INTRODUCTION TO VERBS There are two classes of verbs in English: THE AUXILIARY VERBS (czasowniki pomocnicze): to be, to have, to do modals: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would to need, to dare, to use OTHER VERBS: to work, to sing, to pray Modal verb have not final “s” in the third person singular: I must, He must... and they cannot be used in the continuous tenses. STATE VERBS are verbs which describe a state rather than an action and therefore do not normally have continuous tenses. Verbs expressing feelings and emotions: admire, adore, appreciate, care for, desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, like, loathe, love, mind, respect, value, want, wish. e.g. I always admire you. I adore her. Living in the city has taught me to appreciate the differences between people. I cared for his cat when he was away. She desire to be alone. He detested living in the city. She values the time she spends with her family. Verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe, look, taste. e.g. I feel very tired. Jim must be at home. I can see his car parked outside. It smells lovely. It's like roses! The food tasted delicious. Verbs of mental activity: agree, appreciate (= understand), assume, believe, expect, feel (= think), feel sure/ certain, forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall, recognize, recollect, remember, see (= understand), see through someone (= penetrate his attempt to deceive), suppose, think (= have an opinion), trust (= believe/ have confidence in), understand. e.g. I expect they will be late. I think he is lying. Verbs of possession: belong, owe, own, posses. e.g. Do dolphins possess the ability to use language? The auxiliaries (except “be” and “have”). Some other verbs such as: appear (= seem), concern, consist, contain, hold (= contain), matter, seem, signify, sound (= seem/ appear) e.g. Her illness concern us. Happiness consist in being satisfied with what you have. The room was barely big enough to contain everyone who come to the meeting. It doesn't matter how old are you. He gave her a diamond ring to signify his love.

Some of the above verbs are used in continuous tenses when they describe actions and not states. STATE VERBS ACTION VERBS Don't you feel the house shaking? (= sense) I feel that you are wrong. (=think ) The water feels cold. (= is used as link verbs) He was feeling for the key hole in the dark. (= touch or try to find sth) I look on getting new job. (= consider) He looks up to his older brother. (= respect) He looks down on people who are not agree with him. (= despise) That cake looks good. (= is used as link verbs) It looks as they've finished the job. (= appears) Jane was looking at magazines while she waited.(= is directing her eyes) He is looking for his glasses. (= search) We are looking into the cause of the fire. (= investigate) He is looking out for his child. (= watch) The crowd is looking on as the two man fought. (= watch/ observe) The perfume smells nice. (= perceive a scent/ an odour) He is smelling the milk. (= sniff at) The food tastes delicious. (=has a delicious flavour) He was tasting the pudding to see if it was sweet enough. (= test the flavour of) I see what you mean. (= understand) I'm seeing my doctor tomorrow. (= meet) Tom is seeing the town. (= visit) see about = make an arrangement, enquiries see to = arrange, deal with see sb out = escort (sb to the door) see sb home/ see sb off = say goodbye at the departing traveller Suddenly, she heard the voice outside. (= sense) The court is hearing the evidence this afternoon. (= listen formally to) I'll been hearing all about your accident. (= receive news/ letters - only in present perfect and future continuous) What do you think of it. (= opinion asked for) I think he is lying. (= believe) What are you thinking about? I'm thinking about play we saw last night. (= consider) Don't assume that she doesn't like you; ask her. I'm assuming that you have a enough time to do a lot of research. (= accept as a starting point) The new government is assuming power at once. (= power/ control of a country) I don't expect anything from you.(= anticipate) I'm expecting a letter. (= await)

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