^dšara₂  sipa  anše Aleppo 407 4;  [...]-x-lil₂  sipa  anše [...] ganDoCu 243 4. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 4(diš)  sipa  anše si₂-si₂ ASJ 18, 223 HSM 6425 16; 3(diš)  sipa  anše si₂-si₂ ASJ 18, 224 HSM 6434 8;   sipa  anše šagan_x(AMA)^gan ASJ 19, 138 122 o i 7. unknown/Ur III/Umma ki  sipa  anše-ta MVN 16, 0923 4;  1(diš) ab₂ mu3(diš) su-su  sipa  anše nu-su MVN 16, 0923 1;  nam-ha-ni  sipa  anše MVN 21, 276 3; 1(barig)  sipa  anše Princeton 1, 262 13;  1(diš) šu gu₄  sipa  anše engar SNAT 314 13; kišib₃ ur-^dšara₂  sipa  anše SANTAG 6, 019 o iii 32. unknown/Ur III/unclear x  sipa  anše SANTAG 7, 052 2.

~ gal[big]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad gu-la OB Nippur Lu 465a.

~ gud[ox] ab[cow]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad gud ab₂ OB Nippur Lu 467;   sipa  gudab₂-hi-a OB Nippur Lu 468.

~ kalam[land]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad kalam-ma OB Nippur Lu 466.

~ šah[pig]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad šah OB Nippur Lu 471. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu sipašah₂ VS 14, 092 r ii 2;   sipa  šah₂ VS 14, 181 r ii 6;   sipa  šah₂ VS 25, 015 o iii 4. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa  šah₂ Nik 1, 003 o i 11;   sipa  šah₂ Nik 1, 006 r v 15;   sipa  [šah₂] Nik 1, 013 r i 9. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu  sipa  šah₂ CT 50, 091 2. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(diš)  sipa  šah₂1(barig) CT 03, 19 BM 018344 o iii 37;  ŠU+LAGAB 1(diš)  sipa  šah₂ 1(barig) CT 03, 19 BM 018344 r iii 34;  ugula ur-^dlamma  sipa  šah₂ ITT 2, 00950 o ii 18;  geme₂ mar-tu sipašah₂(SA₆) ZA 12, 265 1 10. ELA/Ur III/Umma 1/4(iku) GAN₂ 3(barig) da-da  sipa  šah₂Georgica 8.3.2 r i 5;   sipa  šah₂-še₃ Rocznik MNW 26 07 3;  da-da  sipa  šah₂ SET 266 3; nig₂-ka₉ ak lu₂-giri₁₇-zal  sipa  šah₂ SNAT 436 22;  lugal-he₂-gal₂  sipa  šah₂ UCP 9-2-1, 100 r i 29. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu  sipa  šah₂ DP 121 o i 8;   sipa  šah₂ DP 149 o iv 1;  sipašah₂ DP 150 o iv 6. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa  šah₂ HSS 03, 05 iv 8;   sipa  šah₂ HSS 03, 06 v 2;   sipa  šah₂ HSS 03, 07 r i 6. unknown/Ur III/Umma 1(barig)  sipa  šah₂ SNAT 453 o i 6.

~ udu[sheep]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown  sipa  udu Early Dynastic Lu C 10_(58). LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad udu OB Nippur Lu 469. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu  sipa  udu siki-ka me VS 14, 009 o vi 8;   sipa  udu siki-ka-da VS 14, 022 o ii 1;   sipa  udu siki-ka-me VS 14, 077 r i 2. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa  udu siki-ka Nik 1, 002 r iii 6;  1(aš@c) apin  sipa  udu siki-kaNik 1, 005 o iii 3;   sipa  udu siki-ka-me Nik 1, 009 r i 14. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab ur-su sipa udu niga Adab 0690+0876 12. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu mu-nig₂  sipa  udu niga ITT 2, 04529 3. ELA/Lagash II/Girsu ur-ab-ba  sipa  udu niga MVN 06, 402 9. ELA/Ur III/Drehem lu₂-zabala  sipa  udu ge₆ Aleppo 432 4;   sipa  udu niga AUCT 3, 365 4;   sipa  [udu] kur-raBCT 1, 034 2. ELA/Ur III/Girsu ur-te-me-na  sipa  Amherst 020 o i 5;  GAN₂ dab₅-ba sipa udu gukkal u₃ GAN₂ dab₅-ba lu₂ šu ib₂-ta-zi ASJ 09, 124 54 4;  [...] 8(diš) sila₃ ki [...] sipa  udu-ta BAOM 2, 31 65 4. ELA/Ur III/Umma ki  sipa  udu kur-ra-ke₄-ne-ta AnOr 07, 264 o i 1;  x x KU giri₃ ur-^dma-mi  sipa  udu bar x AnOr 07, 264 r ii 6;  ki  sipa  udu kur-ra-ta AnOr 07, 264 o i 7. ELA/Ur III/Ur  sipa  udu eme-gi-ra UET 3, 1514 8;  a-gu-gu sipa udu eme-gi-ra UET 3, 1514 4;   sipa  udu gukkal-na-ke₄-ne UET 3, 1550 7;  ur-^diškur sipa udu UET 9, 0010 2. ELA/Ur III/unclear  sipa  udu [niga] OLP 15, 56 3;   sipa  udu niga YOS 04, 147 3. unknown/Ur III/Umma  sipa  udu niga-bi 2(diš)-am₃ SNAT 536 o ii 17. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu  sipa  udu siki-ka-me DP 113 r iii 6;   sipa  udu siki-ka-me DP 114 r iv 6;   sipa  udu siki-ka-me DP 121 o vi 5. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa  udu siki-kame HSS 03, 05 r ii 9;   sipa  udu siki-ka me HSS 03, 06 r ii 9;   sipa  udu siki-ka me HSS 03, 07 r iv 14. unknown/Ur III/Girsu  sipa  udu unu₃ ASJ 19, 138 122 o i 11;   sipa  udu eme giASJ 19, 138 122 o i 3;  [...]-gu  sipa  udu gukkal-ta MVN 19, 114 4. unknown/Ur III/Umma sipa udu lah₅-še₃ ArOr 62, 230 I 863 2;   sipa  udu kur-me LLŐuomo 62 r iii 32';  [...] gur mu  sipa  udu-še₃ MVN 18, 614 o i 5;  nig₂-ka₉ ak lu₂-eb-gal  sipa  udu kur-ra-ka SNAT 375 r ii 4;  udu ur-^dištar an  sipa  udu kur-ka ViOr 8/1, 081 5;  la₂-ia₃ su-ga ur-^dištar an sipa udu kur-ra SANTAG 6, 111 6;  lugal-^gešgigir-re unu₃  sipa  udu kur-ra-še₃SANTAG 6, 384 o ii 13'.

~ uzud[goat]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur sipad uz₃ OB Nippur Lu 473;   sipa  uz₃ gi₄ OB Nippur Lu 474. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown  sipa  ud₅ Nik 1, 030 o iii 2;  la₂-a  sipa  ud₅-ke₄-ne Nik 1, 193 r ii 4;   sipa  ud₅-ke₄-ne Nik 1, 196 r i 5;   sipa  ud₅-da-ke₄ Nik 1, 201 o i 3;   sipa  ud₅-da-ke₄-ne Nik 1, 236 r i 5;   sipa  ud₅-ke₄-ne Nik 1, 261 r i 4;   sipa  ud₅-da-ke₄-ne Nik 1, 262 o ii 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu  sipa  ud₅-da-ka RTC 096 o ii 3. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma ur-sa₆  sipa  ud₅ USP 73 8. ELA/Ur III/Drehem  sipa  ud₅-me-eš₂ YOS 04, 254 r ii 9. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(diš)  sipa  ud₅ HSS 04, 009 1;   sipa  ud₅-me ITT 2, 00878 r iii 5;   sipa  ud₅-[me]MVN 02, 042 o v 8. ELA/Ur III/Nippur  sipa  ud₅-de₃ NATN 037 7;  1(diš) amar-šuba₂sipa ud₅ gi NRVN 1, 059 5. ELA/Ur III/Umma ki  sipa  ud₅-da-ke₄-ne-ta AnOr 07, 264 o i 3;   sipa  ud₅-da CHEU 018 3;   sipa  ud₅-da-me MCS 1, 54, BM 106045 r ii 10;  ki sipa ud₅-da-ke₄-ne-ta SET 130 o iii 20;   sipa  ud₅ ga-[...] TCL 5, 6038 o v 40;  u₃  sipa  ud₅-da-ke₄-ne Umma 110 6. ELA/Ur III/Ur  sipa  ud₅-da-ke₄-ne UET 3, 1198 15;  si-ri sipaud₅-da UET 3, 1514 5;  u₃  sipa  ud₅-da-ka UET 3, 1514 9. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu la₂-a sipa ud₅-ke₄-ne DP 094 r i 4;   sipa  ud₅-ka-kam DP 245 o i 4;   sipa  ud₅-ke₄-ne DP 271 o ii 1;   sipa  ud₅-da-ke₄-ne DP 277 r i 4;   sipa  ud₅ DP 615 o i 5;   sipa  ud₅-ke₄-ne Genava 26, 5 o i 3;   sipa  ud₅-ke₄-ne Genava 26, 5 o ii 3. unknown/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(aš@c) da-da  sipa  ud₅ ITT 2, 05795 2. unknown/Ur III/Drehem  sipa  ud₅-me Akkadica 114-115, 101 30 10'. unknown/Ur III/Girsu u₃  sipa  ud₅ ASJ 19, 138 122 o i 4;  [...] x  sipa  ud₅ Zinbun 21, pl. 05 38 r ii 5';   sipa  gi u₃  sipa  ud₅-me City Life 2, 101-102 r ii 14. unknown/Ur III/Ummasipa ud₅ ga-za-PI LLŐuomo 62 r iii 35'.

See: lu sipad anše;  lu sipad gud;  lu sipad udu.

2. herder (2x/0%)

~LEX/ED IIIa/unknown sipad anše(LAK239) Early Dynastic Lu C 37_(36).

~ gud[ox]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown  sipa  gud Early Dynastic Lu C 53_(19).

Akk. rē'û.

[2003] S. Garfinkle, ZA 93 164 n11.

[1992] M. Sigrist, Drehem 35-42.

[1982] T. Maeda, ASJ 4 79.

See ETCSL: sipad=shepherd.

addir [FORD] (27x: Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian) wr. addir;  dir;  addir_x(|PA.GISAL.SI.A|); addir_x(|PA.GISAL.SI.A.PAD|) "quay, port; crossing, ford" Akk. kāru;  nēberu

[1]		addir
[2]		dir
[3]		addirx(|PA.GISAL.SI.A|)
[4]		addirx(|PA.GISAL.SI.A.PAD|)

4 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. quay, port (27x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur addir OB Kagal 432;  addir OB Kagal 434;  [[addir]] = = = ni-bi-rum OB Diri Nippur 341. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab 2(ban₂@c) addir ma₂-lah₄ Adab 0658 2;  [1(ban₂) addir] ma₂-lah₄ Adab 0658 5;  4(ban₂@c) addir ma₂-lah₄ Adab 0658 8.ELA/Ur III/Drehem [...]-NI lu₂ ma₂ ninda dir-ra PDT 2, 0958 o i 31.

2. crossing, ford

Akk. kāru "quay, port; bank";  nēberu "crossing, ford".

[2001] P. Steinkeller, ZA 91 70 n206.

See ETCSL: addir=ferry.

The Sumerian composite
addir [ford] contains the ideogram PAD

PAD

kurum₆

kurum [RATION].

pad (bad₂ pat pata bat₂)

pad [BREAK].

šukur₂ (šuku šukun₃ šuk šug)

šukur [RATION].

šutug

šutug [REED-HUT].

Akkadian workshop

Also: bu₁₅, kur₆, kurumma_x(PAD), pa_x(PAD), pada, paţ, šuq

The Sumerian Akkadian phonetic value kurum [RATION] is related phonetically to Akkadian kāru "quay, port; bank".

But the ideogram PAD
is in fact a composite of Sumerian U
+ GAR
= PAD

U

GAR

Hence Sumerian GAR
suggest the Semitic word kāru "quay, port; bank";

You need several ideograms to understand at least the suggestion of a single Semitic word related to the shape of a Sumerian composite where this word was used in the first place. That means we need several layered suggestions in a deep labyrinth that would allow a fluent discourse about the movement of the Semitic planet god in the sky functioning as a shepherd tending sheep [other smaller stars]. Sumerian words are not words but suggestions. Sumerian language is not a language but a labyrinth of dumped phonetic values that have been cut from Akkadian words and rearranged to create a temporary medium between humans and gods.

U

bur₃

bur [UNIT].

buru₃

(see full listing)

burud_x(U)

burud [PERFORATE].

ge₁₄

ge [BLOW].

giguru

giguru [EDGE].

puzur (buzur bur₃ buru₃)

puzur [SECRET].

šil₃

šil [EQUIPMENT].

šu₄

su [RED].

šu [BASKET] (^ĝeššu₄).

šu [TOTALITY].

šuš (šu₄)

šuš [COVER].

šuš [SIXTH].

u (un₂)

u [ABUSE].

u [EARTH].

u [FINGER].

u [GIFT].

u [HOLE].

u [TEN].

u [TOTALITY].

umun

en [LORD].

umun [BLOOD].

Akkadian workshop

Also: a₆, bar_x(U), bu₁₂, gešbur_x(U), gibiru, giburu, guru₁₂, ha₃, hu₃, ušur₅, utah_x(U), utu_x(U), 1(u).

The Sumerian verb burud [PERFORATE] has been created from the Semitic noun ^dné-bé-ru or ^MULni-bi-rum [crossing of the ford, perforation of the waters] and the name of the ford itself is made of the ideogram horn + water [penetration of the waters by sheep]

The Sumerian phonetic values gibiru, giburu, guru₁₂ are derivatives of Akkadian ni-bi-rum

The reason for this suggested relationship between the two lies behind the name of the ford where the ideogram
gibiru, giburu has been used to create a composite U
+ GAR
= PAD

GAR

gar

gar [HEAP].

ĝar

aĝarak [FLUID].

ĝar [PLACE] (ĝar^ar,^ĝa₂ĝar, ^ĝa₂ĝar^ar).

menari

menari[ADMINISTRATOR].

ni₃

(see full listing)

nig₂

(see full listing)

niĝ₂ (ni₃ nig₂ nin₆)

niĝ [THING].

ninda

ninda [BREAD].

nindan

nindan [POLE].

ša₂

(see full listing)

Akkadian workshop

Also: ga₄, gara, garak₅, inda₃, inta₃, kar₅, ku_x(GAR), mar₃, mu₈, nigi_x(GAR), nik₂, nim₅, ninni₃, niq₂, niqi_x(GAR), nita₄, qar₃, qara₃; , sa₁₅, šikin, šu₇.

Sumerian sipad  [shepherd] = SI.A.PAD [element of the ford]

What is the relationship of Sumerian sipad  [shepherd] = SI.A.PAD [element of the ford]

The answer is hidden in Semitic mythology. The Sumerian language alludes to the movements of the Jupiter [deus pater = father of the gods] who pastures the stars like sheep. This is the proof that Sumerian language was never spoken by man. You need several tablets and a dozen of secret ideograms to suggest that the name of the ford is related to the name of Jupiter, the shepherd and the crossing of the ford in the sky while stars are the sheep and Jupiter is the pastor. As you can see you need at least to learn the full story of a Semitic sky god in order to understand a single suggestion sipad  [shepherd] = SI.A.PAD [element of the ford].

That means all the ideograms involved in the explanation of the name of the shepherd and the name of the ford must be ignored. Sumerian language works in tandem with Semitic religious propaganda and individual words do not matter at all. Consequently, the reader must take into account Sumerian texts in their entirety and not Sumerian words separated from the context they belong to. Sumerian words do not exist, as a result Sumerian language is fake.

Nibiru (also transliterated Neberu, Nebiru) is a term in the Akkadian language, translating to "crossing" or "point of transition", especially of rivers, i.e. river crossings or ferry-boats. In Babylonian astronomy, Nibiru (in cuneiform spelled ^dné-bé-ru or ^MULni-bi-rum) is a term of the highest point of the ecliptic, i.e. the point of summer solstice, and its associated constellation.

As the highest point in the paths of the planets, Nibiru was considered the seat of the summus deus who pastures the stars like sheep, in Babylon identified with Marduk. The establishment of the nibiru point is described in tablet 5 of the creation epic Enûma Eliš; “When Marduk fixed the locations (manzazu) of Nibiru, Enlil and Ea in the sky". The Enuma Elish states:

Nibiru is [Marduk's] star, which he made appear in the heavens... [130-131] The stars of heaven, let him [Nibiru] set their course; let him shepherd all the gods like sheep.

This interpretation of Marduk as the ruler of the cosmos has been suggested by some authors to imply an early monotheist tendency in Babylonian religion.

Nibiru is described more closely on a complete cuneiform tablet:

Nibiru, which is said to have occupied the passageways of heaven and earth, because everyone above and below asks Nibiru if they cannot find the passage. Nibiru is Marduk's star which the gods in heaven caused to be visible. Nibiru stands as a post at the turning point. The others say of Nibiru the post: "The one who crosses the middle of the sea (Tiamat) without calm, may his name be Nibiru, for he takes up the center of it". The path of the stars of the sky should be kept unchanged.

Böhl calls the text "objectively the most difficult passage, although it has been handed down in its entirety. The Nibiru tablet does not provide any essential help for the clarification."

In the enumerations, Nibiru is mentioned at different astronomical locations in conjunction with the positions of stars and planets, mostly as the "star of Marduk", however, the various stars or planets were not subject to any fixed interpretation. For example, the "star of Ea" was described at various "revelation spots" including Vela, Fomalhaut, and Venus. Similar interpretations were made for the other "stars of the gods", so multiple celestial coordinates must be considered. Nibiru has been associated with the area of Libra: The Nibiru constellation rose in the month of Tišritum, around autumnal equinox, however Nibiru was also a name for the planet Jupiter when observed in the month of Tišritum. In the MUL.APIN, Nibiru is identified as Jupiter:

When the stars of Enlil have been finished, one big star - although its light is dim - divides the sky in half and stands there: that is, the star of Marduk (MUL ^dAMAR.UD), Nibiru (né-bé-ru), Jupiter (^MULSAG.ME.GAR); it keeps changing its position and crosses the sky.

Conversely, Tablets K.6174:9' and K.12769:6' refer to it as Mercury: "If Mercury (^MULUDU.IDIM.GU₄) divides the sky and stands there, [its name] is Nibiru."

ebāru

[Humanities → Geography]

to cross , to go across ;

See also : nēbertu *, nēburu, ebēru (1), ebar, mušēbiru, mušēbirtu

Comparison with other Semitic languages :

Hebrew : avar "to cross"

nēbertu * , nēburu : [Humanities → Geography → Rivers]  a ford , a ford crossing , a crossing place

nēbertu : [Humanities → Geography → Rivers]  the other side

nēbertu

[Humanities → Geography → Rivers]

the other side

See also : ebāru

nēburu

[Humanities → Geography → Rivers]

1) a crossing , a ford ; 2) personal name ; 3) 
 : ferrying rights ; 4) [GIŠ.MÁ.DIRI.GA : 
 ] : a ferry-boat , a wherry ;ša nēburu : a ferryman ; 5) planet Jupiter , [SAG.ME.GAR : 
 ] ? ; 6) also : the name of the North star / Polaris ? ;

See also : nēbertu *, ebāru

ebēru (1)   [BALA : 
 ]  (
 : epēru , 
 : ebāru ;)

G : 1) (river, sea, sky ...) : to cross over , to go over to the other side , to go through ; 2) (by extension) : to stretch over , to lie acros ; Š : to make to cross , to get someone / something across , to bring ;

See also : ebāru, ebar, Eber nāri, ebertu (1), ebertu (2), eberta, ebertān, ebbiru, abartu, nēberu, mušēbiru, mušēbirtu, šutēburu

ebar

[Humanities → Geography]

 : beyond , the other side of ;

Cf. ebēru (1), Eber nāri, ebertu (1), ebertu (2), eberta, ebertān, ebbiru, abartu, nēberu, mušēbiru, mušēbirtu, šutēburu

See also : ebāru, alla

elat

[Humanities → Geography]

1) beyond , over and above 2) 
 : in addition to , apart from , except [ša elat] : (adverb) additionnally , moreover , what is more

See also : ela, elaman, elat

elāniš  (also a preposition)

above , upwards

See also : elān *, elānīu *, elānu *, elānu °, elat, ela

EN.KID

Also: ellil, en-lil₂, illil, nibri, nibru.

Nēberu, Sagmegar, Šulpaea  (Sagmegar (reading uncertain - lecture incertaine -))

[Sky → Astronomy → Planets]

Jupiter

mušēbiru  (ebēru (1) Š)

[Transport]

1) 
 : that brings (someone) across ; 2) 
 : an aqueduct (?) ;

Cf. ebēru

mušēbirtu

[Transport]

 : 1) a ferry-man / a ferryman ; 2) a ferry-boat , a wherry ;

Cf. mušēbiru

See also : nēburu, elep nēberi, mušēbirtu

ubāru  [U.BAR : 
 ]

[Humanities → Geography → Countries]

1) a foreign resident / guest , an immigrant ; note : this word sounds like "Hebrew" 2) (a personal name) ; 3) 
 : (n exotic bird) ; 4) ubārūtu : (plural word) 
 : a corps of foreign soldiers , a foreign legion ;

Cf. bēl kusāpi, ubru, ubārūtu, ubartu, uburtu, wabrum, wabartum, wabrūtum

See also : ēribtu

bēl kusāpi , ubru

guest

ubārūtu

[Humanities → Geography → Countries]

immigration ;

Cf. ubāru

ubartu  (
)

[Humanities → Geography → Countries]

féminin : 1) a female foreign resident , a female alien / immigrant ; 2) 
 : a foreign princess ; 3) (a feminine personnal name) ; masculine : ubāru ;

Cf. ubārūtu, wabrum

wabrum  (
 ; 
 : oblique plural : waberē)

a stranger / foreigner , a foreign resident , an immigrant ; 
 : (personal name) : [SUḪUŠ : 
 ]

Cf. ubāru, uburtu, wabartum, wabrūtum

Variants : bru

wabartum  (
)

[Humanities → Geography → Countries]

a small Assyrian trading colony , an Assyrian trading post ;

Cf. wabrum, wabrūtum, ubāru

Nippur (Sumerian: Nibru, often logographically recorded as ������, EN.LÍL^KI, "Enlil City;"^[1] Akkadian: Nibbur) was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities.^{[citation needed]} It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god Enlil, the "Lord Wind," ruler of the cosmos subject toAn alone. Nippur was located in modern Nuffar in Afak, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq.

Nippur never enjoyed political hegemony in its own right, but its control was crucial, as it was considered capable of conferring the overall "kingship" on monarchs from other city-states. It was distinctively a sacred city, important from the possession of the famous shrine of Enlil.

According to the Tummal Chronicle, Enmebaragesi, an early ruler of Kish, was the first to build up this temple. ^[2] His influence over Nippur has also been detected archaeologically. The Chronicle lists successive early Sumerian rulers who kept up intermittent ceremonies at the temple: Aga of Kish, son of Enmebaragesi; Mesannepada of Ur; his son Meskiang-nunna; Gilgamesh of Uruk; his son Ur-Nungal; Nanni of Ur and his son Meskiang-nanna. It also indicates that the practice was revived in Neo-Sumerian times by Ur-Nammu of Ur, and continued until Ibbi-Sin appointed Enmegalana high priest in Uruk (ca. 1950 BC).

Inscriptions of Lugal-Zage-Si and Lugal-kigub-nidudu, kings of Uruk and Ur respectively, and of other early pre-non-Semitic rulers, on door-sockets and stone vases, show the veneration in which the ancient shrine was then held, and the importance attached to its possession, as giving a certain stamp of legitimacy. On their votive offerings, some of these rulers designate themselves as ensis, or governors.

Pre-Sargonic era[edit]

Originally a village of reed huts in the marshes, Nippur was especially prone to devastation by flooding or fire. For some reason, settlement persisted at the same spot, and gradually the site rose above the marshes - partly from the accumulation of debris, and partly through the efforts of the inhabitants. As the inhabitants began to develop in civilization, they substituted, at least in the case of their shrine, mud-brick buildings instead of reed huts. The earliest age of civilization, the "clay age", is marked by crude, hand-made pottery and thumb-marked bricks - flat on one side, concave on the other, gradually developing through several fairly marked stages. The exact form of the sanctuary at that period cannot be determined, but it seems to have been connected with the burning of the dead, and extensive remains of such cremation are found in all the earlier, pre-Sargonic strata. There is evidence of the succession on the site of different peoples, varying somewhat in their degrees of civilization. One stratum is marked by painted pottery of good make, similar to that found in a corresponding stratum in Susa, and resembling early Aegean pottery more closely than any later pottery found in Mesopotamia.

This people gave way in time to another, markedly inferior in the manufacture of pottery, but apparently superior as builders. In one of these earlier strata, of very great antiquity, there was discovered, in connection with the shrine, a conduit built of bricks in the form of an arch. At some point, Sumerian inscriptions began to be written on clay, in an almost linear script. The shrine at this time stood on a raised platform, and apparently contained a ziggurat.

Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods

Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the Semitic rulers of Akkad, or Agade, and numerous votive objects of Sargon, Rimush, and Naram-Sintestify to the veneration in which they also held this sanctuary. Naram-Sin rebuilt both the temple and the city walls, and in the accumulation of debris now marking the ancient site, his remains are found about half way from the top to the bottom. One of the few instances of Nippur being recorded as having its own ruler comes from a tablet depicting a revolt of several Mesopotamian cities against Naram-Sin, including Nippur under Amar-enlila. The tablet goes on to relate that Naram-Sin defeated these rebel cities in nine battles, and brought them back under his control. The Weidner tablet (ABC 19) suggests that the Akkadian Empire fell as divine retribution, because of Sargon's initiating the transfer of "holy city" status from Nippur to Babylon.

This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by an occupation during the third dynasty of Ur, and the constructions of Ur-Nammu, the great builder of temples, are superimposed immediately upon those of Naram-Sin. Ur-Nammu gave the temple its final characteristic form. Partly razing the constructions of his predecessors, he erected a terrace of bricks, some 12 m high, covering a space of about 32,000 m². Near the northwestern edge, towards the western corner, he built a ziggurat of three stages of dry brick, faced with kiln-fired bricks laid in bitumen. On the summit stood, as at Ur and Eridu, a small chamber, the special shrine or abode of the god. Access to the stages of the ziggurat, from the court beneath, was by an inclined plane on the south-east side. To the north-east of the ziggurat stood, apparently, the House of Bel, and in the courts below the ziggurat stood various other buildings, shrines, treasure chambers, and the like. The whole structure was oriented with the corners toward the cardinal points of the compass.

Ur-Nammu also rebuilt the walls of the city on the line of Naram-Sin's walls. The restoration of the general features of the temple of this, and the immediately succeeding periods, has been greatly facilitated by the discovery of a sketch map on a fragment of a clay tablet. This sketch map represents a quarter of the city to the east of the Shatt-en-Nil canal. This quarter was enclosed within its own walls, a city within a city, forming an irregular square, with sides roughly 820 m long, separated from the other quarters, and from the country to the north and east, by canals on all sides, with broad quays along the walls. A smaller canal divided this quarter of the city itself into two parts. In the south-eastern part, in the middle of its southeast side, stood the temple, while in the northwest part, along the Shatt-en-Nil, two great storehouses are indicated. The temple proper, according to this plan, consisted of an outer and inner court, each covering approximately 8 acres (32,000 m²), surrounded by double walls, with a ziggurat on the north-western edge of the latter.

The temple continued to be built upon or rebuilt by kings of various succeeding dynasties, as shown by bricks and votive objects bearing the inscriptions of the kings of various dynasties of Ur and Isin. It seems to have suffered severely in some manner at or about the time the Elamites invaded, as shown by broken fragments of statuary, votive vases and the like, from that period. At the same time it seems to have won recognition from the Elamite conquerors, so that Rim-Sin I, the Elamite king of Larsa, styles himself "shepherd of the land of Nippur." With the establishment of the Babylonian empire, underHammurabi, early in the 2nd millennium BC, the religious as well as the political centre of influence was transferred to Babylon, Marduk became lord of the pantheon, many of Enlil's attributes were transferred to him, and Ekur, Enlil's temple, was to some extent neglected.

Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Ekur was restored once more to its former splendour, several monarchs of that dynasty built upon and adorned it, and thousands of inscriptions, dating from the time of those rulers, have been discovered in its archives. After the middle of the 12th century BC follows another long period of comparative neglect, but with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian king Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, we meet again with building inscriptions, and under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m. After the fall of the Neo Assyrian Empire Ekur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress. Huge walls were erected at the edges of the ancient terrace, the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets, and the ziggurat itself was curiously built over in a cruciform shape, and converted into an acropolis for the fortress. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the Parthian period, about AD 250; but under the succeeding rule of the Sassanids it in its turn fell into decay, and the ancient sanctuary became, to a considerable extent, a mere place of sepulture, only a small village of mud huts huddled about the ancient ziggurat continuing to be inhabited. It appears that the city was the seat of an Assyrian Church of the East Christian bishopric as late as the 8th century AD.

Nippur was situated on both sides of the Shatt-en-Nil canal, one of the earliest courses of the Euphrates, between the present bed of that river and the Tigris, almost 160 km southeast of Baghdad. It is represented by the great complex of ruin mounds known to the Arabs as Nuffar, written by the earlier explorers Niffer, divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs Bint el-Amiror"prince's daughter."

Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851. ^[3] Full scale digging was begun by an expedition from the University of Pennsylvania. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900 and was led by John Punnett Peters, John Henry Haynes, and Hermann Volrath Hilprecht. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

Nippur was excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990 by a team from the Oriental Institute of Chicago, joined at times by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and the American Schools of Oriental Research. ^{[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]}

As at Tello, so at Nippur, the clay archives of the temple were found not in the temple proper, but on an outlying mound. South-eastward of the temple quarter, without the walls above described, and separated from it by a large basin connected with the Shatt-en-Nil, lay a triangular mound, about 7.5 m in average height and 52.000 m² in extent. In this were found large numbers of inscribed clay tablets (it is estimated that upward of 40,000 tablets and fragments have been excavated in this mound alone), dating from the middle of the 3rd millennium BC onward into the Persian period, partly temple archives, partly school exercises and text-books, partly mathematical tables, with a considerable number of documents of a more distinctly literary character.^{[citation needed]} For an account of one of the most interesting fragments of a literary or religious character, found at Nippur, see below.

Almost directly opposite the temple, a large palace was excavated, apparently of the Seleucid period, and in this neighborhood and further southward on these mounds large numbers of inscribed tablets of various periods, including temple archives of the Kassite and commercial archives of the Persian period, were excavated. The latter, the "books and papers" of the house of Murashu, commercial agents of the government, throw light on the condition of the city and the administration of the country in the Persian period, the 5th century BC. The former give us a very good idea of the administration of an ancient temple. The whole city of Nippur appears to have been at that time merely an appanage of the temple. The temple itself was a great landowner, possessed of both farms and pasture land. Its tenants were obliged to render careful accounts of their administration of the property entrusted to their care, which were preserved in the archives of the temple. We have also from these archives lists of goods contained in the temple treasuries and salary lists of temple officials, on tablet forms specially prepared and marked off for periods of a year or less.^{[citation needed]}

On the upper surface of these mounds was found a considerable Jewish town, dating from about the beginning of the Arabic period onward to the 20th century AD, in the houses of which were large numbers of incantation bowls. Jewish names, appearing in the Persian documents discovered at Nippur, show, however, that Jewish settlement at that city dates in fact from a much earlier period.^{[citation needed]}

Why did Akkadians call the sky god as EN.KID
= ellil, en-lil₂, illil, nibri, nibru.

KID

buru₆

buru [BIRD] (buru₆^mušen).

gi₂

(see full listing)

kid (gid git kit)

kid [MAT] (^gikid).

lil₂ (lila₂ lel₂)

lil [FOOL] (^lu₂lil₂).

lil [GHOST].

lil [ILL].

sah (šah₃)

sah [MAT].

Full listing.

Also: bur₆, ge₂, gub₅, gup₅, ke₄, ki₄, kiţ, kub₄, kup₄, muru₁₂, qi₅, qid, qit, sih₂, suh₄, ših₂, şah₂.

Enki = EA was the god who communicated with humans standing behind a mat of reeds. That is how Semitic priests arranged an alleged consersation between god and man. This mock dialogue was conducted using an artificial tongue = Sumerian. The god at this point was named EN.KID = lord of the reed mat

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