Warfare between Henry I and Robert Curthose, according to

Wace

From: The Roman de Rou

Translated by Glyn S. Burgess

Published by

Société Jersiaise

Following the death of William Rufus in 1100, his younger brother Henry took the English

crown, spurning the claim of his elder brother, Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy. This led

to tensions between the two brothers and several times England and Normandy almost went

to war. But no major outbreak of violence took place until 1105, when Henry I invaded

Normandy. In the following year Henry was able to defeat and capture his brother at the

Battle of Tinchebrai (or Tinchebray), which took place on September 28, 1106. One of the

medieval accounts about this war comes from The Roman de Rou, by Wace. The author was

a prebend and scholar from Normandy, who was commissioned by Henry II in the 1160s to

write a chronicle in verse of the dukes of Normandy. The account is not finished, cutting off

just after the battle of Tinchebrai, perhaps because Wace had fallen out of favour of the

English king. The portion translated below from this chronicle seems is one of the most

detailed accounts of the fighting that took place, and may have been based on some local

sources. The bracketed numbers indicated the lines of the verse chronicle.

So there suddenly began the war which could not be ended peacefully until the duke was

captured and the king had won a complete victory. Through traitors and slanderers, flatterers

and deceivers — may they take a dreadful tumble! — the king's and the duke's anger

increased. There was a great deal of coming and going and they spoke ill of each other, not

caring about any losses, providing each of them did what he liked. The king put his trust in

money, which he had in abundance; he crossed over to Normandy and, having a large quantity

of money, took a large number of men with him. The lords of the Cotentin received him and

were delighted by his arrival. With great barrels and carts he had the money carried with him;

to chastelains and barons, who had towers and fortified dwellings, and to good warriors and

marquises, he gave so much and promised so much that they abandoned Duke Robert and

waged war on the king's side. Even those who held lands from the duke and owed him fealty

left the duke in favour of the king, abandoning their true lord. Suddenly the land was in great

fear and people were very much afraid. The war was great and they were dismayed. They

took everything to the cemeteries, leaving nothing in their houses for robbers and thieves. The

king had a large amount of sterlings and he summoned the men from Le Mans and Anjou and

the Bretons who were supporting him, and they came willingly at the prospect of gain.

However many mercenaries came, there were not too many to prevent the king from retaining

them all; no one who maintained his period of service failed to be rewarded with provisions.

(10839-82)

The duke had scarcely any money, for he was spending it freely. His revenues were

soon completely exhausted and his feudal aid used up; with all this spending and giving there

was no chance of their flourishing. He had his castles rebuilt, the walls repaired and

strengthened, brattices and battlements constructed and trenches made in front of castles. At

Caen he built a trench which can still be pointed out, stretching from Rue d'Esmeisine to Porte

Milet; part of the Orne flows there, where the tide comes in and out. When the duke had

mercenaries, he paid them well when he could, and when he could not pay them and did not

dare anger them, for they were quick to go over to the king's side and fight with the king, he

had his burgesses brought and handed them over to the mercenaries in due form, this one for

twenty pounds, that one for a hundred, this one for thirty, that one for forty, this one for fifty

or sixty. The burgesses did not dare serve him and he was hated by many of them. They

diverted their possessions and property to abbeys and they themselves fled there, not daring to

wait for him in the burgs; for this reason many men failed the duke. When news of this came

to him, he said at once:

'Let us forget this! We cannot fight everyone. Let them come, let them go! We cannot

retain everyone.' He was not very prudent and indeed was very negligent; people had

considered him to be negligent since his return from the Holy Land. Negligence seems like

cowardice and many people admonished him for it, but in spite of being thoroughly

admonished he showed no improvement. When the duke had nothing to give, being either

unable to give or not wanting to do so, he evaded any difficulty with promises; he promised

much and gave little. Gonthier, who is said to be from Aunay, was on the duke's side against

the king; he was a knight of great nobility and supported the duke in good faith. Gonthier was

in charge of the large number of troops and performed many great acts of chivalry. He

distributed provisions and it was through him that the duke gave gifts; he was warden of Caen

and Bayeux and often went from the one to the other. (10883-944)

In front of Bayeux, at Saint-Joire — as the man who knows the story states — there

took place at that time an encounter between knights from the region, who were staying in

Bayeux, and the king's men who were waiting there. The town was in a state of great

agitation; the king's men had attacked it and there were many good knights there, with

infantrymen and archers above the ditches. Neither side showed any pity for the other and

many inhabitants left the city. The king had a mercenary by the name of Brun, a recently

dubbed knight who had come from a far-off land to acquire fame and perform acts of

chivalry. He possessed the very finest equipment and his weapons were of superb quality.

There was not a single man at court whose accoutrements matched those of Brun; on his horse

he sat nobly and very richly attired. He was attached to his saddle with tight bindings round

his thighs; he could not have received a blow powerful enough to dislodge him from the

saddle. He raised his lance, took his shield, spurred his horse and entered the battlefield; his

horse galloped along and Brun was quite clearly seeking a joust. Robert of Argences had

arrived; he had come from Bayeux and was sitting on his horse, well armed and well prepared

to joust. He saw Brun on the other side, intent on jousting; with his lance raised he took his

shield, very desirous of a joust. The knights, who were on the field and had caught sight of the

two vassals who had taken the field in order to joust and were clearly seeking a joust, cleared

the area so that they could joust; they issued orders to the archers and the infantrymen not to

do any harm and remain at peace, in spite of anything they may witness. The area was cleared

and no one did any harm there. (10945-96)

When the area was cleared and the joust arranged, the knights who were to joust came

to a standstill, at the far end of the battlefield. On their swiftly-moving horses they soon

launched themselves at each other; one rode towards the other, spurring his horse and letting

go his reins. They held their shields in front of their chests and came together with lances

raised, attacking each other with such great violence that they could be seen from all sides.

Lord Brun struck Robert so forcibly that he deprived him of his shield, dislodging it from

around his neck and knocking him to one side. But Robert stayed firm in his stirrups, raised

himself upright with a great show of strength and hit Brun with such power on his saddle-

bows, in front of his shield, that he split them in two and transfixed him on the saddle-bows

behind; he could not be knocked down on to the ground, for he was hanging by his thighs.

Brun fainted on his horse, but turned his head downwards. People came running from all sides

and took hold of Brun, who was hanging down; they detached him from the saddle and laid

him down on the ground. His soul departed; it could no longer remain. You would have heard

a great deal of weeping and grieving. Those from the towns and the burgs came running up

from all sides, lamenting greatly and weeping profusely, mourning Brun's beauty. Some

grieved and wept for him profusely; others, who had never before seen him or known

anything about him, mourned him. Men-at-arms, whose duty it was to serve him and who

were from his country, cried out and grieved a great deal, saying around the body:

'O Brun, Lord Brun, noble baron Brun! We have very good reason to weep for you!

We will never return to our own country, since we cannot take you back. Who would dare tell

your friends that you have been killed? We ought to die for you, but you cannot be saved by

us.' They grieved and lamented greatly, then took the body away from there. Because of

Brun's death, they departed and abandoned the field on both sides; no further harm was done

that day and there was no more jousting or shooting of arrows. The king conceived a hatred

for Robert, as if he had intended to kill him, and he did not dare remain in Normandy. But

when the war was over, he returned to Apulia with his equipment, to acquaintances he had

there. (10997-11060)

For a long time the inhabitants of Bayeux defended themselves very stoutly, not

wanting to surrender to the king; he could not take them by force. Gonthier, who was their

constable, a brave and valiant knight, rode throughout the region, bringing prisoners and

booty which greatly assisted the town. He spent lavishly and gave away a large amount of

money, getting and giving a great deal of credit and borrowing and disbursing a great deal.

Robert, who is said to have been the son of Haimo — he was regarded as a noble baron —

and who held the honour of Torigny with extensive lands around Creully, had quarrelled with

his lord the duke and gone over to King Henry. He was seized one morning in Secqueville-en-

Bessin when in the process of capturing the Bessin and taking the entire country. The duke's

household knights heard this and forced their way into Secqueville; the men from Caen came

up swiftly and those from Bayeux were very soon there. Robert entered the church, climbing

up as far as the bell-tower, but he could not stay up there long; whether he liked it or not, he

had to come down, for fire was brought there which set the church alight. So, because of the

fire, he came down and surrendered to those from Bayeux. Robert was captured, well guarded

and taken to Bayeux. The knaves who were taking him could scarcely be prevented from

threatening and striking him; they frequently called out: 'The rope, the rope for the traitor who

has abandoned his rightful lord!' (11061-102)

The king, who was very displeased, saw that Bayeux was holding out for so long;

because of Bayeux he was losing Caen and all the advantage gained from the Bessin, for a

large number of troops, who were an obstacle to them, were in Bayeux. From Le Mans he

summoned Count Helias, who brought many barons and was very keen to serve the king; he

came with great eagerness. The king and the count assembled and went to Bayeux together,

where they set light to the burg. Then you would have seen flames leaping high, chapels and

churches burning, houses and food-stores toppling, as well as the episcopal church, in which

there were many wealthy clergy; the church was entirely destroyed and its precious

possessions taken outside. Count Helias gained great fame from this and performed many acts

of chivalry there. The men from Le Mans, who were with him, took away whatever they

found; many things were carried away and the king gave them a large part of them. In this

way the king had possession of the city and power over the area; he left nothing as far as Caen

and the war grew and became more violent. The duke could not recover anything or return to

Bayeux. No one could remain between Bayeux and Caen; the peasants did not dare till the

land, join their oxen together or plough the fields and the merchants did not dare go about the

town or transport their merchandise. There was war throughout the land, each one wanting to

overcome the other. The king was strong and the duke was strong. The war lasted for six

years or more before peace could be had there; they were men of great power. I do not wish to

relate the adventures, often good and often harsh, which befell the king, the duke and the

households they ruled as long as the war lasted. One man lost who later won. This happens in

warfare; one man loses today who wins tomorrow. You are well aware that fortune is not

always equal for all men; a man who was down can come up again. Things are not the same

for all or constant for all. Because of the gifts he gave, the king had most of the knights and

the best of the barons with him; they abandoned the duke for the king. (11103-62)

The king had in his prison a knight by the name of Thierry. His family was from Caen

and he was born in Caen, the son of Ralph FitzOgier. His relatives had loved him very dearly.

He was a knight of great courage with many wounds on his face; he was bold, as was evident

from the great injuries he had received. This Thierry and many more men, the finest in Caen,

had been captured by Robert the Old of Saint-Rémy at Cagny in the Hiémois. They were

travelling from Argences to Caen with the intention of going to Caen, but this Robert, who

was cunning, was lying in wait for them and brought them to a halt. He had assembled his

friends and knights from his region and was pretending to go hunting in order to lie in wait for

the men from Caen. When he saw the opportunity, he lay in wait for them and captured them

all; none of them escaped. It was easy to capture them; they could not defend themselves as

they had insufficient knights and were not riding their warhorses. Thierry fought stoutly and

defended himself for a long time, but because of the wounds to his face he was knocked down

and captured. When Robert of Saint-Rémy had taken his booty as he pleased, he prepared his

prisoners and bound them over by oath not to escape. He took them all to Torigny, not

wanting to go to Saint-Rémy. He sold and handed over his prisoners to Robert FitzHaimo,

who at that time was of great renown; he bought them very willingly. By way of agreement,

in this first instance, he gave him the whole of Charbonière and granted him other lands and

fiefs in a number of places. Robert FitzHaimo thought that, if he could, he would promote his

own cause thanks to the prisoners. He sent a messenger at once to Domfront, informing the

king, who was there, that he should come to him without delay, for he thought he could

advance his cause greatly. (11163-214).

The king mounted his horse at once, as soon as he heard the summons, and found

Robert at Yvrandes, the place to which he had summoned him. Yvrande is in a hermitage,

surrounded by a great wood called the Lande Pourrie; the church is dedicated to the Virgin

Mary. Robert met the king, spoke to him in secret and told him what had happened. The king

was pleased and greatly cheered by the prisoners Robert had bought; they were powerful men,

born in Caen, whom the lord of Saint-Rémy had captured and placed under his protection.

Through these men he could have Caen, if he conducted himself sensibly. The king then

granted Robert FitzHaimo the wardenship of Caen as a fief, for himself for all time and for his

heir, as soon as he could get possession of it; he also gave him other revenues which Robert

had asked of him. The king cherished Robert greatly and Robert served him well; he had

abandoned the duke in favour of him, as a result of which he had a very bad reputation.

(11215-42)

Why should I tell you any more about this, or dwell on it any longer? Discussion

continued, but it was kept between them, until a conclusion was reached concerning an

agreement about the king and the prisoners, that the king would hand over the prisoners,

declare them entirely free and make them rich men, giving them lands and possessions; the

prisoners would hand over Caen and receive the king within it. In order to conceal this

discussion, so that no one could create an obstacle for them in this matter, the prisoners

provided hostages, sons and nephews from their lineage, in order to pay off their ransoms, for

he had made them swear this. Through ruse and cunning, and the enemies' machinations, the

ransoms were fixed, established and guaranteed by hostages. In order to deceive the common

people, so that nothing would be known about all this, they pretended to obtain what was

necessary and pay their ransoms; for if the poor people had known that things were going to

turn out this way, the king would never have had Caen without a great struggle. But through

Thierry and Ralph, through Nicholas and Aiulf and through their rich families, which had

many members, and through their near neighbours, who were captured over towards

Argences, this plan was hatched and concealed from the poor. Many men, whose names I

cannot tell you, and I do not wish to write down lies, were involved in this affair and

consented to what happened. Covetousness is an evil thing and many evil things stem from it;

it is the root of sin and all evils are begun because of it. Through the promises made by the

king, who promised lands to many men, and in order to free their friends, whom they could

not redeem, and because they repeatedly saw that the barons were abandoning the duke, the

inhabitants of Caen let the duke down and went over to King Henry. (11243-96)

At that time there was a garden in Caen, near the church of Saint Martin, between the

church and the wall next to Porte Arthur; there the gathering took place and the decision was

agreed upon to withdraw support from Duke Robert. You can now hear what is clearly a

miracle! For never since this meeting — I can say this in truth — has the garden borne fruit;

it has produced neither apples nor any other fruit. The duke realised and saw quickly, and was

quickly advised and told, how the occupants of Caen were withdrawing their support from

him and would surrender Caen to the king. He was advised to depart before worse harm came

to him, for the king's men, who were on their way to the Bessin, were close by. The duke was
very much afraid of the burgesses and made his way to the Hiémois; he went though Porte

Milet with the numerous household knights he was leading. A gate-keeper, by the name of

Taisson — I do not know if he had any other name — encountered a chamberlain and robbed

him of a bag; the duke moved forward, not wanting to go back for such matters. I do not know

whether he later returned it to him, but I do know he took it from him. The rascals who saw

what Taisson had done did the same and robbed the squires, knocking them down and

manhandling them. The crowd kept going and did not look back; the duke kept going, never

to return there. (11297-336)

The war was great and the anger great — but I cannot relate or tell everything —

between King Henry and his brother, born of one father and one mother. The king possessed

very great power and he had more men and more money from England, which he ruled in

peace; thus he did as he pleased. Why should I go on with this tale? The king continued

fighting, taking castles and towns by force and providing gifts from his wealth, until he

besieged Tinchebray and set up his siege around it in opposition to the Count of Mortain, who

was not far from there. The count and the duke came together and summoned all their good

neighbours; they wanted to help the castle and rescue all the equipment inside, but at their

time of need they let the duke down and left him on bad terms, because of the promises made

and the fiefs granted to a large number of men. The duke put his trust in what was rightfully

his and in the men he expected to have on his side; with all the men he brought with him he

thought he could get the siege lifted. The battle was soon joined, but it did not last long. Those

who came attacked well and the besiegers held out well; scarcely any men were killed. The

duke was soon laid low and captured, and with him the Count of Mortain; they were both

captured in the battle. The duke was captured and the count was captured; neither of them was

rescued by their own men. Many men who held fiefs from them and who should have been

with them, abandoned their lord at this time of need; as a result of their shameful actions, they

received rewards from the king, for which they were severely reproached. (11337-80)

The king had the duke and the count in his power, whoever might be honoured or

shamed thereby. He acts very shamefully, no one could do worse, who betrays his liege lord.

No man, for any reason, should fail his earthly lord; he should protect his life and limb and

uphold his earthly honour. He who abandoned his lord did wrong; the duke was captured and

the count with him. The lord of Bellême departed; he received no blow and gave no blow. He

left with his troops, with neither loss nor gain. The king had his prisoners, the duke and the

count, sent across the Channel; no one could bring about a reconciliation with him and they

could not escape. Throughout Normandy he commanded that nothing should be removed or

taken away; they should go in peace and come in peace and, as they had held lands, so they

should continue to do so. Let him whose felony has been proved be destroyed and

dismembered. The prisoners, who were transported across the Channel, were well looked

after. Robert, Count of Gloucester, who was the bastard son of the king, held the duke in

Cardiff in Wales, as long as he lived; he died in Cardiff in Wales, in the prison where he lay

for a long time. From Cardiff his body was carried to Gloucester and buried. The Count of

Mortain lived in King Henry's prison until the death of King Henry, who reigned for thirty-

seven years. (11381-418)

Taken, with the permission of the translator, Glyn S. Burgess, and of Roger Long, Chairman
of the Publications Committee, Société Jersiaise, from Wace, The Roman de Rou, Translated
by Glyn S. Burgess with the Text of Anthony J. Holden and Notes by Glyn S. Burgess and
Elisabeth van Houts, Société Jersiaise, 2002, ISBN 0 901897 33 7 (Special Edition), 0 901897
34 5 (Standard Edition).

http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/wace.htm