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@5EC3>;L=8:. !<. AE5<C ! 1.(A. 88). =0AB@>8B 53> =0 0=0;87 A2>59 45OB5;L=>-
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@07CNB G5BK@5EC3>;L=8:, 2 :>B>@K9 2E>- CG8B5;O >@C485< :>=B@>;O, 8A?>;L7C5<K<
4OB >?5@0F88, >15A?5G820NI85 @50;870- 8< 4;O >F5=:8 :>=:@5B=KE <5B>48G5A:8E
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A>:>3> ?>@O4:0. 7;0305<0O =0<8 A8AB5<0 <5AB5 A MB8< A8AB5<0 <5B>48G5A:8E
<5B>48G5A:8E ?@8=F8?>2 =5 :>=AB0=B=0 ?@8=F8?>2 1K;0 1K =5?>;=>9, 5A;8 1K =5
2> 2@5<5=8, 55 1C4CB 87<5=OBL =>2K5 >?5- 1K;> A:070=> > ?5@52>45 :0: A@54AB25
@0F88, ?>;>65=8O, :>B>@K5 218@0NBAO 2 >1CG5=8O. I5 2 1963 3>4C 8 70B5< 2 1974
A51O 8 @50;87CNBAO 2 CG51=>< ?@>F5AA5 3. <K >B<5G0;8, GB> CG51=K9 ?5@52>4 =5-
A>>1@07=> <5B>48G5A:8< ?@8=F8?0<. 871565= B>;L:> ?@8 A5<0=B870F88 01AB-
>7<>6=> B0:65 A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 A0- @0:B=KE A;>2 8;8 ?@8 :>=B@>;5 ?>=8<0-
<8E <5B>48G5A:8E ?@8=F8?>2 (20@80=B ! =8O, 5A;8 2A5 4@C385 A@54AB20 <5=55 MD-
2). D5:B82=K. (2, A. 243) .. 0AA>2 2KABC-
"0:, <5B>48G5A:89 ?@8=F8? CAB=>9 ?05B 70 >4=>O7KG=>ABL C?@06=5=89, B.:.
>A=>2K >1CG5=8O <>3 1K 4>?>;=8BLAO 8 AB@0ABL : ?5@52>4C, AG8B05B >=, =5 >ABK;0
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@8=F8? D>@<8@>20=8O =>2>9 A8AB5- B5;L=>ABL - MB> A>7=0B5;L=>5 A>?>AB02;5-
<K >B@065=8O >1J5:B82=>9 459AB28B5;L- =85 A @>4=K< O7K:><, B.5. ?5@52>4 8 B.?.
=>AB8 G5@57 D>@<K 8=>AB@0==>3> O7K:0, (5, A. 60-61). .. !B0@:>2 B0:65 >3@0=8-
<KH;5=8O <>3 1K A>E@0=8BL MBC @540:- G8205B ?@8<5=5=85 ?5@52>40, :>B>@K9 4>-
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5B>48G5A:85 ?@8=F8?K: 0) >1CG5=85 22545=8O 8 :>=B@>;O ?>=8<0=8O =5 MD-
;5:A8:5 G5@57 ?@54;>65=8O <>45;8 (@5G5- D5:B82=K 8;8 B@51CNB 1>;LH>9 70B@0BK
2K5 >1@07FK) 8 1) >2;045=85 3@0<<0B8G5- 2@5<5=8 =0 C@>:5 (6, A. 18). !.$. (0B8;>2
A:8< AB@>5< G5@57 B8?>2>5 ?@54;>65=85, AG8B05B, GB>  @>4=>9 O7K: (G8B09B5 ?5@5-
C:07K20NI85 >10 =0 CA2>5=85 G5@57 ?@54- 2>4, - ..) <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= :0:
;>65=85, <>3;8 1K 1KBL >1J548=5=K 2
91
.. 545;L. 5B>4K >1CG5=8O 8=>AB@0==K< O7K:0< 8 8E <5B>4>;>38G5A:0O >A=>20
A@54AB2> A5<0=B870F88, 5A;8 4@C385 A@54- A8E>;>38O 8 >A=>20 <5B>48:8 ?@5-
AB20 =5 MDD5:B82=K (7, A. 207). ?>4020=8O 8=>AB@0==KE O7K:>2.  >-
@>=56, 1974.
5@52>4 :0: A@54AB2> >1CG5=8O >B25@-
8<=OO .. A8E>;>38G5A:85 0A?5:-
305BAO 2A5<8, >?8A02H8<8 459AB2CNI85
BK >1CG5=8O 3>2>@5=8N =0 8=>AB@0==><
A53>4=O <5B>4K >1CG5=8O 8=>AB@0==K<
O7K:5. - ., 1978.
O7K:0<. B0:, ?5@52>4 8<55B >B=>H5=85 :
@052A:89 .. @>1;5<K =0CG=>3>
A8AB5<5 <5B>48G5A:8E ?@8=F8?>2. K
>1>A=>20=8O >1CG5=8O (<5B>48G5A:89
=07K205< ?@8<5=5=85 ?5@52>40 2 2845
0=0;87). - ., 1978.
A@54AB20 >1CG5=8O >B@8F0B5;L=K< ?@8=-
0AA>2 .. ><<C=8:0B82=K9 <5B>4
F8?><, :>B>@K9 =57028A8<> >B =0H59 2>-
>1CG5=8O 8=>O7KG=><C 3>2>@5=8N. .,
;8 8<55B >B=>H5=85 : A8AB5<5 <5B>48G5-
1985.
A:8E ?@8=F8?>2 <5B>48:8 >1CG5=8O 8=>-
A=>2K <5B>48:8 >1CG5=8O 8=>-
AB@0==K< O7K:0<.
AB@0==K< O7K:0<. ., 1977.
!! " "# +
!B0@:>2 .. 1CG5=85 0=3;89A:><C
8< .. 5B>48:0 >1CG5=8O 8=>-
O7K:C 2 A@54=59 H:>;5. ., 1978.
AB@0==K< O7K:0< :0: =0C:0 8 ?@>1;5<K
(0B8;>2 !.$. 5B>48:0 >1CG5=8O
H:>;L=>3> CG51=8:0. - ., 1978.
8=>AB@0==><C O7K:C 2 A@54=59 H:>;5. .,
545;L ..  2>?@>AC > =0CG=KE >A-
1986.
=>20E <5B>40 >1CG5=8O // =>AB@0==K5
@>3@0<<K A@54=59 H:>;K (8=>-
O7K:8 2 H:>;5.  1963. - !3
AB@0==K5 O7K:8) 1980, 1984,1986, 1994.


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