1.

Linking -r

2.

Stress assignment in words:

a.

Two-syllable words:

i.

Nouns and adjectives are usu. stressed on the first syllable.

ii.

Verbs are usu. stressed on the final syllable.

b.

Multi-syllable compounds:

i.

– ion takes the stress on the preceding syllable: oc’casion, pa’vilion,

pro’motion

– exception: cation [‘kœtaI´n], anion [‘œnaI´n]

ii.

– ic(al) takes the stress on the preceding syllable: fa’natic, eco’nomical

– exceptions: ‘catholic, ‘heretic, ‘lunatic, ‘Arabic, a’rithmetic, ‘rhetoric

iii.

Other suffixes that take a stress on the syllable immediately preceding

are: - ian, -ial, -cient, -ious, -eous, -ual, -uous, -ity, -ety, -itoud,
-itive, -itude, -itant, -ible, -ish;

iv.

Verbs which consist of three syllables or more and end at –ate, -fy, -ize

-phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -al, have stress on the third syllable from the end:
‘agitate, ap’preciate, per’sonify, a’pologize;
– exceptions are: ‘regularize, ‘characterize, ‘hospitalize

3.

Stress assignment in multi-word compounds:

a.

Two-element compound is usually stressed with early stress, i.e. its first

element has more stress than its second: ‘bedtime, ‘music lesson

b.

Two- word phrase is typically pronounced with late stress: next ‘time, several

‘books.

c.

Sometimes a compound has different meaning than the phrase: a darkroom, a

greenhouse.

d.

Some expressions which are grammatically compounds, are nevertheless

pronounced with late stress. THERE IS NO FIX RULE!!!

i.

One group of expression of this type are those where the first element

names the material or ingredient out of which the thing is made: a
rubber ‘duck, cheese ‘sandwiches.

e.

Words: cake, juice, water and street always take early stress: a cheese

‘sandwich but a ‘cheese cake; an apple ‘crumple but ‘apple juice,

f.

Three-element compounds and phrases are often (but by no means always!!)

stressed on the first and the last component: ‘hot roast ‘beef, a ‘very good
‘thing, we ‘can’t get ‘out.