An Elementary Esperanto Primer
Daniel M. Albro
la 10a de januaro, 1993
ENHAVOJ
1
Enhavoj
1
La Familio
5
1.1
Pronunciation
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5
1.1.1
Consonants
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5
1.1.2
Vowels
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5
1.1.3
Accent
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6
1.1.4
More Notes
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6
1.1.5
The Alphabet
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6
1.1.6
Ekzerco
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6
1.2
Gramatiko
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7
1.2.1
Sufiksoj
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7
1.2.2
Prefiksoj
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7
1.2.3
Articles
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8
1.2.4
The Conjugation of Verbs in the Present Tense
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8
1.2.5
Vocabulary
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8
1.2.6
Exercises
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8
1.2.7
Adjectives
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9
1.2.8
Questions
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9
1.2.9
Vocabulary
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10
1.2.10 Exercises
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10
2
La Familio Frogmorton
11
2.1
Personal Pronouns
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11
2.2
The Possessive
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11
2.3
More Suffixes
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11
2.4
Pejorative Affixes
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11
2.5
Tenses other than the present
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12
2.6
Non-affirmation questions
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12
2.7
The Accusative
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12
2.7.1
Exercises
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13
3
La Mondo
15
3.1
Prepositions
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15
3.1.1
Indirect Objects
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15
3.2
Various and Sundry Uses for the Accusative
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15
3.2.1
Elliptical Usage
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16
3.2.2
Time
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16
3.2.3
Motion towards
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18
3.2.4
Motion from
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19
3.3
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
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19
3.3.1
Transitivization
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20
3.3.2
Intransitivization
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20
3.4
Suffixes of Place, and Geography
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20
3.4.1
Exercises
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22
2
LISTO DE TABELOJ
4
Mostly Verbs
23
4.1
The Infinitive
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24
4.1.1
Examples of the use of auxiliary verbs
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24
4.1.2
The infinitive with prepositions
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24
4.1.3
Exercises
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24
4.2
Relative Pronouns
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25
4.2.1
Exercises
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25
4.3
More correlatives
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25
4.3.1
Exercises
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26
4.4
Participles
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26
4.4.1
Participles as nouns and adverbs
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26
4.4.2
Compound Tenses
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27
4.4.3
Exercises
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28
4.5
Indirect speech
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28
4.6
Indirect commands
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28
4.6.1
Exercises
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28
4.7
The Reflexive
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28
4.7.1
Exercises
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29
5
Esperanto: The Final Chapter, Part I
31
5.1
Vocabulary
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31
5.2
The Subjunctive
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32
5.3
The comparitive and the superlative
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32
5.4
ajn
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33
5.5
Indeterminate subjects
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33
5.6
Still more suffixes
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33
5.7
And a prefix
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5.7.1
Exercises
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33
A Key to Exercises
35
B Tables
39
Listo de Tabeloj
B.1 Phonetical Analysis of Consonants in Esperanto
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39
B.2 Correlative Pronouns, from The Esperanto Teacher
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40
B.3 Affixes
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41
B.4 The prepositions. A few others may be formed by the addition of an affix.
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42
Introduction
As the reader of this book has most likely already decided to take a course using it, it is not truly necessary
here to extol its virtues or the virtues of taking this language over any other, but I shall for tradition’s
sake do so nonetheless. This textbook is one of approximately three or four easily available for English-
speaking students of Esperanto, and it makes no pretense of being the best. In fact, I would recommend
David Richardson’s Esperanto: Learning and Using the International Language as being the best Esperanto
textbook available for the English speaker. However, this textbook has at least one advantage over that one,
and that is the fact that to all intents and purposes it is free...
The next question is why one should take Esperanto and not some other language. My response to that
would be that one should take Esperanto and some other language(s), but that is not feasible for everyone.
The question thus remains—why Esperanto. To answer it, let us look for a moment at the history and
character of the language.
The History and Character of Esperanto
Esperanto was created initially by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish oculist from Bialistok, and published by
him in Warsaw in 1887. It was intended to become the second language of the world such that communications
might be improved. In order to do this, it had to be politically neutral and easy to learn—two good reasons
to learn it now. As a politically neutral language, Esperanto can be useful to the English speaker who
wishes to avoid the current backlash against English that is prevalent in many countries. When two people
from different linguistic backgrounds use Esperanto to communicate, neither will have the disadvantage of
speaking the other’s native language, and they will thus be able to converse more as equals. The second
reason of the two is perhaps the stronger, and has many side-benefits. Esperanto is easy to learn since the
pronunciation and spelling are consistent, the grammatical rules have no exceptions and are in addition quite
simple, and the vocabulary is comprised of the most “international” words available.
Because the pronunciation is simple and consistent with the spelling, it is possible to learn Esperanto
with an extremely small fraction of the resources required to learn many other languages such as English, for
which the development of a good pronunciation is nearly impossible for people of many backgrounds. The
sounds of Esperanto are in general much more phonetically simple than those of English, and thus much
more easily learned by foreigners.
The grammatical rules of Esperanto are simple enough (they historically fit into about sixteen rules) that
the grammar can be essentially learned in a few weeks of study, or for some, as little time as a few hours.
The vocabulary, then, will be the aspect of Esperanto which will take the longest time to master, but
there are nice simplifications here, too. Because the rules of word-formation are regular in Esperanto, many
words which require separate roots in ethnic languages can be expressed by adding affixes to one root in
Esperanto, e.g. “patro” (“father”) vs. “patrino” (“mother”) and “bona” (“good”) vs. “malbona” (“bad”).
Thus, one needs to learn about half as many roots in Esperanto as one would to achieve an equivalent
level of fluency in an ethnic language. In addition to this, Esperanto words are selected in general on the
basis of “internationality.” This means that if some word exists in many languages, it is probably the same
in Esperanto. Thus, most people already know a large percentage of the vocabulary, and learning new
3
4
LISTO DE TABELOJ
Esperanto vocabulary will probably help in learning the vocabulary of other languages.
In general, educational studies have shown that people can learn to speak Esperanto at a given level of
proficiency about six to ten times faster than for an equivalent level of proficiency in some other language,
e.g. English.
How to Use This Book
This book has been organized into three distinct parts. The first consists of Lessons One through Five,
and teaches the essentials of Esperanto grammar in a rapid, albeit somewhat summary fashion. The next
part is a somewhat more relaxed nine lessons which are intended to improve the Esperanto learned in the
first five, and finally there is a section containing appendices to be used as references while learning the
language, or afterward when using it. Thus, the book presents a two-level course with appendices.
One thing should be noted about the treatment which you will find in this book—I have a slight tendency
to use obscure linguistic terms when such will serve my own laziness. It is my opinion that the reader, as a
student of language, should become accustomed to the use of a dictionary, and therefore I am leaving them
in (and for the aforementioned reason that I am lazy...)
Acknowledgements
This book is based primarily on the following sources (in order of decreasing influence): J. Cresswell and
J. Hartley’s Teach Yourself Esperanto, J. C. Wells’ dictionary, Neal McBurnett’s La plej oftaj morfemoj de
parolata Esperanto (based on Z. Tiˆsljar’s Frekvencmorfemaro de Parolata Esperanto), and M. Stuttard’s The
Esperanto Teacher . My thanks to Jens Karlsson for some of the exercises and several useful suggestions,
and to members of the M.I.T. Societo por Esperanto and of the classes for which this book was intended for
their corrections and general editorial comments. Any errors are of course mine, except for those which are
due to the International Anti-Esperantan Conspiracy.
Leciono 1
La Familio
1.1
Pronunciation
The first thing the student must learn about any spoken language is its pronunciation. This is in fact the
most difficult aspect of many languages, but, as in many other respects, Esperanto is quite simple in this
regard. There are twenty-eight phonemes, each represented by a single letter, and six diphthongs represented
by two letters. Every word is pronounced exactly as it is spelled; the language lacks what is perhaps the
most flawed feature of English: an inconsistent orthography.
1.1.1
Consonants
The consonants which are exactly the same in Esperanto as in English are b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, s,
t, v,
and z, with the caveat that s is always voiceless. That is, s is always pronounced as in “Spam” rather
than “Osmond.”
R
is pronounced with a trill, as in Scottish English, Spanish, or Italian. This will perhaps need to be
practiced, but if it is a sound of which you are incapable, an ordinary retroflex “r” will do.
The rest of the consonants are: c, which is pronounced somewhat like the “ts” in “Tsar” or the “z” in
“pizza”; ˆ
c
, which is pronounced as the “ch” in “church”; g, which is always pronounced hard as in “golly,”
as opposed to ˆ
g,
which is pronounced soft as in “gee”; ˆ
h,
which is pronounced as the “ch” in “Bach,”
“chutzpah,” or “loch”; j, which is pronounced as the consonantal “y” in “year”; ˆ, which is pronounced as
the “z” in “azure” or the second “g” in “garage”
1
; ˆ
s,
which is pronounced as the “sh” in “shogun”; and ˘
u,
which is pronounced as the “w” in “water,” although it is never used initially
2
.
1.1.2
Vowels
The vowels of Esperanto are fairly simple, which makes them quite easy for those who are used to simple
vowels (e.g., Spanish speakers, Italian speakers, et al.), but unfortunately a bit difficult for those who are
accustomed to complex vowel systems like that of English. Esperanto has only five monophthongal vowel
sounds: a, e, i, o, and u. These are pronounced as in the international phonetic alphabet:
a
somewhat shorter than the “a” in father
e
somewhat like the “e” in get, there
o
somewhat like the “o” in note
i
somewhat like the “i” in machine
u
as in moose
1
Some pronunciations
2
except in some neologisms
5
6
LECIONO 1. LA FAMILIO
Notes on vowel pronunciation
These vowels should be “pure,” unlike their equivalents in English. The English “o” in note is really a
diphthong — it has a sort of “w” at the end. Practice saying it without this “w”, perhaps replacing it with
a slight “h” sound. Most of these vowels are a bit less drawn out than in English. Thus, i is sort of a mix
between machine and pin, and e is like air without the following y-glide (say “air” slowly, and you will hear
an “e” followed by an “ee”.) U never has a preceding “y” sound, as in cute.
In addition to the monophthongs, there are six common diphthongs:
aj
like l ike
ej
like air
oj
like boy
uj
like gooey, latin huic
a˘
u
like H ouse
e˘
u
like an e, then a ˘
u
. . . Rare. As in Latin, Portugese, and Ancient Greek.
1.1.3
Accent
The accent always falls on the penult—the second to last syllable. Thus:
esperanto, Joˆ
c
jo, rivero, jam
1.1.4
More Notes
1. When two words come together such that the first ends in a vowel and the second begins with a vowel,
they should be separated with a glottal stop: la alia /la ? al´ia/.
2. Make sure not to pronounce Esperanto words as if they are English:
pale, false, fine, pure
3. There are no double consonants in Esperanto. If you see two consonants together, pronounce both of
them:
mallonga, sennacia
1.1.5
The Alphabet
To name a letter of the alphabet, say the sound of the letter if it is a vowel, or follow the sound with an
o
if it is a consonant. Thus, the alphabet is:
a, bo, co, ˆco, do, e, fo, go, ˆgo, ho, ˆho, i, jo, ˆo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ˆso, to, vo, u, ˘
uo, zo
1.1.6
Ekzerco
Pronounce the following words
3
:
3
From The Esperanto Teacher , Mason Stuttard, 1989:LIBROSERVO de A.E.A., Australia
1.2. GRAMATIKO
7
a
afabla, agrabla, barata, anasa, frata, patra, klara, palata
e
bela, letere, necese, legende, serene, vereme, beleta, estas
i
imiti, insisti, inviti, dividi, skribi, ili, fiera, aviado
o
honoro, kolombo, rozo, popolo, odoro, leono, bono, kohero
u
suno, rulu, insultu, sur, murmuru, fluas, surtuto, brulu
aj
ajn, fajro, rajto, ajlo, tajloro, rajdi, fajli, riˆcaj
ej
trejni, vejno, hejmo, plej, kuirejo, lernejo
oj
sojlo, kojno, knaboj, konkoj, gargojlo, fojno
uj
Anglujo, tuja, tiuj, rozujo, monujo
a˘
u
la˘
ubo, la˘
uro, fra˘
ulino, ka˘
uzo, a˘
udi, a˘
uskulti
e˘
u
E˘
uropo, ne˘
uralgio, ne˘
utrala, re˘
umatismo, E˘
ukarista
c
laca, facila, cedi, cento, ofico, ciro, colo, unco
ˆ
c
ˆce, ˆcambro, riˆca, laˆco, lunˆco, pasteˆco, kapuˆco
g
longa, lango, ligi, grati, gento, gruo, granda
ˆ
g
larˆga, ˆgentila, ˆgardeno, ˆgis, reˆgimo, ˆgiro
h
haro, himno, histo, heredi, hardi, herbo, hurli
ˆ
h
eˆho, monaˆho, ˆhimero
j
jaro, Rejno, jes, juna, sinjoro, justa, jen
ˆ
ˆaluza, ˆeti, dolˆcaˆo, ˆurnalo, ˆongli, ˆus
s
sata, ses, sidi, sono, suverena, salti, sendi
ˆ
s
ˆsatas, ˆselo, ˆsildo, groˆso, ˆstupo, ˆsvitas
1.2
Gramatiko
Now that we have the orthography down, let us move on to the actual grammar of Esperanto. In
Esperanto, as in English, there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions, interjections, and pronouns. First, we shall discuss nouns, or more properly substantives.
Esperanto nouns end in o, thus:
rivero
river
birdo
bird
viro
man
patro
father
besto
animal
muro
wall
kusenveturilo
hovercraft
angilo
eel
Plural nouns add -j to the end of the noun. Thus, viro means “man,” and viroj means “men.”
1.2.1
Sufiksoj
Suffixes are added to nouns just before the final o, and are used much more regularly than in English,
with the result that the student of Esperanto must learn a much smaller set of words in order to express
ideas. For example, the suffix -in- causes a noun to become explicitly female. Thus,
patro
father
patrino
mother
frato
brother
fratino
sister
knabo
boy
knabino
girl
viro
man
virino
woman
1.2.2
Prefiksoj
As in English, Esperanto prefixes are placed before the root. For example, the Esperanto prefix ge-
causes a word to be of indeterminate gender, and is almost always used in the plural:
patro
father
patrino
mother
gepatroj
parents
frato
brother
fratino
sister
gefratoj
siblings
sinjoro
Mr.
sinjorino
Mrs.
gesinjoroj
Mr. and Mrs.
Gentleman
Lady
Ladies and Gentlemen
8
LECIONO 1. LA FAMILIO
1.2.3
Articles
One note is necessary here: whereas English has both an indefinite article (“a/an”) and a definite article
(“the”), Esperanto has only la, a definite article. Thus “a man” would be translated as viro, and “the man”
would be translated as la viro.
1.2.4
The Conjugation of Verbs in the Present Tense
To conjugate a verb in the present tense, add -as to the root. This is independent of person or number.
Roˆcjo estas = Bob is
1.2.5
Vocabulary
homo
human being
estas
is, am, are
infano
child
la
the
persono
person
kaj
and
sinjoro
Mr., gentleman
anka˘
u
also, too
amiko
friend
a˘
u
or
knabo
boy
sidas
sits, is sitting
viro
man
ludas
plays, is playing
edzo
husband
kuiras
cooks, is cooking
familio
family
ploras
cries, is crying
frato
brother
ridas
laughs, is laughing
simsalabimo
a magic word...
jen
behold, lo (lat. ecce)
patro
father
Roˆcjo
Bob
paˆcjo
Daddy
Vilhelmino
Wilhelmina
panjo
Mommy
Maria
Mary
fra˘
ulo
bachelor
Petro
Peter
fra˘
ulino
Miss
solvo
answer, solution
hundo
dog
tradukas
translates
kato
cat
Simsalabimo
(The cat’s name)
rivero
river
do
so (“I did that, so he...”)
1.2.6
Exercises
1. Translate into English:
(a) Jen la familio Frogmorton
(b) Roˆcjo, a˘
u Roberto, estas la patro, kaj Vilhelmino estas la patrino.
(c) Roˆcjo estas Sinjoro Frogmorton, kaj Vilhelmino estas Sinjorino Frogmorton.
(d) Maria estas Fra˘
ulino Frogmorton, kaj Petro estas Fra˘
ulo Frogmorton, a˘
u Sinjoro Frogmorton.
(e) La hundo estas Barfo, kaj la kato Simsalabimo
4
.
(f) Maria ploras, kaj Petro ridas.
(g) Petro kaj Maria sidas kaj ludas, kaj Roberto tradukas.
2. Translate into Esperanto:
(a) Bob and Wilhelmina are also husband and wife.
4
This is, astoundingly enough, apparently one of the 700 most frequently used morphemes in spoken Esperanto, and therefore
by the philosophy under which this book is being written it had to be included. However, it didn’t fit into any of the book’s
themes, so now it’s the cat’s name.
1.2. GRAMATIKO
9
(b) Mary and Peter are children, but Mary is a girl and Peter is a boy.
(c) Bob, Wilhelmina, Mary, and Peter are human beings and people—Bob and Peter are men, and
Wilhelmina and Mary are women.
(d) Mary and Peter are brother and sister, but not friends.
(e) The answer is 42.
(f) Wilhelmina is cooking.
1.2.7
Adjectives
Adjectives in Esperanto all end in -a:
bona
good
stulta
stupid
riˆca
rich
plena
full
ˆgentila
polite
granda
large
Plural adjectives also add -j to the end, and are used whenever a plural noun is being modified:
bona viro
bonaj viroj
viroj bonaj
plena kusenveturilo
a full hovercraft
grandaj eraroj
big goofs
MAL-
The prefix mal- causes the word to which it is attached to mean the opposite of what it would otherwise
mean:
bona
good
malbona
bad
granda
large
malgranda
small
1.2.8
Questions
English uses several rather odd syntactic maneuvers in order to form questions, including inversion, the
creation of helping verbs for the purpose of inversion, and the use of question words; Esperanto uses only
question words, thus leaving its word order fairly intact. In this lesson, we shall confine ourselves to the
types of questions which employ inversion in English—that is, “yes or no” questions. In Esperanto, a special
question word—ˆcu—is employed to create this sort of question:
La hundo estas mortinta.
The dog is dead.
ˆ
Cu la hundo estas mortinta?
Is the dog dead?
Thus the “classic” foreign-language question, “Do you speak Language,” translates in Esperanto as “ ˆ
Cu vi
parolas Language?”
5
. This sort of question may be answered by jes or ne.
ˆ
Cu vi parolas Esperanton? Ne, mi parolas la anglan.
Ne also doubles as the English “not,” “non-,” and “un-.” Thus:
La hundo ne ludas
The dog isn’t playing
La birdo ne flugas
The bird isn’t flying/doesn’t fly
Ne, mi ne parolas la anglan
No, I don’t speak English
neforgesebla
unforgettable
nemovigita
unmoved
5
10
LECIONO 1. LA FAMILIO
1.2.9
Vocabulary
ne
not, no, non
pensas
thinks
ˆcu
Question Particle
lingvo
language
ke
that
bela
beautiful
jes
yes
juna
young
bona
good
tro
too (as is “too many”)
ˆcar
because
mankas
is missing
scias
knows
konsentas
agrees
iras
goes
tradukas
translates
scivolas
wonders
vorto
word
esperanto
Esperanto
piediras
walks
parolas
speaks
hejma
at home
vera
real
alta
high, tall
nova
new
flugas
flies
tre
very
Superviro
Superman
granda
large
stulta
stupid, dumb
simpla
simple
opinias
thinks (opines)
riˆca
rich
plena
full
forgesas
forgets
1.2.10
Exercises
1. Translate from Esperanto to English
(a) Vilhelmino estas tre bela, sed ne tre juna.
(b) La familio parolas Esperanton.
(c) Esperanto estas simpla lingvo, kaj la Frogmortonoj opinias, ke Esperanto estas bela.
(d) La kato estas nova, sed maljuna.
(e) Barfo anka˘
u estas stulta.
(f) Petro opinias, ke Maria estas stulta, sed Maria ne konsentas.
(g) Roˆcjo ne estas sola, ˆcar li estas edzo.
(h) Petro kaj Maria pensas, ke Vilhelmino estas “Panjo” kaj Roberto estas “Paˆcjo.” Petro kaj Maria
estas pravaj.
(i) La patro ne staras—la patro estas tro alta.
(j) Superviro flugas, sed Roˆcjo ne flugas—li piediras.
2. Translate from English to Esperanto
(a) Mary and Peter are young.
(b) Children are young.
(c) Esperanto is a simple language, because the words are smart [the opposite of stupid].
(d) Is the dog new?
(e) No, Barfo is old. [not in age]
(f) The dog is large, but the cat is small.
(g) Does Barf know that Simsalabim is a cat?
(h) Yes, but Barf doesn’t know that Barf is a dog.
(i) Robert wonders if Robert is a real man, but Wilhelmina knows.
Leciono 2
La Familio Frogmorton
2.1
Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns of Esperanto are much like those of English:
mi
I
ni
we
vi
you
vi
you
li
he
ili
they
ˆsi
she
ˆgi
it
These are used essentially in the same manner as nouns. E.g., mi estas = “I am”, etc.
2.2
The Possessive
There are three types of possessives in English: “my cat,” “Bob’s cat,” and “the cat of Bob.” In
Esperanto, only the first and last of these types are used. The first is the possessive pronoun, and is much
simpler in Esperanto than in English, being the personal pronoun made into an adjective by the addition of
“-a.” As an Esperanto adjective, the possessive pronoun must agree with the noun it modifies—mia kato,
but miaj katoj . The second type of possessive is handled by means of “de”:
my aunt’s pen
la plumo de mia onklino
the dog’s dish
la plado de la hundo
2.3
More Suffixes
There are several suffixes in Esperanto which convert words from adjective to noun, noun to verb, etc.
Some of these are:
-ul-
a person with the quality of: bonulo = a good person
-ec-
-ness: boneco = goodness
-ad-
-tion, -ing: parolado = speaking, movado = motion
-aˆ-
makes concrete: manˆgas = eats, manˆgaˆo = food
2.4
Pejorative Affixes
There are three affixes which make an otherwise ordinary word into an insult. These are: -aˆ
c
, which
means essentially “contemptible,” “abhominable”; fuˆ
s-
, which means “bungling”; and fi-, which means
“morally impure.”
11
12
LECIONO 2. LA FAMILIO FROGMORTON
aˆculo
frowzy person
fuˆsulo
clutz
fiulo
scoundrel
virinaˆco
hag
fuˆsviro
oaf
fivirino
slut
gazetaˆco
bad magazine
fuˆsgazeto
misprinted magazine
figazeto
smutty magazine
2.5
Tenses other than the present
These are simple. To form the past tense, use “-is” instead of “-as.” To form the future tense, use “-os.”
The imperative (e.g., “Get out!”) is formed by adding “-u.” Thus:
movu
move!
movis
moved
movas
moves
movos
will move
2.6
Non-affirmation questions
The question-words other than ˆ
Cu all begin with “ki-” and will be introduced slowly throughout this
book, along with their friends, the other correlatives. Some of them are: kiam (“when”), kiu (“who”), and
kio (“what”). These are used essentially as in English:
Kiam vi iros?
When will you go?
Kiu vi estas?
Who are you?
Kio ˆgi estas?
What is it?
Vocabulary
kiu
who (what person, one)
kial
why (what reason)
kio
what (what thing)
kiam
when (what time)
kiel
how (what manner)
2.7
The Accusative
Unlike English, which distinguishes the subject of a sentence from its direct object only by word order,
Esperanto changes the word itself a bit such that a direct object may be placed almost arbitrarily in a
sentence (although word order in Esperanto tends to be pretty similar to that in English normally). That
is, Esperanto adds an “-n” to the end of nouns and adjectives that are in the “accusative,” or direct object,
case. Thus:
Mi parolas Esperanton.
I speak Esperanto.
ˆ
Si amas min.
She loves me.
La kato batis la hundon.
The cat hit the dog.
La hundon batis la kato.
The cat hit the dog.
La bonaj katoj batis la malbonajn hundojn.
The good cats hit the bad dogs.
Mi vidis la belan bildon.
I saw the beautiful picture.
2.7. THE ACCUSATIVE
13
Vocabulary
mortas
dies
porko
pig
manˆgas
eats
movas
moves
porkaˆo
pork
manˆgaˆo
food
movadas
moves continually
saltas
jumps
flava
yellow
krajono
pencil
saltadas
jumps up and down
flaveco
yellowness
hazarda
random
birdo
bird
kantas
sings
blua
blue
onklo
uncle
kantaˆcas
murders (a song)
verda
green
plumo
pen
havas
has
batas
hits
alia
other
sperta
expert
bataˆcas
hits foully
aliulo
another (person)
spertulo
an expert
ˆcevalo
horse
pomo
apple
telero
plate
ˆsafo
sheep
vino
wine
botelo
bottle
domo
house
ovo
egg
korbo
basket
bildo
picture
salo
salt
plado
dish
tablo
table
malsata
hungry
kulero
spoon
ˆcambro
room
banano
banana
pokalo
cup, goblet
salono
drawing-room
teo
tea
aparato
apparatus
lito
bed
fiˆso
fish
miksi
to mix
planko
floor
batalas
fights
maˆsino
machine
trinkas
to drink
koloro
color
filo
son
oni
one, you
amas
loves
venas
comes
vidas
comes
venkas
conquers
trafas
hits
2.7.1
Exercises
1. Translate from Esperanto to English.
(a) Simsalabimo manˆgadas birdojn. ˆ
Gi estas fikato.
(b) Barfo ne manˆgas birdojn. ˆ
Gi manˆgas hundmanˆgaˆon.
(c) Superviro bataladas niajn malamikojn, sed Lekso Lutor batalas lin.
(d) Kiu batas Superviron?
(e) Kiujn batis Superviro?
(f) ˆ
Si miksadas la teon, sed la ˆsafo ne trinkas ˆgin.
(g) ˆ
Si havas botelon de vino, sed aliulo trinkas ˆgin.
2. Translate from English to Esperanto.
(a) What is it? It is a blue bird.
(b) Is your pork good?
(c) It is good, but I am full (not plena!).
(d) Why does he have a pencil, but not a pen?
(e) Bob’s sister is his children’s aunt.
(f) Peter and Maria also have an uncle.
(g) He is the brother of their father.
(h) How did they move their big dog?
(i) They didn’t move it. It jumped.
14
LECIONO 2. LA FAMILIO FROGMORTON
Leciono 3
La Mondo
3.1
Prepositions
One of the most difficult aspects of Esperanto is its prepositions—not because they are more difficult
in Esperanto than in any other given language, but because they are not, and probably could not be, any
simpler than those found in other languages. The student of Esperanto, as of any foreign language with
prepositions, must be very careful with their use, as prepositions are used differently in every language. It
is anyone’s guess whether this book will succeed in using Esperanto prepositions correctly, in fact...
At any rate, prepositions in Esperanto are utilized in approximately the same manner as in English:
La kato estas sur la tablo
The cat is on the table
La hundo staras sub la tablo
The dog is standing under the table
Mi loˆgas en puto
I live in a well
La kusenveturilo estas plena de angiloj
The hovercraft is full of eels.
Note that these prepositions govern the nominative (that is, the subject case) rather than the accusative
(that is, the object case) as in English. There are some cases where the object of a preposition will have an
-n
ending, but these are special cases which will be discussed in the section which is coming up.
Vocabulary
en
in
inter
between, among
ˆce
at, chez
sur
on
ekster
outside of
sub
under
trans
across
al
to
dum
during, while
tra
through
3.1.1
Indirect Objects
In English there exist sentences such as “He gave me the ball.” In these sentences, “me,” or whatever, is
known as the indirect object. In Esperanto, this function is filled by al :
Li donis al mi la bildon.
He gave me the picture.
3.2
Various and Sundry Uses for the Accusative
There are several instances in which the accusative case is used in Esperanto where there does not seem
to be, and indeed often there is not, a direct object present. Some of these will be discussed here
1
.
1
Most of the information in this section was taken from Teach Yourself Esperanto, J. Cresswell and J. Hartley, 1987:Great
15
16
LECIONO 3. LA MONDO
3.2.1
Elliptical Usage
The student of Esperanto will often come across instances of the accusative where it would seem more
natural to find a simple noun. These are sometimes explained by supposing that there is an assumed sentence
for which the accusative phrase is a completion. For example, the standard way of saying “Good morning”
in Esperanto is bonan matenon. This is explained by hypothesizing that the original sentence was “I wish
you a good morning,” or the like. Thus:
Saluton
Hello
Bonan vesperon
Good Evening
Bonan nokton
Good Night
Bonvenon
Welcome
Dankon (por)
Thanks (for)
Kion vi batis? — La hundon.
Vocabulary
ha
ah
tago
day
ho
oh
vespero
evening
nu
well
mateno
morning
saluton
hello
nokto
night
dankon
thanks
dankas
thanks
3.2.2
Time
Another use for the accusative is in expressions of time, but to well explain these, we shall first need to
make a small excursion and discuss enumeration in Esperanto, as well as adverbs.
Numbers
The numbers of Esperanto are as follows:
1
unu
6
six
2
du
7
sep
3
tri
8
ok
4
kvar
9
na˘
u
5
kvin
10
dek
100
cent
1000
mil
From these, all numbers below one million (American) can be formed in a very logical fashion similar to that
employed by Chinese. Esperanto uses each word for each place, i.e. each digit, in a given number. Thus,
11
dek unu
99
na˘
udek na˘
u
12
dek du
100
cent
13
dek tri
101
cent unu
..
.
112
cent dek du
19
dek na˘
u
120
cent dudek
Britain; Houghton and Stoddard, Ltd.
3.2. VARIOUS AND SUNDRY USES FOR THE ACCUSATIVE
17
20
dudek
200
ducent
21
dudek unu
234
ducent tridek kvar
..
.
1971
mil na˘
ucent sepdek unu
29
dudek na˘
u
1020
mil dudek
30
tridek
1066
mil sesdek ses
40
kvardek
1865
mil okcent sesdek kvin
..
.
2001
dumil unu
90
na˘
udek
1992
mil na˘
ucent na˘
udek du
239,185
ducent tridek na˘
u mil cent okdek kvin
Adverbs
Adverbs in Esperanto are quite simple—either find a ready-made one like morga˘
u (“tomorrow”) (most
of this sort end in a˘
u
) or add -e to the root of an adjective (this is comparable to -ly in English, although
may be used much more extensively). Thus,
bona
good
bone
well
bela
beautiful
bele
beautifully
unua
first
unue
firstly
rapida
fast
rapide
quickly
Notice that ordinal numbers (“first,” “second,” etc.) are formed by the addition of -a to numbers in exactly
the same fashion as the creation of possessive pronouns from personal pronouns. The third type of numbers,
“once,” “twice,” etc., are formed by adding foje to numbers: unufoje = once, dufoje = twice, etc. Fojo
refers to an occasion when something happens.
Vocabulary
hodia˘
u
today
fojo
time, occurance
hiera˘
u
yesterday
frue
early
morga˘
u
tomorrow
nun
now
kutime
usually
kvaza˘
u
as if (not an adv.)
Now that that is out of the way, we can discuss the measurement of time. First, dates: if one wished to
say “I shall arrive on Monday,” one would say “Mi alvenos lundon.” One would first, however, need to know
the days of the week:
lundo
Monday
mardo
Tuesday
merkredo
Wednesday
ˆa˘
udo
Thursday
vendredo
Friday
sabato
Saturday
dimanˆco
Sunday
As an extra, we’ll throw in the months of the year as well:
januaro
January
julio
July
februaro
February
a˘
ugusto
August
marto
March
septembro
September
aprilo
April
oktobro
October
majo
May
novembro
November
junio
June
decembro
December
18
LECIONO 3. LA MONDO
To ask the time, one should say:
Kioma horo estas?
To answer this, one says:
Estas la dua (horo) — It is two o’clock
This only works if the time is an even hour, however. Some other cases are as follows:
2:10
La dua (kaj) dek (minutoj)
7:15
La sepa (kaj) dek kvin (or ...kaj kvarono)
3:30
La tria (kaj) tridek (or ...kaj duono)
4:45
La kvara (kaj) kvardek kvin
12:50
La dek-dua (kaj) kvindek
Now here begins the magic of the accusative: to say “at three thirty,” one would say la trian kaj duono. This
is actually short for je la tria kaj duono, but the accusative can be used to substitute for the preposition je,
which is a rather odd preposition which is used whenever no other preposition conveys the meaning intended.
Thus:
Mi alvenos la okan kaj kvarono. — I shall arrive at 8:15.
As mentioned before, “on Monday” is translated as lundon. “On Mondays,” is however expressed by
lunde:
Mi iris lundon, sed kutime mi iras ˆa˘
ude. — I went on Monday, but I usually go on Thursdays.
Dates are expressed by some variant of Sabaton la trian de februaro (with the appropriate information filled
in, of course...). “I awaited her for three months” would be translated as Tri monatojn mi atendis ˆsin, or
the like.
Vocabulary
jaro
year
okazas
occurs, happens
tempo
time
je
indefinite preposition
komencas
begins
finas
stops (something)
minuto
minute
tuj
immediately
momento
moment
atendas
awaits
horo
hour
numero
number
semajno
week
monato
month
3.2.3
Motion towards
With prepositions
The accusative is also used to indicate motion towards some destination. Just as the accusative was
shown to replace je above, it here replaces the preposition al (“to”). Thus,
Mi iras al Novjorko
I am going to New York
Mi iras Novjorkon
I am going to New York
The accusative is also used with prepositional phrases if there is motion which would not otherwise be
indicated:
La hundo saltas sur la tablon
The dog jumps on to the table
La hundo saltas sur la tablo
The dog is jumping while on the table
La birdo flugas trans la riveron
The bird flies to the other side of the river
La birdo flugas trans la rivero
The bird flies on the other side of the river
3.3. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
19
But notice that the accusative is not used with prepositions which already show motion:
Mi iros al la urbo.
I shall go to the town.
Mi iris ˆgis la marbordo.
I went up to the seashore.
With adverbs
If an adverb specifies a place, motion towards that place is indicated by the addition of -n after the final
e
of the adverb:
La homo restis hejme.
The person stayed at home.
La homo venis hejmen.
The person came home.
Such an adverb is normally employed to express the English ending “-ward(s).”:
norden
northwards
anta˘
uen
forwards
orienten
eastwards
malanta˘
uen
backwards
suden
southwards
supren
upwards
okcidenten
westwards
malsupren
downwards
An -n can also be placed after kie, tie, etc. in order to express “to where” (“whither”) and “to there”
(“thither”):
Kien vi iras?
Where are you going?
Mi iras tien.
I am going there.
Vocabulary
tie
there
kie
where
trovas
finds
for
away
restas
stays, remains
loˆgas
lives, dwells
lasas
leaves
proksima
near
vojaˆgas
travels
kuras
runs
veturas
travels by vehicle
naˆgas
swims
vojo
way, path
3.2.4
Motion from
Motion away from some place is not described by means of the accusative, but rather by means of the
preposition de:
Li saltis de sur la seˆgo
He jumped out of the chair
La hundo kuris de sub la viro
The dog ran out from under the man
There is a special preposition el for de en:
La edzo kuris el la domo
The husband ran out of the house
La viro saltis el la aeroplano
The man jumped out of the airplane
3.3
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Some verbs take direct objects, and others do not. The former are known as transitive, and the latter
intransitive. In Esperanto, any given verb starts out as one or the other, and may be transformed into the
other by means of -ig- or -iˆ
g-
.
20
LECIONO 3. LA MONDO
3.3.1
Transitivization
The suffix -ig- essentially means “to cause to [whatever].” Thus, it may be used to transform an intran-
sitive verb into a transitive
2
:
morti
to die
mortigi
to kill
timi
to fear
timigi
to frighten
iri
to go
irigi
to propel
miri
to be amazed
mirigi
to astonish
fali
to fall
faligi
to fell
droni
to be drowning
dronigi
to drown (some one)
boli
to be boiling
boligi
to boil (something)
bruli
to be burning
bruligi
to burn (something)
ruˆga
red
ruˆgigi
to redden
nigra
black
nigrigi
to blacken
bona
good
bonigi
to cause to be good, to better
granda
large
grandigi
to enlarge
3.3.2
Intransitivization
The suffix -iˆ
g-
preforms the opposite function of -ig-: it transforms transitive verbs into intransitive, and
can be approximately translated as “to become [whatever].”:
fini
to finish (something)
finiˆgi
to come to an end
naski
to bear, give birth to
naskiˆgi
to be born
nomi
to name
nomiˆgi
to be named
ruˆga
red
ruˆgiˆgi
to blush
edzo
husband
edziˆgi
to get married (become a husband)
edzino
wife
edziniˆgi
to get married (become a wife)
3.4
Suffixes of Place, and Geography
The suffix -ej- signifies “place.” This can be more effectively shown by example than by explanation:
kuiri
to cook
kuirejo
kitchen
dormi
to sleep
dormejo
bedroom
infano
child
infanejo
nursery
a˘
utomobilo
car
a˘
utomobilejo
garage
hundo
dog
hundejo
kennel
trinki
to drink
trinkejo
bar
lerni
to learn
lernejo
school
necesa
necessary
necesejo
bathroom
The suffix -uj- signifies a container for something. Thus, a monujo is a wallet, an inkujo is an inkwell,
and a karbujo is a coal-skuttle. This suffix was also originally used to signify a country in which a certain
race dwells:
anglo
an Englishman
anglujo
England
dano
a Dane
danujo
Denmark
svedo
a Swede
svedujo
Sweden
Less homogeneously populated countries were signified either by a simple name or the suffix -i-:
2
The addition of -i produces the infinitival form of a verb
3.4. SUFFIXES OF PLACE, AND GEOGRAPHY
21
Algerio
Algeria
ˆ
Ceˆhoslovakio
Czechoslovakia
A˘
ustralio
Australia
Usono
The U.S.A.
Kanado
Canada
In addition, some countries are named by -lando:
Irlando
Ireland
Finnlando
Finland
Islando
Iceland
Thus, there are essentially three (or two) types of country names. The first type of country is named after
its inhabitants, so naming an inhabitant of such a country is as simple as removing the -uj- ending. For the
other types of country, one adds -an- to the name of the country:
irlandano
an Irishman
usonano
an American
islandano
an Icelander
a˘
ustraliano
an Australian
There has been a movement for greater standardization of these names within the Esperanto community,
with the result that those names which formerly used an -ujo ending now normally take an -io ending:
Anglio, Svedio, etc.
Vocabulary
lando
land
germano
a German
Jugoslavio
Yugoslavia
lago
lake
loko
place, location
mondo
world
franko
a franc
kampo
a field
urbo
town
nacio
nation
sviso
a Swiss
ekskurso
a trip
E˘
uropo
Europe
japano
a Japanese
Nederlando
Holland
Finlando
Finland
Irano
Iran
regiono
region
adreso
address
a˘
utobuso
bus
dano
a Dane
franco
a Frenchman
italo
an Italian
Parizo
Paris
strato
a street
ˆsipo
a ship
Afriko
Africa
akvo
water
Ameriko
America (continent)
Skandinavio
Scandinavia
svedo
a Swede
anglo
an Englishman
Bulgario
Bulgaria
centro
a center
kilo-
kilo-
metro
meter
mapo
a map
maro
a sea
Usono
The U.S.
monto
a mountain
nivelo
level
ruso
a Russian
tereno
terrain
ˆcino
a Chinese person
viziti
to visit
multaj
many
faras
makes
22
LECIONO 3. LA MONDO
3.4.1
Exercises
Translate into English:
1. La Frogmortonoj loˆgas en Esperantio, sed ili faris vojaˆgon al E˘
uropo.
2. Esperantio ne estas vera lando.
3. Ili vizitis multajn landojn, kaj vidis multajn belajn urbojn.
4. Kien ili iris? Ili iris al Francio.
5. Kie ili restis en Francio? Ili restis en Parizo.
Leciono 4
Mostly Verbs
Vocabulary
pri
about
por
for
kun
with
farti
to fare
ebla
possible
post
after
preni
to take
anta˘
u
before
kompreni
to understand
nomo
name
anta˘
u
in front
ˆgis
until, up to
a˘
udi
to hear
skribi
to write
aˆceti
to buy
libro
book
rapida
quick
facila
easy
funkcii
to function
mezo
middle
dankon
thanks
aˆgo
age
sen
without
deziri
to want
kara
dear
atenti
to await
stari
to stand
legi
to read
dormi
to sleep
nepre
w/o fail
tuˆsi
to touch
supre
above
diskuti
to discuss
krom
besides
naskiˆgi
to be born
rompi
to break
gvidi
to guide
atingi
to attain
anstata˘
u
instead of
kvankam
although
ofte
often
interpreti
to interpret
super
beyond
informo
information
kompleta
complete
lui
to rent
se
if
konscii
to be aware of
tuta
whole
doni
to give
ankora˘
u
still
nur
only
afero
thing
jam
already
vivi
to live
eˆc
even
certa
certain
kelkaj
some
sufiˆca
enough
la˘
u
according to
tamen
however
ricevi
to receive
per
by means of
interesi
to interest
sama
same
koni
to be familiar with
preska˘
u
almost
porti
to carry
propono
proposal
ˆsati
to like
pro
because of
grava
weighty
ja
indeed
pupo
doll
memori
to remember
vendi
to sell
helpi
to help
ekzisti
to exist
agi
to act
aperi
to appear
montri
to show
kreski
to grow
elekti
to choose
sukcesi
to succeed
kapabla
capable
maniero
manner
almena˘
u
at least
kapti
to catch
mano
hand
serˆci
to look for
sendi
to send
da˘
uri
to last
fermi
to close
provi
to try
a˘
uskulti
to listen
zorgi
to care for
utila
useful
formi
to form
klara
clear
membro
member
ideo
idea
kontra˘
u
against
pluraj
several
celo
goal
skatolo
box
23
24
LECIONO 4. MOSTLY VERBS
sperta
expert
ˆcefa
main
akcepti
to accept
pura
clean
perdi
to lose
plaˆci
to please
rakonto
story
uzi
to use
prezidi
to preside
4.1
The Infinitive
The infinitival form of a verb, expressed in English as, e.g. “to be,” may be formed in Esperanto by the
addition of -i at the end of the root. Esperanto does not use a preposition, as English does: “to be” would
be translated by esti rather than al esti or some other such monstrosity.
The infinitive comes into use mainly when naming verbs and employing auxiliary verbs, but also when
expressing concepts which would be expressed by a preposition plus the “-ing” form of an English verb.
The first use mentioned above requires no elucidation, but for the second we shall provide a few examples,
after presenting some necessary vocabulary:
Vocabulary
povi
to be able to, can
devi
to have to, must
bezoni
to need (to)
rajti
to be allowed to, may
deziri
to want (something)
voli
to want (to)
decidi
to decide
klopodi
to take steps to, endeavor
peni
to try
4.1.1
Examples of the use of auxiliary verbs
Mi povas piediri
I can walk
La hundoj devis atendi la knabojn
The dogs had to await the boys
La knabo ne rajtis manˆgi la kukon
The boy was not allowed to eat the cake
La knabo ne rajtas fumi
The boy is not allowed to smoke
Mi volas manˆgi multajn kukojn
I want to eat many cakes
4.1.2
The infinitive with prepositions
The infinitive may be used with only three prepositions: anstata˘
u, krom, and por. For example:
Anstata˘
u iri hejmen, mi iris en la trinkejon.
Instead of going home, I went into the bar.
Krom bati Lekson Lutor Superviro volis vidi Luizon Lane.
Besides hitting Lex Luthor Superman wanted to see Lois Lane.
Mi iris por aˆceti porkaˆon.
I went (in order) to buy pork.
Note that por plus an infinitive is used to express the idea of “in order to.” The word por must be included
in such expressions, no matter tempting it may be to omit it.
4.1.3
Exercises
1. Translate into English
(a) Mi trinkos lakton (milk), kaj mi povos kreski!
(b) Superviro klopodis trovi la domon de Lekso Lutor.
(c) Krom esti stulta, vi anka˘
u estas tre malbela.
4.2. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
25
2. Translate into Esperanto
(a) I can sing if I want to.
(b) I must demand that you close the box.
4.2
Relative Pronouns
In Esperanto, relative pronouns (“The dog, who chased the cat, is sick”) are relatively simple, a trait
about which the reader is probably tired of hearing. In English, the word “who” is used, with its variations;
Esperanto uses kiu in a similar fashion. As with adjectives, it is important that the relative pronoun agree
in person and number with the noun it governs:
Superviro, kiu ofte flugas, anka˘
u povas piediri.
Superman, who often flies, can also walk.
La knaboj, kiuj falis sur la seˆgon, estis malpuraj.
The boys, who fell onto the chair, were dirty.
La hundoj, kiujn la a˘
utomobilo trafis, estos mortintaj.
The dogs, which the car hit, will be dead.
La knabinon, kiu staras sur la strato, a˘
udas mi
I hear the girl who is standing on the street.
4.2.1
Exercises
Translate into Esperanto:
1. Billy Jean is she who thinks the child is my son.
2. You are the dirty rat (rato) who killed my brother.
3. Those are the dirty rats my brother killed.
4.3
More correlatives
In addition to all the ki- words which have been presented heretofore, there exist corresponding words
beginning with ti-, i-, neni-, and ˆ
ci-
. Some examples:
Vocabulary
tio
that (thing)
io
something
tiu
that (one)
iu
someone
tie
there
ie
somewhere
nenio
nothing
ˆcio
everything
neniu
no one
ˆciu
everyone
nenie
nowhere
ˆcie
everywhere
By the use of the word ˆci , one may express proximity: ˆci tio means “this (thing),” ˆci tiu means “this
(one),” and ˆci tie means “here.” The ˆci may be placed before or after the ti- word.
26
LECIONO 4. MOSTLY VERBS
4.3.1
Exercises
Translate into Esperanto:
1. That is the place (loko) where I live.
2. Those are the birds that flew somewhere yesterday.
3. Something is wrong (malbona) with you.
4.4
Participles
Since verbs have been maintaining the appearance of relative simplicity up to this point, it now becomes
appropriate to shatter this illusion, although not too badly. In addition to the simple tenses (-as, -is, and
-os), Esperanto boasts an extremely flexible system of participles, which by virtue of its logical nature is
sometimes confusing to English speakers.
Here is the system:
Non-participial
Active
Passive
-as
-ant
-at
-is
-int
-it
-os
-ont
-ot
Now, here is an example with the verb atingi (“to attain.”):
atingas
attains
atinganta
attaining
atingata
being attained
atingis
attained
atinginta
having attained
atingita
attained
atingos
will attain
atingonta
about to attain
atingota
about to be attained
Examples:
La hundo mortis
The dog died
la mortinta hundo
the dead dog
La hundo mortas
The dog is dying
la mortanta hundo
the dying dog
La hundo mortos
The dog will die
la mortonta hundo
the dog, who is about to die
La mortontoj vin salutas
Morituri te salutant
Mi rompas la pladon
I am breaking the bowl
la rompata plado
the bowl that is being broken
Mi rompis la pladon
I broke the bowl
la rompita plado
the broken bowl
Mi rompos la pladon
I shall break the bowl
la rompota plado
the bowl that is about to be broken
4.4.1
Participles as nouns and adverbs
Participles are not confined to adjectival form in Esperanto. Here are some examples of nominal and
adverbial participles:
4.4. PARTICIPLES
27
esperas
hopes
esperanto
one who hopes
gvidas
guides
gvidanto
a guide (amateur)
parolas
speaks
parolanto
a speaker
parolis
spoke
parolinto
he who has just spoken
parolos
will speak
parolonto
he who is about to speak
amas
loves
amato
a loved one
Dezirante paroli al li, mi batis lin sur la kapo.
Wishing to speak to him, I hit him on the head.
Skribinte la libron, mi vendis ˆgin.
After writing the book, I sold it.
Venkonte Azion, Aleksandro venkis Grekion.
Just before conquering Asia Alexander conquered Greece.
4.4.2
Compound Tenses
Rather surprisingly, compound tenses are perhaps the least common use for the participles. Esperanto
stylists tend to see them as inelegant and use whatever tricks they need in order to avoid them. However,
the Esperantist should know them nonetheless.
As has been the case throughout this chapter, I shall resort to endless examples in lieu of any explanation:
ˆ
Gi estas manˆganta
It is eating
ˆ
Gi estas manˆginta
It has eaten
ˆ
Gi estas manˆgonta
It is about to eat
ˆ
Gi estas manˆgata
It is eaten
ˆ
Gi estas manˆgita
It has been eaten
ˆ
Gi estas manˆgota
It is about to be eaten
ˆ
Gi estis manˆganta
It was eating
ˆ
Gi estis manˆginta
It had been eating
ˆ
Gi estis manˆgonta
It had been about to eat
ˆ
Gi estis manˆgata
It was being eaten
ˆ
Gi estis manˆgita
It was eaten
ˆ
Gi estis manˆgota
It was about to be eaten
ˆ
Gi estos manˆganta
It will be eating
ˆ
Gi estos manˆginta
It will have eaten
ˆ
Gi estos manˆgonta
It will be about to eat
ˆ
Gi estos manˆgata
It will be being eaten
ˆ
Gi estos manˆgita
It will be eaten
ˆ
Gi estos manˆgota
It will be about to be eaten
Note that estas -int corresponds to our present perfect, estis -int corresponds to our past perfect, and estos
-int corresponds to our future perfect.
28
LECIONO 4. MOSTLY VERBS
4.4.3
Exercises
Translate into Esperanto:
1. Billy Jean is not my lover; she is just (nur ) a girl who says that I am the one.
2. The dog shall have been dead in the room for three weeks when we eat it.
4.5
Indirect speech
Indirect speech is very logical in Esperanto, which renders it a bit difficult for English speakers. That is,
it uses logical tenses, as opposed to the semi-archaic pseudo-subjunctives of English. The trick to becoming
familiar with the Esperanto method of relating indirect speech is to use the same tense that direct speech
would:
Li diris, “Mi aˆcetos bananon”
He said, “I shall buy a banana”
Li diris, ke li aˆcetos bananon
He said that he would buy a banana
Li diris, “Mi aˆcetas bananon”
He said, “I am buying a banana”
Li diris, ke li aˆcetas bananon
He said that he was buying a banana
Li diris, “Mi aˆcetis bananon”
He said, “I bought a banana”
Li diris, ke li aˆcetis bananon
He said that he had bought a banana
4.6
Indirect commands
In indirect speech Esperanto uses the imperative after verbs such as want, wish, order, advise, tell, etc.
where English uses the infinitive:
Mi volas ke vi iru al Kanado
I want you to go to Canada
Mi volas ke li flugu
I want him to fly
Mi diris ke Superviro prenu tri saltojn kaj flugu
I told Superman to take three jumps and fly
Mi ordonis ke li iru hejmen
I ordered him to go home
Vocabulary
Good verbs for indirect speech and indirect commands:
inviti
to invite
respondi
to respond
rekomendi
to recommend
rimarki
to notice
imagi
to imagine
supozi
to suppose
preferi
to prefer
protesti
to protest
decidi
to decide
diri
to say
senti
to sense
kredi
to believe
postuli
to demand
ˆsajni
to seem
4.6.1
Exercises
Translate into Esperanto:
1. I thought I told you to go to school! (This one’s tricky...)
2. I asked the dog to sit.
3. The Lord (Sinjoro) told Mary to bear a son.
4.7
The Reflexive
The reflexive is used when a subject refers back to itself in sentences such as “I hid myself” and “He
rented his (own) car.” In Esperanto, the first and second person reflexive pronouns are the same as the
personal pronouns, and the third person reflexive pronoun is si. Si can only be used in the object position,
4.7. THE REFLEXIVE
29
never as a subject; thus, it is always either preceded by a preposition, or suffixed with the -n ending. Some
examples of the reflexive:
Mi donis al mi la bildon
I gave myself the picture
Ni devas suprenigi nin
We must raise ourselves up
Vi zorgas nur por vin
You care only for yourself
Mi havis mian kukon, kaj anka˘
u manˆgis ˆgin
I had my cake and ate it, too
Li perdis sian edzinon en la ˆcambro
He lost his (own) wife in the room
Li perdis lian edzinon
He lost his (someone else’s) wife
ˆ
Si zorgis por si
She took care of herself
ˆ
Si estis sola, en ˆcambro nur kun si
She was alone, in a room only with herself
ˆ
Gi batalis kontra˘
u si
It fought against itself
Ili lavis sin
They washed themselves
Note that this is not the same as the English emphatic use of the reflexive pronoun in “I myself shot him,”
or “He bought the car himself.” In Esperanto, this sort of thing is covered by the word mem:
Mi mem estas samideano
I myself am a member-of-the-same-idea (an Esperantist)
Homo saˆga portas ˆcion sian kun si mem
Homo sapiens omnia sua secum fert
Tion ordonis la reˆgo mem
The king himself ordered that
4.7.1
Exercises
Translate into Esperanto:
1. He himself lives in Ireland.
2. Nixon wrote many books about himself.
3. She almost liked him herself.
4. I gave myself a picture of an eel.
30
LECIONO 4. MOSTLY VERBS
Leciono 5
Esperanto: The Final Chapter, Part I
5.1
Vocabulary
Sort this out as you can
1
...
sorˆci
to bewitch
fakto
fact
labori
to work
plu
further
ˆgusta
correct
ekzemple
for example
temo
subject
rigardi
to look at
pagi
to pay
verki
to compose
parto
part
eventualo
eventuality
problemo
problem
diversa
varied
teni
to hold
meti
to put
mono
money
kovri
to cover
kosti
to cost
ˆsanˆgi
to change
rilati
to relate to
lasta
final
ordinara
ordinary
ˆgenerala
general
estro
leader
teatro
theater
prezenti
to introduce
kulturo
culture
teruro
terror
diablo
devil
raporto
report
sekvi
to follow
pardoni
to pardon
scienco
science
situacio
situation
forta
strong
grupo
group
longa
long
punkto
point
serio
series
amaso
pile, heap
aranˆgi
to arrange
kontakti
to contact
papero
paper
programo
program
publika
public
beda˘
uri
to regret
prelegi
to lecture
ˆsloso
lock
ˆeti
to throw
konkreta
concrete
plani
to plan
relativo
relative
korespondi
to correspond
pasi
to pass
ordo
order
speciala
special
ˆsanco
chance
flanko
side
lavi
to wash
preciza
precise
kontroli
to check
normala
normal
okupi
to occupy
trajno
train
prezo
price
sistemo
system
ˆcarma
charming
aparta
separate
bazo
basis
oficiala
official
levi
to lift
libera
free
prepari
to prepare
konstanta
constant
regulo
rule
marˆsi
to march
reklamo
advertisement
voˆco
voice
ˆsiri
to tear
senco
sense (mng.)
bileto
ticket
difini
to define
gratuli
to congratulate
kazo
case
pendi
to hang (it.)
perfekta
perfect
populara
popular
produkto
product
rekta
direct
volvi
to wind
marko
mark
konservi
to conserve
1
it.
stands for intransitive, and tr. for transitive
31
32
LECIONO 5. ESPERANTO: THE FINAL CHAPTER, PART I
tasko
task
tranˆci
to cut
ˆcirka˘
u
around
vesto
garment
ˆgeni
to disturb
aspekti
to look, seem
vasta
vast
ekzemplero
copy
biblioteko
library
evolui
to develop
fako
subject
profesoro
professor
freneza
crazy
kaˆsi
to hide
koncerni
to concern
stato
condition
kruela
cruel
konsisti el
to consist of
ponto
bridge
strukturo
structure
periodo
period
precipa
main
principo
principle
simila
similar
speco
kind, sort
suki
to suck
teksto
text
tajpi
to type
varma
warm
trakti
to deal with
vetero
weather
cetera
remaining
debato
debate
feliˆca
happy
giˆceto
box-office
inteligenta
intelligent
karto
card
koncepto
concept
kompliki
to complicate
konsilo
advice
lanˆci
to launch
lerta
clever
tabulo
board
listo
list
letero
letter (post)
nuda
bare
minimumo
minimum
litero
letter (alph.)
oferti
to offer
paˆgo
page (bk.)
paˆso
step
premi
to press
profesio
profession
renkonti
to meet
sireno
siren
skii
to ski
specifa
specific
tuko
cloth
valora
valuable
ˆstelo
star
ˆgojo
joy
absoluta
absolute
amplekso
extent
amuzi
to amuse
bendo
tape
anonco
announcement
dividi
to divide
donaco
gift
instrui
to teach
krii
to shout
konkurso
contest
kompetenta
competent
5.2
The Subjunctive
Even with all the verbiage concerning verbs, we still have one other type: the subjunctive. These end in
-us
, and are used to express unreal conditions, polite enquiry, and wishful thinking:
Se mi estos riˆca, mi havos monon.
If I will be rich, I shall have money.
Se mi estus riˆca, mi havus monon.
If I were rich, I would have money.
Se ili estus alportintaj armilojn, ili povus esti gajnintaj la batalon.
If they had brought weapons, they might have won the battle.
Se mi nur estus riˆca!
If only I were rich!
Se la fiulo nur ne estus manˆginta mian katon!
If only the villain had not eaten my cat!
ˆ
Cu vi povus alporti al mi la kapon de Johano Baptista?
Could you bring me the head of John the Baptist?
ˆ
Cu vi donus al mi la salon, mi petas.
Would you please pass the salt.
5.3
The comparitive and the superlative
In English, one may use either “-er” or “more,” depending on circumstances, in order to form the
comparitive. Esperanto utilizes the latter option, using the word pli . The superlative is formed by means of
5.4. AJN
33
the word plej (“most”), and equality is denoted by the use of tiel . . . kiel :
Mi estas pli bela ol li.
I am more handsome than he.
Li estas pli stulta ol hundo.
He is dumber than a dog.
Li estas la plej stulta ulo en la mondo.
He’s the dumbest guy in the world.
Li estas tiel stulta kiel hundo.
He’s as dumb as a dog.
5.4
ajn
Ajn is used with correlatives in order to “generalize” them: with ki- correlatives it translates as -
ever
(whoever, whatever, etc.), and with i- correlatives, it changes the meaning from “something,” etc., to
“anything,” etc:
Kiu ajn loˆgus ˆci tie estas stulta.
Whoever would live here is dumb.
ie ajn krom Bostono
anywhere but Boston
5.5
Indeterminate subjects
Many sentences in English begin with “it is...”, as in “It is raining” or “It normally rains here on
Tuesdays”, or with “there is,” as in “There is a big dog in that plant stand.” Both of these types of
sentences are translated in Esperanto by leaving out the subject:
Estas varme hodia˘
u.
It is warm today.
Kutime pluvas marde ˆci tie.
It normally rains here on Tuesdays.
Estas granda hundo en la domo.
There is a big dog in the house.
5.6
Still more suffixes
-et-
diminishes that to which it is attached: viro—man, vireto—dwarf. In counterpoint to this is -eg-:
virego—giant.
-ar-
signifies a group of objects: ˆsafo—sheep, ˆsafaro—herd; homo—human, la homaro—humanity.
5.7
And a prefix
Ek-
acts as an inchoative—that is, it signifies the beginning of some action or the suddenness of said
action:
a˘
udi
to hear
eka˘
udi
to get wind of
vidi
to see
ekvidi
to catch sight of
dormi
to sleep
ekdormi
to fall asleep
brili
to shine
ekbrili
to flash
flugi
to fly
ekflugi
to take flight
5.7.1
Exercises
1. Translate from Esperanto to English
(a) Se la fino venus kaj vi estus la sola virino en la mondo, mi eble amus vin.
(b) ˆ
Cu estus tro malfacila, ke vi portu miajn librojn?
(c) La amplekso de lia stulteco estas tiel, ke li estas facile la plej stulta viro ˆce MIT.
(d) Mi surbendigis la debaton inter la preziduntojn, kaj pensis ke ili estis tiel stulta kiel kutime.
(e) Kiu ajn tuˆsos mian donacojn estos instruita lecionon, kiun li ne forgesos!
2. Translate from English to Esperanto
34
LECIONO 5. ESPERANTO: THE FINAL CHAPTER, PART I
(a) Where are the remaining letters I wrote?
(b) There is one, which I hid under my clothing.
(c) I gave her a card and wished her a happy new year.
(d) It is warm, and the weather is great!
(e) Bob is constantly drinking out of the boards which one finds under bridges in bad structural
condition.
(f) The crazy little-rabbit (kuniklo) launched a period of vast extent, during which the stars fell and
anyone who wanted could seem to follow advice.
Appendix A
Key to Exercises
Exercises 1.2.6
1. Translated from Esperanto.
(a) Here is the Frogmorton family.
(b) Bob, or Robert, is the father, and Wilhelmina is the mother.
(c) Bob is Mr. Frogmorton, and Wilhelmina is Mrs. Frogmorton.
(d) Mary is Miss Frogmorton, and Peter is Master Frogmorton, or Mr. Frogmorton.
(e) The dog is Barf, and the cat Simsalabim.
(f) Mary is crying, and Peter is laughing.
(g) Peter and Mary are sitting and playing, and Robert is translating.
2. Translated from English.
(a) Roˆcjo kaj Vilhelmino anka˘
u estas geedzoj.
(b) Maria kaj Petro estas infanoj, sed Maria estas knabino kaj Petro estas knabo.
(c) Roˆcjo, Vilhelmino, Maria, kaj Petro estas homoj kaj personoj—Roˆcjo kaj Petro estas viroj, kaj
Vilhelmino kaj Maria estas virinoj.
(d) Maria kaj Petro estas gefratoj, sed ne amikoj.
(e) La solvo estas 42.
(f) Vilhelmino kuiras.
Exercises 1.2.10
1. Translated from Esperanto
(a) Wilhelmina is very beautiful, but not very young.
(b) The family speaks Esperanto.
(c) Esperanto is a simple (uncomplicated) language, and the Frogmortons think that Esperanto is
beautiful.
(d) The cat is new, but old.
(e) Barf also is stupid.
(f) Peter thinks that Mary is dumb, but Mary does not agree.
35
36
APPENDIX A. KEY TO EXERCISES
(g) Bob is not alone, because he is a husband.
(h) Peter and Mary think that Wilhelmina is “Mommy” and Robert is “Daddy.” Peter and Mary are
right.
(i) The father does not stand—the father is too tall.
(j) Superman flies, but Bob does not fly—he walks.
2. Translated from English
(a) Maria kaj Petro estas junaj.
(b) Infanoj estas junaj.
(c) Esperanto estas simpla lingvo, ˆcar la vortoj estas malstultaj.
(d) ˆ
Cu la hundo estas nova?
(e) Ne, Barfo estas malnova.
(f) La hundo estas granda, sed la kato estas malgranda.
(g) ˆ
Cu Barfo scias, ke Simsalabimo estas kato?
(h) Jes, sed Barfo ne scias, ke Barfo estas hundo.
(i) Roberto scivolas, ˆcu Roberto estas vera viro, sed Vilhelmino scias.
Exercises 2.7.1
1. Translated from Esperanto
(a) Simsalabim habitually eats birds. It is a nasty cat.
(b) Barf does not eat birds. It eats dogfood.
(c) Superman fights our enemies, but Lex Luthor fights him.
(d) Who is hitting Superman?
(e) Who (pl.) is Superman hitting?
(f) She continually mixes the tea, but the sheep does not drink it.
(g) She has a bottle of wine, but another drinks it.
2. Translated from English.
(a) Kio estas ˆgi? ˆ
Gi estas blua birdo.
(b) ˆ
Cu via porkaˆo estas bona?
(c) ˆ
Gi estas bona, sed mi estas sata.
(d) Kial li havas krajonon sed ne plumon?
(e) La fratino de Roˆcjo estas la onklino de liaj infanoj.
(f) Petro kaj Maria anka˘
u havas onklon.
(g) Li estas la frato de ilia patro.
(h) Kiel ili movis ilian grandan hundon?
(i) Ili ne movis ˆgin. ˆ
Gi saltis.
Exercises 3.4.1
1. Translated from Esperanto.
37
(a) The Frogmortons live in Esperantio, but they are taking (“making”) a trip to Europe.
(b) Esperantio is not a real country.
(c) They visited many lands, and saw many beautiful towns.
(d) Whither did they go? They went to France.
(e) Where did they stay in France? They stayed in Paris.
Exercises 4.1.3
1. Translated from Esperanto.
(a) I shall drink milk, and I shall be able to grow!
(b) Superman endeavored to find Lex Luthor’s house.
(c) Besides being stupid, you are also very ugly.
2. Translated from English.
(a) Mi povas kanti, se mi volas.
(b) Mi devas postuli, ke vi fermu la skatolon.
Exercises 4.2.1
1. Translated from English.
(a) Vilnjo Jean estas ˆsi, kiu opinias, ke la infano estas mia filo.
(b) Vi estas la rataˆco, kiu mortigis mian fraton.
(c) Tiuj estas la rataˆcoj, kiujn mia frato mortigis.
Exercises 4.3.1
1. Translated from English.
(a) Tiu estas la loko, kie mi loˆgas.
(b) Tiuj estas la birdoj, kiuj flugis ien hiera˘
u.
(c) Io estas malbona pri vi.
Exercises 4.4.3
1. Translated from English.
(a) Vilnjo Jean ne estas mia amanto; ˆsi nur estas knabino, kiu diras, ke mi estas tiu.
(b) La hundo estos mortinta en la ˆcambro dum tri semajnoj, kiam ni manˆgos ˆgin.
Exercises 4.6.1
1. Translated from English.
(a) Mi pensis, ke mi diris al vi, ke vi iru al la lernejo!
(b) Mi petis la hundon, ke ˆgi sidu.
(c) La Sinjoro diris al Maria, ke ˆsi nasku filon.
Exercises 4.7.1
38
APPENDIX A. KEY TO EXERCISES
1. Translated from English.
(a) Li mem loˆgas en Irlando.
(b) Nixon skribis multajn librojn pri si mem.
(c) Al ˆsi mem preska˘
u plaˆcis li.
(d) Mi donis al mi bildon pri angilo.
Exercises 5.7.1
1. Translated from Esperanto.
(a) If the end came and you were the only woman in the world, I might love you.
(b) Would it be too difficult for you to carry my books?
(c) The extent of his stupidity is such that he is easily the dumbest man at MIT.
(d) I taped the debate between the would-be-presidents and thought that they were as stupid as
usual.
(e) Whoever touches my gifts will be taught a lesson he will never forget!
2. Translate from English to Esperanto
(a) Kie estas la ceteraj leteroj, kiujn mi skribis?
(b) Tie estas unu, kiun mi kaˆsis sub miajn vestojn.
(c) Mi donis al ˆsi karton kaj diris al ˆsi, ke mi volas, ke ˆsi havu feliˆcan novan jaron.
(d) Estas varme, kaj la vetero estas bonega!
(e) Roˆcjo konstante trinkadas el la tabuloj, kiujn oni trovas sub pontoj, kiuj estas en malbonaj
strukturaj statoj.
(f) La freneza kunikleto lanˆcis periodon de vasta amplekso, dum kiu la ˆsteloj falis, kaj iu ajn kiu
volis, povis sxajni kvaza˘
u sekvanta konsilon.
Appendix B
Tables
(stress)
-s
+s
-s
+s
-s
+s
-s
+s
labial
coronal
palatal
velar
glottal
-cont
-voice
p
t
c
ˆc
k
-sonor
+voice
b
d
ˆg
g
+cont
-voice
f
s
ˆs
ˆh
+voice
v
z
ˆ
+sonor
+nasal
m
n
-nasal
r
l
(lateral)
-l
+l
-l
+l
-l
+l
-l
+l
-l
+l
glides
˘
u
j
h
Tabelo B.1: Phonetical Analysis of Consonants in Esperanto
39
40
APPENDIX B. TABLES
K-
T-
ˆ
C-
Nen-
Indefinite
Questioning
Definite
Inclusive
Negative
Relative
Some, any
What, which
That
Each, every, all
No, none
Quality
Ia
Kia
Tia
ˆ
Cia
Nenia
Kind of
Some kind
What kind
That kind
Each kind
No kind
Any kind
Such
Every kind
Motive
Ial
Kial
Tial
ˆ
Cial
Nenial
Reason
For some reason
For what reason
For that reason
For each reason
For no reason
Purpose
For any reason
Why
Therefore
For every reason
Iam
Kiam
Tiam
ˆ
Ciam
Neniam
Time
Sometime
At what time
At that time
Each time
At no time
Any time
When
Then
Every time
Never
Always
Ie
Kie
Tie
ˆ
Cie
Nenie
Place
In some place
At what place
At that place
At each place
At no place
Somewhere
Where
There
At every place
Nowhere
Anywhere
Everywhere
Iel
Kiel
Tiel
ˆ
Ciel
Neniel
Manner
In some way
In what way
In that way
In each way
In no way
In any way
How
So
In every way
Nohow
Somehow, anyhow
As, like
Ies
Kies
Ties
ˆ
Cies
Nenies
Possession
Someone’s
What person’s
That one’s
Each one’s
No one’s
Anyone’s
Whose
Everyone’s
Io
Kio
Tio
ˆ
Cio
Nenio
Thing
Something
What thing
That thing
Everything
Nothing
Anything
What
Iom
Kiom
Tiom
ˆ
Ciom
Neniom
Quantity
Some
What quantity
That quantity
Every quantity
None of the
How much
So much
All of the quantity
quantity
Iu
Kiu
Tiu
ˆ
Ciu
Neniu
Individu-
Someone
What person
That person
Each person
No one
ality
Anyone
Which thing
That (specified)
Everyone
Nobody
Who Which
thing
ˆ
Ciuj
, all, all the
Tabelo B.2: Correlative Pronouns, from The Esperanto Teacher
41
Sufiksoj
-aˆc
contemptible, disgusting
-ad
frequent or continuous action
-aˆ
substance, concreteness
-an
inhabitant, member, adherent
-ar
collection, set of
-ebl
possibility
-ec
abstract quality
-eg
great size, intense degree
-ej
place
-em
propensity, tendency
-end
’which must be done’
-er
single unit, item
-estr
leader, manager
-et
smallness, small degree
-id
offspring
-ig
causing something to be
-iˆg
becoming something
-il
tool, instrument
-ind
worthy of
-ing
holder for one object
-in
feminine
-ist/m
as in English
-obl
-fold
-op
in a group of
-on
-th (fractions)
-uj
container
-ul
person possessing a certain quality
-um
no fixed meaning
-ˆcjo
male diminutive
-njo
female diminutive
Prefiksoj
bo-
relation by marriage
dis-
seperation, scattering
ek-
sudden or momentary action
eks-
former, ex-
fi-
shameful, nasty
ge-
both sexes together
mal-
opposite
mis-
mis-, wrongly
pra-
of great antiquity; great-
re-
over again, re-
Tabelo B.3: Affixes
42
APPENDIX B. TABLES
Prepozicioj
al
to
anstata˘
u
instead of
anta˘
u
before (time), in front of (location)
apud
beside
ˆ
ce
at (location)
ˆ
cirka˘
u
around
da
of [with expressions of quantity]
de
of, from, by
dum
during
ekster
outside
el
out of, from
en
in
ˆ
gis
until (time), up to (location)
inter
between
je
[no fixed meaning], at (time)
kontra˘
u
against
krom
besides, apart from
kun
with
la˘
u
according to, along
malgra˘
u
notwithstanding
per
by means of
po
at the rate of,
por
for, in order to
post
after (time), behind (location)
preter
beyond, past
pri
about, concerning
pro
because of, on account of
sen
without
sub
under
super
above
sur
on
tra
through
trans
across
Tabelo B.4: The prepositions. A few others may be formed by the addition of an affix.
Appendix C
Glossary—Esperanto to English
First off, it must be stated that this glossary owes a great deal to Montagu C. Butler’s Esperanto-English
Dictionary
, although it is much less complete and even less detailed (but free...). The following
representation is used for varying levels of acceptability of words: Words listed in the Fundamento are
listed in roman type, with no sign; words used in the Fundamento, but not listed in the Universala Vortaro
thereof are in a typewriter style, with no sign; words in an Oficiala Aldono are in italics, with no sign;
and unofficial words are starred. Words upon which the author frowns are marked with two stars. This
system was adopted with the aim of greater conformity with general conventions in linguistics and of the
avoidance of excessive capitalization. Esperanto words enclosed within parentheses are optional, and square
brackets are used to close off general comments, especially those which refer the reader to words other than
those which are being defined within the definition in which the comment is found. Words that are
capitalized are uniformly proper nouns.
Abbreviations
tr
transitive
den.
denotes
nt
intransitive
tn
-tion
vb
verb
rt
root
s.t.
something
i.t.s.o.
in the sense of
s.o.
someone
etc.
see some other dictionary...
clt
correlative
k
kaj
sfx
suffix
abs
absolute (tr vb used w/o object)
pfx
prefix
aux
auxiliary (used with an infinitive)
us.
used
obj
object
intj
interjection
wrt
with respect to
adv
adverb
adj
adjective
conj
conjunction
prep
preposition
q.v.
which see
Cp
compare
w/
with
w/o
without
<
from
>
to
It is hoped that any other abbreviations which are met will be understandable from context. Most
one-letter abbreviations refer to the main words in the English translation.
43
44
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
Esperanto-English
abon/i tr subscribe to. ∼o, -ption.
absolut
/a absolute, unconditional. ∼e, -ly.
-aˆ
c- pejorative sfx, den. disparagemnt, contempt, dislike:
abominable, odious.
aˆ
cet/i tr buy, purchase.
-ad- (sfx den. Action) 1. -ADO, adds the idea of actn
w/ noun rt. 1. -ADO, w/ vb rt den. actn in general
2. -ADI, continued, habitual, or repeated actn of vb
ADRES
/o address. ∼i, tr a., direct, send.
afer/o affair: object, thing; business, concern, matter.
*Afrik/o Africa. ∼ano, African.
ag/i nt act, behave. ∼o, act, deed. ∼ado, action.
∼(em)a, -ive, energetic.
aˆ
g/o age; epoch, generation, period.
ajn particle den. indefiniteness, used w/ correlatives: k-
t ajn, wh-ever. i- t ajn, any-. ˆ
c- t ajn, absolutely
every-. neni- t ajn, no- at all.
-aˆ- (den. concrete idea.) thing; concrete manifestation
of; meat of; material.
akcept/i tr accept, take; take what is offered; adopt;
admit, agree to; acquiesce in; welcome; honor,
undertake (an office). ∼o -ance.
akir/i tr acquire, gain, get. ∼aˆo, -sition. ∼ebla,
obtainable.
akompan/i accompany (phys. or mus.). ∼(aˆ)o,
-iment, ∼anto, companion. ∼isto, -ist.
akr/a sharp, keen. mal∼a, blunt, dull.
akt/o act (theatrical, legal).
aktual/a present-(day), current, immediate. ∼e, just
now.
akv/o water; liquid of similar appearance. ∼(um)i,
water. ∼e, w-logged.
al (prep) to, towards. Den. approach; dir., aim; relatn;
etc.
ali/a other; different. ∼(aˆ)o, s.t. else. ∼eco, d-ence.
∼e, o-wise. ∼ulo, another person.
almena˘
u (adv ) at least; merely (i.t.s.o. at the very
least).
alt/a high, tall. (Vertically or in greatness). ∼e, -ly, on
high. ∼lernejo, high-school. ∼en, upwards.
altern/i nt alternate, succeed one another by turn. ∼e,
by turns.
alumet/o match. ∼ujo, match-box.
am/i tr love. ∼o, l. ∼egi tr adore. mal∼o hatred.
sin∼o egoism.
amas/o accumulatn, mass; heap, pile. popol∼o crowd,
mob.
amba˘
u (pron) both. ∼ ne, neither.
*Amerik/o America (the continent).
amik/o friend. mal∼o enemy.
ampleks/o dimensn, extent, magnitude. ∼i, tr
comprise, cover, include.
amuz/i tr amuse, entertain. ∼o, -ment (recd). ∼a,
-ing. ∼aˆo -ment.
-an- (∼o) member, unit; inhabitant; adherant. ∼aro,
group. ∼iˆ
gi join.
*angl/o (proper noun) Englishman. ∼ujo/*∼io,
England. ∼a, English.
anka˘
u (adv ) also, too. (Precedes word to be
emphasized)
ankora˘
u (adv ) still, yet, till now. ∼ ne, not yet.
anonc/i tr; al, pri; ke announce, advertise. ∼o, -ment.
anstata˘
u instead of. prep as a substitute for. conj
(before verb), instead of.
anta˘
u (prep) before (place or time); ago (∼ longe, long
ago).
antikv/a antique: ancient; old-fashioned.
aparat/o apparatus.
apart/a separate; special, unique. ∼e, especially; aside.
∼eco characteristic.
aparten/i al belong to; appertain to.
apena˘
u (adv ) hardly, barely, scarcely. (prep) at the
most.
aper/i nt appear. mal∼i disappear.
april/o (proper noun) April.
aprob/i tr approve (of), be pleased with; authorize.
∼o, certificatn.
apud (prep) beside; by, near. ∼a, adjacent. ∼e, near
by, close.
-ar- collection of units of the same kind, regarded as a
whole. Opp: -er-.
aranˆ
g/i tr; ke, por, pri arrange. ∼o, -ment. ∼ema
contriving, ingenious.
arb/o tree.
aritmetik /o arithmetic
arˆ
gent/o silver.
asoci/o association. ∼i tr; kun, -ate. ∼a, allied. ∼ito,
partner.
aspekt/i copula appear to be, look. ∼o aspect, -ance.
∼e in -ance.
atend/i tr; ˆ
gis, por wait, await; expect, regard as likely
to happen.
ating/i tr; ke reach, attain.
a˘
u (conj ) or
a˘
u...a˘
u... (conj ) either...or...
a˘
ud/i tr hear.
a˘
ugust/o (proper noun) August.
a˘
uskult/i tr; al listen. ∼antaro, audience. ∼ilo, (tel)
receiver.
*a˘
utobus/o bus.
a˘
utomobil/o car.
av/o grandfather. praprapra... great-great-great-...
avert/i tr; ke, pri, kontra˘
u; abs caution, warn.
aviz/o notice, announcement.
bal
/o ball, dance. (N.B. This does not mean the same
thing as pilko).
balda˘
u (adv ) soon, promptly, shortly.
ban/i tr; en, per bathe (s.o.), immerse. pluv∼o
shower. ∼ˆ
cambro -room
banan/o banana.
baston/o stick, staff (usually wooden).
45
batal/i nt; inter, por, pro, kun, kontra˘
u, kun do battle,
combat, fight.
baz /o base, basis, starting-point, foundatn; ∼a, -ic. ∼i
tr , base, found.
*beb/o baby, babe, infant-in-arms.
beda˘
ur/i tr; ke regret, be sorry (for). ∼o r.
∼esprimo, excuse.
bel/a beaut/iful, charming, handsome, lovely, noble.
∼o -y.
*bend/o band, tape, ribbon. (vidbendo, video-tape).
benzin/o gasoline.
best/o animal, beast. ∼aro, herd.
*beton/o concrete (building material only). [Cp
konkret/a.]
bezon/i tr need, require; be under obligatn to. ∼a,
necessary.
bibliotek /o library.
bild/o picture, image, likeness.
bilet/o ticket. bank∼o, bank-note.
bird/o bird. ∼aro, flock.
blank/a white; clean, stainless.
blov/i tr blow. ∼a, -y, windswept.
blu/a blue.
bo- in-law, reln by marriage to the relatives of one’s
husband/wife.
bon/a good. ∼e, well.
botel/o bottle.
brak/o (anatomical) arm. ∼umi, embrace, hug.
brems/o brake. ∼i nt, (apply a) brake.
bret/o shelf.
bril/i nt shine, beam, gleam. ∼a, -ing, bright. ∼o,
shine, luster.
bru/o noise, din. ∼i nt, be noisy.
*bulgar/o (proper noun) a Bulgarian. ∼ujo/*∼io,
B-ia. ∼a, Bulgarian.
bulten/o bulletin, short official report.
buˆ
s/o mouth. ∼umo, muzzle.
butik/o shop. ∼umi nt, shop.
cel/i tr, aux; ind. com.; al, kontra˘
u aim. ∼a, pointed.
∼o, aim, goal.
cent hundred.
centr
/o center, middle.
cerb/o brain. ∼umi nt, rack one’s brain.
cert/a certain, sure. ∼igi (ion al iu, iun pri io; ke),
certify; assure.
ceter/a other, remaining, remainder. kaj ∼e, etc. ∼e,
besides.
ci (pron) thou. Den. affection, intimacy.
cigared/o cigarette. ∼ingo, -holder. ∼ujo, -case.
cit/i tr quote, cite; mention. ∼aˆo, quotation.
ˆ
cambr/o chamber, room.
ˆ
cap/o cap.
ˆ
capel/o hat, bonnet; covering.
ˆ
capitr/o chapter (of a book).
ˆ
car (conj ) because, for, since, whereas.
ˆ
ce (prep) at, den. coincidence (place, time,
circmstnce=at, among(st), with)
ˆ
cef/o head, chief(tain). ∼e, above all. ∼a, c., h.,
foremost.
ˆ
cef- (pfx ) chief-, main-, primary-, arch-, high-.
ˆ
cemiz/o shirt. virina ∼o, in∼o, chemise, shift.
ˆ
ces/i nt, aux cease, stop. ∼o, cessatn. ∼igi, stop s.t.
ˆ
ceval/o horse. ∼ejo, stable. ∼ido, colt, foal. ∼ino,
mare. ∼idino, filly.
ˆ
ci den. proximity. W/ t- crltvs, changes “that” to
“this”,
ˆ
ci- (pfx ) den. “this”: ˆ
ci-jara, t-year; “here”: ˆ
ci-kune,
h-with.
ˆ
cia of every kind, every kind of a, all kinds of.
^
cial
for every reason, on all grounds.
ˆ
ciam ever, each time, at all times, always. por ˜ k
eterne, for e. and e.
ˆ
cie everywhere, in each (every) place, in all places. ∼
ajn, abs. everywhere.
ˆ
ciel in every way, in all sorts of ways.
ˆ
ciel/o sky, heaven.
^
cies
every (each) one’s (body’s).
*ˆ
cin/o (proper noun) a Chinese person. *∼io/∼ujo,
China. ∼a, Chinese.
ˆ
cio all, everything, all things.
^
ciom
the whole quantity, all (the whole) of it, the lot.
ˆ
cirka˘
u (prep) around, round. ∼a, surrounding. ∼aˆo,
evironment.
ˆ
ciu (pron) everyone, everybody. ∼j, all. ∼jara, annual,
yearly.
-ˆ
cj- sfx forming affectnate diminutvs for masc. names,
placed aftr the 1st fw ltrs.
ˆ
cu (conj ) whether; forms questions answerable by “yes”
or “no.”
ˆ
cu...ˆ
cu... whether...or...
da (prep) (quantity of) Btwn 2 words den. that the 1st
measures the 2nd.
*dan/o (proper noun) a Dane. ∼ujo/*∼io, Denmark.
∼a, Danish.
danc/i nt dance.
danˆ
ger/o danger.
dank/i tr; ke, pro thank. Dank’ al, thanks to. ∼on,
thanks.
dat/o date (day of the year...). ∼iˆ
gi, to date from. ∼i,
to write a date on.
da˘
ur/i nt continue, endure, go on, last. ∼o, duratn.
∼igi tr continue.
de (prep) of (possessn, prec. gen. subj, character), from,
by (subj of passv).
debat/i tr debate, discuss formally.
dec/i nt be becoming (correct, proper, the right thing
to do). ∼a, becoming.
decembr/o (proper noun) December.
decid/i decide. 1. tr; ˆ
cu; abs, resolve, determine, make
up one’s mind. 2. inter, ke, kontra˘
u, por, pri give
judgment, rule, settle.
deˆor/i nt be on duty, officiate, serve. ∼ejo, post.
∼(ad)o, (spell of) duty.
46
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
dek ten. ∼a, tenth (ordinal). ∼e, tenthly.
deklar /i tr; ke declare (proclamatns or customs). ˆ
Cu vi
havas ion deklarendan?
dekstr/a right (right-hand, or conservative). mal∼a,
left.
deleg/i delegate, authorize as agent. ∼ito, delegate,
deputy.
delegaci/o delegation. Not recommended—instead, use
delegitaro.
demand/i al, pri; ˆ
cu ask (desiring information),
enquire, query. ∼o, question.
dent/o tooth, dent-; cog. ∼kuraco, dentistry.
des 1. ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the
more (less)...
2. (alone) so much the, ˜
pli bone, so much the better.
desegn/i tr design; draw, sketch, paint. ∼(ad)o,
drawing. ∼(aˆ)o, a drawing.
despot/o despot, absolute or tyrannical ruler.
detru/i tr destroy. ∼(em)a, -uctive. ∼enda, that
must be destroyed.
dev/o duty, obligatn. ∼i, have the d. of -ing—have to,
must. ∼us, should.
dezir/i tr, aux, ind. com. desire, want, wish (for) (to).
mal∼, disdain.
di/o Dio—God; dio—a god.
diabl/o devil.
difin/i tr define, settle limits of, make clear. ∼(aˆ)o,
-ition. ∼a, -ing.
dik/a thick; corpulent, fat. mal∼a, thin, lean, slim,
tenuous.
diligent/a diligent, assiduous, industrious, sedulous.
mal∼a, lazy.
dimanˆ
c/o (proper noun) Sunday.
dir/i tr; ke say, assert, speak, state. ∼ ke -u, tell (s.o.)
to (do s.t.).
direkt/i tr; al kontra˘
u direct: turn towards; control;
aim; guide. ∼o -ion.
dis- den. separation, divergence; dispersal. ∼e, scattered
about.
*diskrimin/i inter, kontra˘
u discriminate (used
unfavorably). ∼ado, -ation.
diskut/i tr; pri discuss, debate, talk over. ∼o, -ion.
dist(anc)/o distance, interval, range. ∼a -t, far away.
∼i be distant.
distr/i tr distract, divert (draw away, or amuse). ∼a,
amusing.
diven/i tr; el, ˆ
cu, ke, kiel, kion guess, surmise; get
right; divine.
divers/a(j) various: diverse; divers, several.
divid/i tr divide. ∼a, -sive. ∼o, -sion. ∼aˆo, -sion.
do (conj ) so, consequently, etc; then, so; so there! so
that’s that!
doktor
/o doctor: holder of highest univ. degree in any
faculty; physician.
dolˆ
c/a sweet (of taste, smell, sound, or character—nice,
charming).
dolor/i abs, tr pain.
dom/o house. ∼ego, mansion. ∼eto, cottage. urb∼o,
town hall.
domaˆ
g/i tr, aux wish to keep intact, fear to damage.
∼e ∼o, a pity.
don/i tr; al give. al∼i, add. re∼i, return.
donac/i tr; al donate, make a gift. ∼o, -ion, gift.
∼into, donor.
dorm/i nt sleep, be asleep. ∼adi have a long sleep.
∼emulo, sluggard.
dors/o back (of a person; dead animal—loin, chine,
saddle; object). ∼e, behind.
*drat/o wire.
drink/i tr, abs drink hard (to excess), swill. ∼aˆo,
liquor. ∼ejo pub, bar.
du two, ∼a, 2nd. ∼e, 2ndly, in the 2nd place. ∼foje
twice.
dub/i tr; ˆ
cu, ke, pri; abs doubt. ∼o, doubt. sen∼e,
certainly.
dum (prep) during. (conj ) while; also den. contrast.
∼e, meanwhile.
duˆs/i tr shower. ∼o shower. ∼iˆ
gi, take a shower.
eben/a even, level, smooth.
-ebl- sfx den. possibility (-able, -ible) [Must follow tr
vb]. ∼e -ly, perhaps.
-ec- sfx den. quality, state (-ness, -hood, etc.). -∼a =
-simila.
eˆ
c (adv ) even (as in “He even ate the dishes!”).
eduk/i tr educate, train. ∼(ad)o, e-ation. ∼ato, pupil.
edz/o husband, spouse. ∼(in)iˆ
go, marriage. ∼ino,
wife. ∼(in)igi, marry.
efektiv/a real, actual, true. ∼e, really, indeed, actually,
as a matter of fact.
efik/i al, sur, kiel; abs have effect on, avail. ∼o, effect,
influence.
-eg- augmentative sfx, strengthens the rt idea. Ega
deep, intense.
egal/a (al) equal (eqv.; smooth; indifferent). ∼i tr; al,
(be) e. (to).
-ej- den. place. (us. after vb (place for -ing)/noun w/
vb assumed (pc fr -ing ...))
ek- den. (1) the beginning of a continuous actn, (2)
sudden or momentary actn.
ekde since. Ekde tiam, since then.
ekip/i tr equip, accoutre. ∼aˆo, -ment.
eklezi/o church (not as a physical structure, but as a
body of believers, rel. soc.)
eks- pfx den. ex-, former, late. ∼igi, dismiss. ∼iˆ
gi,
resign, abdicate.
ekster (prep) outside (a limit, boundary), out of (same
mng).
ekstrem/a extreme (at the farthest edge; ultra-,
highest grade). ∼o, -ity.
ekzamen/i tr examine (test; inspect). ∼o, -ation,
auditn.
ekzempl/o example. ∼a, illustrative, model. ∼e, for
example, such as.
ekzempler/o copy, sample, specimen.
47
ekzerc/i tr; per, pri exercise, practice, train. ∼(ad)o,
e., p.
ekzist/i nt exist, last, live, subsist. ∼o, -ence. ∼aˆo,
entity, being.
el (prep) out of, from (in), of (in this sense). (pfx ) ...
out.
elekt/i tr; el, inter; abs choose, elect. ∼ado, e-tion.
el∼i, select.
-em- sfx den. tendency (fondness, leaning; apt to,
subject to).
emfaz /o emphasis. ∼a, -tic. ∼i tr; pri, be -tic,
accentuate, -size.
en (prep) in (opp. ekster, el). ∼igi, insert. ∼iˆ
gi, enter.
-end- which is (has) to, must (should) be -ed.
entrepren/i tr, aux undertake, accept obligatn.
∼(aˆ
)o, -ing, enterprise.
enu/i nt be bored, lose interest. ∼o, boredom. ∼igi,
bore.
-er- sfx (opp. -ar-) den. element, unit, of a homogeneous
whole.
erar/i en, pri err. ∼o, error, mistake.
escept/i tr except, exclude. ∼o, -ion. ∼e, -ionally. ∼e
de, except (for).
esenc/o essence. ∼a, -tial, intrinsic, real, true.
esper/i tr; al, je, pri; aux hope, expect. ∼o, confidnc,
h. ∼eble, hopefully.
esplor/i tr explore; investigate.
esprim/i tr express, convey. ∼o, -ion.
est/i copula be, exist, occur, be found. ∼o, being.
∼aˆ
o, a being. ˆ
ce∼i, be at, attend. for∼i, be absent.
estr/o head, leader. urb∼o, mayor. imperi∼o,
emperor. ∼aro, executive.
-et- sfx, to a high degree weakens the idea in the rt.
(-ette).
etaˆ
g/o floor (not the physical floor, but the location),
storey, flight.
eventual/a contingent, eventual, liable to happen. ∼e, if
necessary. ∼o, e-ality.
facil/a easy (simple; light(weight); weak). ∼eco, ease.
mal∼a, difficult.
fajr/o fire. ∼i nt, burn, flame.
fakt/o fact. ∼e, actually, in fact.
fal/i nt fall (drop, tumble down; sink; die; collapse).
∼igi, fell.
fald/i tr fold. ∼ilo, -er.
famili/o family.
far/i tr do, make. ∼iˆ
gi, be done; come to pass, happen;
become.
fart/i nt be (in good or bad health), do, fare, feel. ∼o,
conditn.
favor/o favor, goodwill. ∼e, -ably. ∼aˆo, f., concessn.
∼ito/∼ato -ite.
februar/o (proper noun) February.
feliˆ
c/a happy. ∼igi, delight. mal∼a, sad.
fenestr/o window.
ferm/i tr close, forbid access to. ∼ilo, fastener. mal∼i,
open.
fest/o festival, celebratn, holiday; special anniversary.
∼i tr; pro celebrate
fi-
shameful, morally bad, foul. (also adj). Fi! (intj )
Fie! For shame!
fianˆ
c/(in)o fianc´
e, engaged person. ∼eco/∼iˆ
go,
engagement, betrothal.
fid/i tr;al,je,pri,ke trust, hv faith in; count on. ∼o,
faith. ∼inda, t-y.
figur/o figure, image. ∼i, depict; play the part of.
fiks/i tr; al, sur fix: fasten, secure; decide, settle. ∼aˆo
-ture.
fil/o son. ∼ino, daughter.
*film/o film (wide sense, cinematography, photography,
etc.), thin coating.
fin/i tr finish. ∼o, f., end. ∼a, final. ∼fine at long last.
fingr/o finger, digit. ∼ingo, thimble. ∼ujo, f. (of a
glove).
Finlando Finland. ∼ano, a Finn.
**finn/o a Finn. (Preferable would be
Finlando/Finlandano.)
firm/a firm: stable; dense; resolute; definite. ∼o, f.,
house of business.
fiˆ
s/o fish.
flank/o side. ∼e, alongside; sideways; aside (from).
∼aˆ
o, minor matter; wing.
flav/a yellow.
flirt/i nt; anta˘
u, ˆ
ce, de, kun, super, sur flit, flutter;
float; flirt, dally.
flor/o flower, bloom, blossom. ∼a, -y, floral. ∼i, bloom,
blossom.
flug/i nt fly, rush. ∼ilo, wing. ek∼i, take flight.
foj/o time, occasion. ali∼e, at another t. ˆ
ci∼e, this
time. Etc.
foli/o leaf (of plant or paper); sheet. ∼aˆo/∼aro
foliage.
for (adv ) away, forth, off (den. disappearance or
distance). ∼a, distant.
forges/i tr; pri; abs forget.
form/o form: shape; arrangement, style; customary
behavior. ∼i f., mould; assume.
fort/a strong.
**fot/i tr photograph. ∼o photo. (Use “fotografio”).
frakci/o fraction.
*franc/(in)o (proper noun) a French(wo)man.
∼ujo/*∼io, France. ∼a, French.
frat/o brother. ∼ino, sister.
fra˘
ul/o bachelor, single man. ∼ino, damsel, maiden,
miss. ∼ineto, lass(ie).
fraz /o sentence (grammatical); (∼(er)o) phrase. ∼i,
phrase.
fremd/a foreign; alien. ∼ulo, f-er, stranger. mal∼a,
familiar, intimate.
frenez/a mad; crazy, insane, raving, wacky. ∼aˆo,
craze, lunacy, folly.
freˆ
s/a fresh.
fripon/o rascal.
fru/a early. ∼e, early. mal∼a, late.
48
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
fundament/o foundation: basis, base; underlying
principle.
funkci/i nt function, act, operate, work (in this sense).
∼o, f., duty.
fuˆ
si do awkwardly, blotch, bungle, fumble. ∼a, clumsy.
fuˆs- bungling-, botched-.
ge- pfx den. both sexes (used mostly in the plural).
∼edukado, co-education.
geografi/o geography
geni/o genius: guardian spirit; inborn ability; prevalent
char. ∼a, brilliant.
genu/o knee. inter∼aˆo, lap.
*german/o (proper noun) a German. ∼ujo/*∼io,
Germany. ∼a, German.
*giˆ
cet/o booking office; pay-desk; box-office.
gigant/o giant. (virego is preferable.)
gimnazi/o public (grammar) school, 1st-class classical
school preparatory to university.
glaci/o ice. ∼aˆo, ice-cream.
glas/o (drinking) glass, tumbler.
glat/a smooth:s-surfaced; easy, w/o difficulty; bland,
honeyed. mal∼a, rough.
gorˆ
g/o throat, wind-pipe; gorge, gully; (sea) narrows.
∼a, guttural.
grad/o degree, grade: quality; d. of scale, temp.; rank.
∼e, gradually.
gramatik/o grammar. ∼a, -atical.
grand/a great; big, large, vast; alternating quantity;
major, noble, weighty.
gratul/i tr; pri, pro congratulate.
grav/a important, grave, weighty. [After dankon, one
may say ne gravas]
graved/a pregnant.
*grek/o (proper noun) a (modern) Greek. ∼ujo/*∼io,
(modern) Greece. ∼a,Gk.
grimp/i climb.
griz/a gray, grey.
grund/o ground:earth, soul; ground(s), land estate;
bottom, basis, foundatn.
grup/o group; body, cluster.
gust/o taste:flavor;(sense of) t.,(good) t.;liking. ∼int,t.
∼umi tr ,t.
gvid/i tr guide, lead.
ˆ
garden/o garden. ∼isto, gardener.
ˆ
gen/i tr embarrass; annoy, bother, disturb, trouble.
∼(aˆ
)o, nuisance.
ˆ
general/a general, affecting (nearly) all. ∼e, for the
most part, in g. ∼igi -ize.
ˆ
gi (pron) it (used for objects w/o sex or for objects of
indeterminite sex). (Also used for non-human animals,
unless personified.)
ˆ
gis (prep) as far as, down to, up to; to in from...to...;
till, until.
ˆ
goj/i nt rejoice, be glad. ∼o, joy. ∼(plen)a, j-ful, j-ous.
ˆ
gu/i tr enjoy; possess/have the benefit (use) of.
ˆ
gust/a right, accurate, exact, correct, fair, in order,
proper. mal∼a, wrong.
ha! (intj ) ah! den. sudden emotion; den.
laughter—haha!
hak/i chop, hew. ∼ilo, axe, hatchet. ligno∼isto,
woodcutter.
har/o hair (usually den. a single hair, oft. in plural).
∼aro, thick head of hair.
ha˘
ut/o skin.
hav/i have. ∼ebla, obtainable. mal∼i, lack, be
wanting in.
*hebre/o (proper noun) a Hebrew. ∼a, Hebrew.
hejm/o home. ∼e, at home. ∼en, homewards.
*helen/o (proper noun) an ancient Greek. ∼ujo/*∼io,
ancient Greece.
help/i tr, abs; al, kontra˘
u help, aid. rescue. ∼a,
auxiliary. ∼ema, -ful.
herb/o herb: -aceous plant; grass. ∼ejo, grassy field,
meadow. ∼ero, blade of g.
hiera˘
u yesterday.
histori/o history: a continuous record, chain of events;
the study of history.
ho! (intj ) O! Oh!: vocative interjection; den. emotion,
grief, protest.
hodia˘
u today.
hom/o man (in general), human being, person. ∼a,
human. ∼aro, h-ity, mankind.
hor/o hour, time: 60 min.; time-measurement; time of
day, o’clock; appointed time.
horloˆ
g/o clock, watch, time-piece.
hotel/o hotel, hostelry, inn. ∼isto, -keeper, -proprieter.
motorista ∼, motel.
hund/o dog. ∼a, canine. ˆ
cas∼o, hound. ∼ido, puppy.
∼ujo, kennel.
ia of some (indefinite) kind or other, some kind of a. ∼
ajn, of any kind.
ial for some reason. ∼ ajn, for any reason.
iam at some time, (past): once (upon a time), (future):
some day. ∼ ajn, anytime. ∼a, erstwhile, former.
-id- child, young; descendant. [Cp Eng. -ite, Grk. -id,
Rsn. -(ov)iˆ
c]
ide
/o idea, concept, fancy, notion. sam∼ano,
fellow-thinker.
ideal/o ideal, high aim, vision. ∼a, i., perfect. ∼igi,
-ize. ∼ismo, -ism.
ie in some place, somewhere. ∼ ajn, anywhere.
iel by some means, in some manner, somehow. ∼ ajn,
anyhow, in any way.
ies someone’s, somebody’s. ∼ ajn, anyone’s, anybody’s.
-ig- make, cause to be, render. [Eng. -ize, -en, Makes nt
vbs tr , w/ adjectives and dogs means to cause to be
(more) ... (-like).]
-iˆ
g- become, come to be. [Opp. of -ig-.]
-il- object used to perform an action; appliance,
instrument, tool, utensil.
ili they, (when used as object of prep): them. ∼n, them.
∼a, their(s).
ilustr /i tr illustrate (with pictures or explanations).
imag/i imagine, conceive, fancy. ∼(it)a, -ary.
ne∼ebla, inconceivable.
49
imit/i tr imitate.
impon/i impress, command respect. ∼a, -ive, imposing.
∼eco, majesty, prestige.
-in- den. female, feminine. ∼a/∼seksa, feminine. ∼o, a
female.
-ind/a worthy, deserving of (to be ... -ed). fid∼a,
trustworthy.
indig/o indigo, blue powder < i-plant. ∼a bluo, i-blue.
infan/o child. ∼ejo, nursery.
-ing- den. object in which s.t. is set or put; holder,
sheath, etc. for one obj only.
ink/o ink. ∼ujo, -pot, -well.
instru/i educate, instruct, teach. ∼isto, t-er, i-er.
∼ita, e-ed, erudite.
inteligent/a intelligent, bright, smart. mal∼a, dense,
stupid.
intenc/i tr intend, design, mean, plan. ∼o, -tion, aim,
intent.
inter (prep) between; amongst. ∼tempe, meanwhile.
interes/i tr interest: be -ing to; affect, concern. ∼o,
interest (not financial).
interez/o (financial) interest.
interpret/i tr interpret. mis∼i, mis-interpret.
invit/i tr, aux; al invite, request. ∼o, -ation. ∼a, -ing,
attractive.
io something. ∼ ajn, anything.
iom a certain amount, a little (some) of; somewhat. ∼
ajn, any at all.
ir/i nt; al, de-ˆ
gis; aux go. en∼i, enter. ek∼i, start, set
off.
*Iran/o Iran. ∼ano, Iranian.
*Irland/o Ireland. ∼ano, Irishman.
-ist- person concerned w/, engaged in, the subj den. by
the rt (by profession or by habitual or frequent
occupatn or interest).; adherent of a person or creed.
*ital/o (proper noun) an Italian. ∼ujo/*∼io, Italy.
iu someone; some, a certain (as an adj.). ∼ ajn, anyone.
ja (adv ) indeed, in fact. Den.: emphasis; expostulatn,
remonstrance; although.
jam (adv ) already, by now, by then. jam ne, no longer.
januar/o (proper noun) January.
jar/o year. ∼cento, century. ∼deko, decade.
cent∼ulo, centenarian.
je (prep) as regards, in relatn to: replaces the acc. to
den. any prepositional relatn implied by the context
(thus, indefinite).
jen (intj ) Behold! Lo! Look! Here! There! ∼...∼...,
now..., now...
jes (intj ) yes. se ∼, if so. Mi kredas, ke jes, I believe so.
ju ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the
more (less)...
*jugoslav/o (proper noun) a Yugoslavian. ∼ujo/*∼io,
Yugoslavia.
just/a just: lawful, legitimate; fair, impartial; honest,
upright; correct, right.
juˆ
g/i tr, abs judge. ∼isto, j. ∼antaro, jury.
juli/o (proper noun) July.
jun/a young. ∼ulo, young man, youth. mal∼a, old.
juni/o (proper noun) June.
jup/o skirt.
ˆa˘
ud/o (proper noun) Thursday.
ˆet/i tr throw, cast.
ˆus (adv ) just (now), not long ago. ∼a, just made,
up-to-date, last moment.
kaf/o coffee. ∼ejo, caf´e.
kaj (conj ) and. kaj...kaj..., both...and...
kajer/o (stitched-paper) book; exercise book.
kalkan/o heel (of foot). ∼umo, heel (of shoe).
kamen/o fireplace, -side; hearth. ∼tubo, chimney.
kamp/o field. ∼aro, (open) country, land. ∼adi,
(en)camp.
kanajl/o blackguard, rascal, villain.
kant/i sing. ∼o, song.
kap/o head: (anatomical); an individual (counting h’s);
brains; chief; top. Ne senkapiˆ
gu, Don’t lose your head.
kapabl/a je, por; aux capable (of -ing), competent. ∼i,
be capable.
kapt/i tr capture, catch. ∼ilo, pitfall, trap. ∼ito, -ive,
prisoner.
kar/a dear: beloved; highly esteemed, valuable;
expensive. mal∼a, cheap.
kart/o card. lud∼o, playing-card. ∼ludo, card-game.
*kased/o cassette.
kaˆ
s/i tr; anta˘
u, de, de anta˘
u hide, conceal. ∼e, in
secret.
kat/o cat. ∼bleki, caterwaul.
ka˘
uz/o cause: (producg an effect); reason. ∼i tr, cause.
∼e, because of.
kaz/o case (grammatical, medical, or legal).
ke (conj ) that. [Can be omitted in English, but never in
Esperanto.]
kelk/a some, a little; a certain. ∼aj, several, a few
[main use].
kia (adj ) of what kind, what k. of a. Kia ...! What a
...!
kial (adv ) why, for what reason. ∼o, reason.
kiam (adv ) when, at what time.
kie (adv ) where, in which (what) place. ∼o,
whereabouts.
kiel (adv ) in what way, by what means: how; as (in the
same way as); like.
kies (pron) whose, which one, of whom, of which.
kilo- (metric pfx) kilo- (*∼cikl, ∼gram, *∼litr, ∼metr,
**∼˘
uat)o— kilocycle, -gram, -liter, -meter, -watt.
kio (pron) what (thing). [Also used as “which” when it
refers to an entire statement rather to a single word,
for which kiu would be used.]
kiom (adv, conj ) What amount, how much. [Used w/
da: Kiom da pomoj? ]
kis/i kiss.
kiu (adj, pron) Which (one), who. [Cp kio.]
klar/a clear: pure, pellucid; distinct; serene; discerng.
mal∼a, clouded, dark.
50
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
klas/o class: grade, rank; category, rank. alt∼a, of
superior g.
klav/o key (piano, typewriter, etc.) ∼aro, keyboard.
[Cp ˆ
slosilo]
kler/a educated, cultured. mal∼a, barbarous, ignorant.
klin/i tr incline. ∼iˆ
gi, bend down, give way. de∼i tr,
divert.
klopod/i tr take measures, make efforts, make efforts.
∼igi, importune, spur.
knab/o boy, lad, male child. ∼ino, girl.
kol/o neck. ∼umo, collar.
kolegi/o college, institutn of scholarship.
koler/i tr, abs; kontra˘
u, pri be angry. ∼a,angry.
∼o,anger. ∼igi,anger.
kolor/o color.
kom/o comma. punkto∼o, semicolon.
komand/i tr (be in) command (of); bid, order. ∼o, c.,
order.
komb/i comb, brush. ∼ilo, comb. mal∼i, dishevel.
komenc/i tr; ˆ
ce, per; aux, abs begin, commence, start.
∼o, beginning.
komerc/o business, commerce. ∼aˆo, commodity,
goods, merchandise.
komfort/o comfort, ease. ∼a, -able, cosy, pleasant. ∼e,
in comfort, at ease.
komik /a comic(al), funny, humorous.
komitat/o committee. ∼estro, chairman.
kompetent
a en, pri competent, able, capable. ∼(ec)o,
-ce, ability, qualificatn.
komplet/a complete, entire, finished. ∼o, c. set, outfit;
suit. ∼igi, c.
komplik /i tr complicate, entangle.
kompren/i tr; ke, kiel; abs understand, comprehend.
∼aˆ
o, idea. ∼ebla, clear.
*komput/i compute, reckon. ∼ilo, computer.
kon/i tr know (about), be acquainted w/, have met.
re∼i, recognize.
koncept/o concept. ∼i, form a c., conceive. [Not the
same as gravediˆ
gi.]
koncert/o concert.
kondiˆ
c/o conditn, qualificatn.; needed circumstance.
∼a, -al. ∼e, on c., c-ally.
konduk/i conduct, guide, lead. ∼ilo, bridle, rein, leash.
kondut/i behave, conduct one’s self. ∼o, b-ior, c.,
manners. malbon∼a, naughty.
konfes/i tr; ke; abs acknowldge, confess. ∼o, c-ion.
∼preni, shrive, take c-ion.
kongres
/o congress. ∼i, attend a congress.
konjug(aci)/i conjugate (a vb). ∼o/∼ado, -ation.
konjunkci/o conjunction (grammatical and celestial).
konkret/a concrete, in material form, perceptible. [Not
the same as betono.]
konkurs/o competition under definite rules; contest,
match. kur∼o, race.
konsci/i tr; pri, ke; abs be conscious (aware) of.
∼(ec)o, a-ness, c-ness.
konsent/i tr; kun, pri, ke; abs agree, consent: concur;
acquiesce. ∼o, a-ment, c.
konserv/i tr; de, kontra˘
u keep, conserve, preserve.
konsil/i aux w/ io, tr w/ io, ke advise, counsel. ∼o,
(piece of) advice, c.
konsist/i nt consist: el be composed of; in c. in. ∼o,
compositn, make-up.
konstant/a constant, abiding, permanent, stable. ∼a,
constancy. ∼o, (math) constant.
konstru/i tr build, construct: erect; organize; construe.
∼aˆ
o, a building.
kontakt/o contact, connectn, touch. ∼i, be in c.
fuˆ
s∼o, short circuit.
kontra˘
u (prep) against, in opposition to; facing; in o-it
dir. to normal, etc.
kontrol
/i tr; ˆ
cu, check (up on), audit, inspect, verify.
∼(ad)o, inspectn.
konvers/i ([konversacii], also) converse, chat, talk.
∼(ad)o, -ation.
konvink/i tr; pri, ke convince, firmly persuade. ∼o,
convictn.
kopi/i copy, make a c. of; imitate. ∼ilo c-ing machine.
kor/o heart (anat. or wrt feelings). ∼a, cordial. sen∼a,
-less.
korb/o basket.
korekt/i correct: amend; admonish, rectify. ∼a,
*correct (ˆ
gusta), corrective.
korespond/i kun, correspond (interchange letters).
[Not to correspond to.]
korp/o body.
kost/i tr cost, involve expenditure/loss. ∼o, c., price.
sen∼e, free.
kotiz /i contribute. ∼(aˆ)o, c-ion, share, dues.
kovert/o envelope.
kovr/i tr; per cover. ∼ilo, envelope, lid, c. of book,
shutter.
krajon/o pencil. glob∼o, ball-pt pen. [Not the same
as crayon: paˆstelo].
kre/i tr create. ∼(ad)o, -ion (act). ∼aˆo, -ion (object).
kred/i tr; al, je, pri believe; think (that). ∼o, belief.
kresk/i nt grow.
kret/o chalk (the material and the writing implement).
kri/i cry (out), shout; call. ∼o, shout. ∼aˆ
ci, screech.
ek∼i, exclaim.
Krist/nask/o Christmas.
kritik/i tr criticize: appraise, examine; censure, find
fault w/. ∼aˆ
ci, flame.
krokodil/o crocodile; *[colloq.: one who speaks his
native tongue when Esp. is approp.].
krom (prep) treats what follows as separate from other
things: After a general or neg. statement, excludes the
obj. from said statement; after a statement may be
added to include something else. Thus, krom: except;
besides.
kruc/o cross. ∼(ir)i c., intersect. ∼umi, crucify.
kruel/a cruel. ∼ulo, brute.
krur/o leg (of a person, animal, or piece of furniture).
∼umo, pants-leg.
ktp (abbreviation) etc., and so forth (kaj tiel plu).
kuf/o coif, simple head-dress for women.
51
kuir/i tr , cook. ∼ejo, kitchen.
kuk/o cake.
kuler/o spoon.
kultur /o culture, (level of) civilizatn, educatn,
refinement, training.
kun (prep) (along) with (place, time, conj., possession)
[not by means of].
kunikl/o rabbit. kunˆ
cjo, bunny.
kur/i nt run, hasten, hurry. ∼a, r-ing. ∼e, at a r.
kurac/i tr treat (medically), apply remedies. ∼ilo,
remedy. ∼isto, doctor.
kurs/o course (of instructn), series of lessons; course (of
travel).
kuˆ
s/i nt lie: be horizontal; be on a surface; be located,
stay.
kutim/o custom, habit, practice, wont. ∼e, usually. ∼i,
be wont to.
kuz/o (first) cousin (male). ∼ino, female (first) cousin.
kvadrat/o square (geometric and mathematical).
kvankam (conj ) although, even if, granting that. [Can
pair with tamen, q.v.]
kvant/o quantity, amount, extent, size. ∼umo,
quantum.
kvar four
kvaza˘
u 1. (conj ) as, as if (though), like. ∼ diri, as if to
say. 2. (adv ) apparently, as it were, so to speak. ∼a,
quasi-.
kverk/o oak (tree).
kviet/a quite. ∼o, q.
kvin five
la the. [Can, esp. in poetry, be abbrev. as l’ after a
vowel-endg prep.]
labor/i nt labor, work. ∼o, l., w. ∼ema, industrious.
Etc.
lac/a tired, weary. mal∼a, fresh.
lag/o lake, loch, lough. ∼eto, pool, pond.
lakt/o milk.
*lanˆ
c/i launch.
land/o land (all senses relating to geography, but not
flight [surteriˆ
gi].)
lang/o tongue (anatomical, not linguistic).
larˆ
g/a broad, wide. ∼o, breadth, width.
las/i tr leave: depart; l. behind; allow to be; cease to
[not aux]; permit.
last/a last, ultimate (time, order, sense of only
remaining 1). anta˘
u∼a, pen-u.
la˘
u (prep) according to, in -ance with, by means of
(sorting, etc.).
la˘
ud/i tr praise, bring laud. mal∼i, blame, censure.
∼∼a, pejorative.
la˘
ut/a loud, noisy. mal∼a, quite, low, soft.
lav/i tr wash. ∼igi,have washed. [-ig- does the have
thing to tr vbs]
lecion/o lesson. ∼aro, course.
leg/i tr, nt (!) read.
leˆ
g/o law. ∼a, legal. ∼igi, legalize. ∼isto, -yer.
kontra˘
u∼a, il-.
lern/i tr, aux learn. ∼ejo, school.
lert/a je, pri clever, dexterous, skillful. mal∼a,
awkward, clumsy.
leter/o letter (to a person), epistle. [Cp liter/o]
lev/i tr lift, raise. ∼umilo, lever.
li he. ∼a, his. ∼n, him.
liber/a de free, at liberty. ∼(ec)o, f-dom, liberty.
mal∼a, captive.
libr/o book. ∼otenanto, book-keeper.
lig/i tr bind, fasten, tie. ∼o, league. ∼ilo, band, cord.
al∼i, ally.
lign/o wood.
lingv/o language, tongue (linguistic [Cp. lang/o]).
∼isto, linguist.
lini/o line.
lip/o lip.
list/o list, catalog, register, roll.
lit/o bed, couch, resting-place. en∼igi (∼iˆ
gi), put (get)
into bed.
liter/o letter (of the alphabet [Cp leter/o]) ∼i, spell.
loˆ
g/i nt dwell, inhabit, live, reside; lodge, stay. ∼ejo,
abode, house.
lok/o place, location.
long/a long, extended. ∼(ec)o, length [W/o better
than w/].
lud/i nt, tr (!) play. ∼ilo, toy. kart∼i, play cards.
lum/o light. mal∼a, dark.
lun/o moon.
lund/o (proper noun) Monday.
maj/o (proper noun) May.
makul/o spot, blot; blemish, defect.
mal- den. exact opposite of the idea expressed by the
word it modifies.
malgra˘
u (prep) in spite of, notwithstanding.
man/o hand. ∼umo, cuff.
manier/o manner, way; mode of actn.
mank/i nt be lacking, absent. ∼igi, omit. mal∼i,
abound.
manˆ
g/i tr, nt (!) eat, swallow, consume. ∼o, meal.
∼aˆ
o, food.
mantel/o coat, mantle, cape, cloak.
*map/o map.
mar/o sea, ocean.
mard/o (proper noun) Tuesday.
mark/o mark. poˆ
st∼o, postage stamp. ∼i, mark.
mart/o (proper noun) March.
marˆ
s/i nt march.
mas/o mass (not religious).
maˆ
sin/o machine (s.t. more complicated than an ilo,
q.v.).
maten/o morning. ∼e, in the morning.
material
/o material, mater, stuff. ∼e, in substance, not
merely in form.
mebl/o (piece of) furniture.
mejl/o mile.
melk/i tr milk (e.g., a cow).
52
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
mem self, selves (throws emphasis on “self”):
personally, w/o help, spontnsly.
membr/o member.
menci/i mention, allude to. ∼o, mention.
mens/o mind, intellect. ∼a, mental.
merkred/o (proper noun) Wednesday.
met/i tr put, place.
metod/o method.
metr
/o meter (unit of length). ∼a, metric.
mez/o middle: central point; mean, medium. nokto
(tag)∼o, mid-night (day).
mi I, me. ∼a, my, (of) mine.
miks/i tr mix. ∼aˆo, -ture.
mil(o) thousand. dudek kvin mil, twenty-five thousand.
minac/i tr; al, je, per menace, threaten, impend,
forbode. ∼o, m., threat.
minimum/o minimum. ∼e, at least.
minut/o minute (60th of an hour or a degree).
mir/i pri, ke marvel, be astonished. ∼o, surprise,
wonder. ∼igi, amaze.
mis- mis-, amiss, incorrectly. ∼a, incorrect. ∼o, fault,
miss.
modern/a modern. mal∼a, ancient, old.
mok/i tr mock, deride, jeer at, make fun of. ∼(em)a,
bantering, scornful.
moment/o moment: point of time; deciding point.
ˆ
cie∼e, at any moment.
mon/o money, currency. ∼er, coin. ∼ujo, purse.
monat/o month.
mond/o world.
mont/o mountain. ∼eto, hill. ∼supro, summit.
montr/i tr , show, display.
mord/i tr bite. ∼eti, nibble.
morga˘
u (adv ) tomorrow.
mort/i nt die. ∼o, death. ∼inta, dead. ∼a, mortal.
∼igi, kill.
moˆ
st/o gen. title of politeness and respect for people of
rank.
mov/i tr move: displace; put in motion; drive, propel.
∼ado, -ment.
mult/a much, a lot of. ∼aj, many, a large nr of. ∼o,
much. ∼obligi, multiply.
mur/o wall.
murd/i murder, kill unlawfully [as opp. to mortigi, q.v.]
mus/o mouse.
muzik
/o music.
naci/o nation. ∼a, -al. ∼ano, citizen.
naˆ
g/i swim.
najbar/o neighbor. ∼aˆo, ∼eco, -hood.
nask/i tr give birth to, bear. ∼oto, foetus. ∼iˆ
gi, be
born.
natur/o nature.
na˘
u nine.
naz/o nose.
ne not (negates the word it precedes); (pfx) non-, un-,
etc.; (intj ) no.
neces/a necessary. ∼i be necessary. ∼ejo, bathroom,
toilet, w.c.
*Nederland/o Hollad, the Netherlands. ∼ano, a
Dutchman.
negr /o a black man. [Cp nigr/a]
neˆ
g/o snow. ∼ero, snow-flake. ∼ulino, Snow-white.
pluv∼o, sleet.
nek...nek... neither...nor..., not...or...
nenia (adj ) no, of no kind, no kind of, not any.
nenial
(adv ) for no reason, not for any reason, on no
account.
neniam (adv ) never, at no time, not ever.
nenie (adv ) nowhere, in no case, not anywhere.
neniel nohow, by no means, in no way.
nenies (pron) nobody’s, no-one’s.
nenio (pron) nothing, none, not anything, naught.
∼aˆ
o, vacuum.
neniom
(adv ) none (of it), none (at all), no amount, not
a bit.
neniu (pron) nobody, no one, not one; not a single.
nep/o grandson. ∼ino, granddaughter.
nepr/e w/o fail, absolutely, in any case.
nev/o nephew. ∼ino, niece.
ne˘
utral/a neutral.
ni (pron) we. ∼n, us. ∼a, our.
nigr/a black, dark (the color [Cp negro]).
nivel/o level. mar∼o, sea-level.
-nj- sfx of endearment for female names, attached to the
1st few letters of the rt.
nokt/o night. tra∼i nt, pass the night.
nom/o name, appelatn, denominatn. plum∼o,
pseudonym. ∼e, by name, namely.
nombr/o number. mez∼o, average, mean.
nord north. ∼en, to the north, northwards.
normal/a normal (not geometric); ordinary, regular,
typical. ne∼a, abnormal.
not/o note (written and musical). ∼i, take note of,
note.
nov/a new. mal∼a, old.
novembr/o (proper noun) November.
nu (intj ) Well! Well now! Come now!
nud/a bare, nude: naked; exposed; direct, simple.
nul/o nought, zero, nil. ∼igi, nullify. ∼a, null.
numer/o number given to s.t. to indicate its order
among others. [Cp numbr/o]
nun (adv ) now. ∼a, current, present.
nur (adv ) only, merely (modifies the idea it precedes).
obe/i tr; al obey. ∼(ad)o, obedience. ∼igi, train.
mal∼i, disobey.
objekt/o object (concrete and grammatical: rekta
objekto, nerekta objekto).
-obl- den. multiplicatn: -fold. ∼o, multiple. du∼a,
duple, twofold.
observ/i tr observe, watch. mal∼i, disregard.
ofend/i tr offend. ∼o, insult, offense, affront. ∼a,
offensive, insulting.
53
ofer/i offer up, sacrifice.
*ofert/i offer for sale or supply.
ofic/o office: responsible occupatn; duty w/ this. ∼ejo,
o. ∼isto, officer.
oficial
/a official, authorized. [Cp ofic/a: official,
concerning an office or duty]
oficir/o officer (in the military, etc.) [Cp ofic/isto].
oft/e often, frequently. ∼a, frequent, often-occuring.
plej∼e, mostly.
ok eight.
okaz/i nt happen,occur. ∼o,event. ∼a,accidental.
∼e,on occasn,as it h-ed.
okcident/o west. ∼a, w-ern, w-erly. ∼en w-ward.
oktobr/o (proper noun) October.
okul/o eye. ∼(ad)i, e., look at. ∼umi, ogle.
okup/i tr occupy, employ. mal∼i, evacuate, leave free.
ol (conj ) than (with comparison). anta˘
u ∼, before
(sentence).
-on- den. fraction: -th. ∼o, fractn, aliquot part.
kvar∼o, quarter.
oni (pron) one, they, folks, people, men (in general).
onkl/o uncle. ∼ino, aunt.
-op- den. number of elements in a collectivity. du∼e, in
pairs, two by two.
opini/o opinion. ∼i tr, opine, be of an o., believe,
think, suppose.
oranˆ
g/o orange (the fruit). ∼(kolor)a, orange.
ord/o order (arrangement, not command [Cp
ordon/o]).
ordinar/a ordinary.
ordon/i tr; ind. command command, order. ∼o, c., o.
orel/o ear. ∼umo, telephone ear-piece.
organiz /i tr organize. ∼(ad)o, -ation, -ing. ∼(aˆ)o,
-ation, -ed body.
orient/o east, orient. ∼en, e-ward.
ost/o bone.
ov/o egg.
pac/o peace.
paˆ
cj/o (< patro) Daddy, Dad.
paf/i tr; al; kontra˘
u fire, shoot, project a missile. ∼ilo,
gun.
pag/i tr; al, por pay. ∼e, in payment.
paˆ
g/o page (of a book).
pak/i tr pack. ∼(aˆ)o, package.
pal/a pale. ∼iˆ
gi, (become) pale.
pan/o bread.
panj/o (< patro) Mom, Mommy, Mum, Mummy.
paper/o paper.
par/o pair, couple. ∼e, in pairs. ∼ulo, partner.
pardon/i tr; al, ke forgive, pardon, excuse. ∼peto,
apology.
parenc/o relation, relative, kinsman.
parol/i tr; al, kun, pri speak, talk. el∼i, set out clearly,
enunciate.
part/o part. plej∼e, for the most part, mainly.
pas/i tr, nt (!) pass: disappear; go from...to...; pass by,
go past.
pask/o Passover; Easter. ∼a, Paschal.
paˆ
s/i nt, ∼o, step, pace, tread.
paˆstel/o pastel, crayon.
patr/o father. ∼ino, mother.
pa˘
uz/o pause, break, halt. ∼i, cease, stop; delay;
hesitate.
pec/o piece. (dis)∼igi, cut up, dismember, cut to
shreds.
pen/i nt make an effor, try hard, labor, endeavor.
pend/i nt hang, be suspended. ∼igi, hang up. ∼umi
tr , hang s.o.
penik/o brush, hair-pencil; tassel.
pens/i think: cogitate, consider, ponder; believe,
imagine. pri∼i, t. about.
pentr/i tr paint. ∼aˆo, -ing, picture.
per (prep) by means of, per, through, with (instr). ∼i,
act as intermediary.
perd/i tr lose.
perfekt/a perfect.
period/o period (of time).
permes/i tr; al, ke permit, allow, let. ∼o, permissn,
leave. mal∼i, forbid.
person/o person. ∼a, -al, individual, private.
pes/i tr weigh, find the weight of. ∼ilo, scales, balance.
pet/i tr; por, pri, ke ask (as a favor). ∼o, request. mi
petas, please.
pez/i nt, weigh, have weight, be heavy.
pied/o foot.
pilk/o ball (for games, etc.) [Cp bal/o].
pingl/o pin.
pint/o point, extremity, sharp end.
plac/o (public) square; open space, clearing.
plaˆ
c/i tr; al please, be agreable to. al iu ∼as io, s.o.
likes s.t.
plan/o plan. ∼i tr, make a p., plan.
planed/o planet.
plank/o floor, bottom, ground.
plat/a flat.
plej (adv ) most, -est. mal∼, least.
plen/a de, je full. ∼umi, accomplish, fulfil. mal∼a,
empty.
plend/i nt complain.
plezur/o pleasure. ∼e, w/ pleasure.
pli (adv ) more, -er ... (ol: than). mal∼, less.
plor/i nt, cry, weep.
plu (adv ) further, more (in this sense). [Cp pli]
plum/o feather, plume; pen. font∼o, fountain pen.
plur/a ∼aj, more than one, several.
*plus (prep) plus, with the additn of.
pluv/o rain, shower. ∼i, rain. ∼ero, raindrop.
po apiece, at (the rate of). [Complicated—try to find an
explanatn elsewhere]
pokal/o beaker, large drinking cup.
polur/i tr polish.
54
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
polus/o pole (geometric, e.g. the North Pole).
polv/o dust.
pom/o apple. ter∼o, potato.
pont/o bridge.
popol/o people: inhabitants, popultatn; the gen.
public, masses. ∼amaso, crowd.
popular /a popular, familiar to, known (liked) by the
public.
por (prep) for: in order to, for the purpose of; etc.
pord/o door, gateway.
pork/o pig, hog. mar∼o, porpoise. ∼aˆo, pork. ∼ejo,
p-sty.
port/i bear, carry; wear. al∼i, bring.
posed/i tr possess, have, hold, own. ∼o, p-ion,
ownership. ∼aˆo, p-ion.
post (prep) after (time and rank), behind (place). ∼e,
-wards.
postul/i tr , demand, require. ∼o, d., r-ment.
poˆ
s/o pocket.
poˆ
st/o post(al service), mail. en∼igi, m., p.
potenc/o might, power. plej∼a, the Almighty, Most
High.
pov/i aux have the power, can, be able. ∼o, power:
ability; (horse)-power.
pra- den. remoteness: grand, great- (w/ relatives);
primitive, prehistoric, Ur-.
prav/a (in the) right; correct. ∼i, be r. mal∼a, (in
the) wrong, incorrect.
precip/e principally, above all, chiefly. ∼a, principle,
chief, main.
preciz/a precise, accurately expressed.
prefer/i tr, aux prefer, favor. ∼ata, favorite.
preˆ
g/i nt; al, por, pri, ke pray. ∼ejo, church, chapel.
*preleg/i lecture.
premi/o prize, reward.
pren/i tr take.
preska˘
u (adv ) almost, all but, nearly, well-nigh.
pret/a ready. ∼i, be ready. ∼e, beforehand.
preter (prep) beyond, past, on the other side of. [w/ a
positn or limit]
prez/o price.
prezent/i present: offer, proffer, propose; introduce;
imagine; depict; give; form.
prezid/i tr preside. ∼anto, chairman, pn p-ing.
∼ento, -ent, official head.
pri (prep) about, concerning.
princip
/o principle, fundamental. ∼a, of p., f. ∼e, on
p., as a rule.
printemp/o spring.
pro (prep) because of, for, from, owing to, through.
[Lat. propter ]
problem/o problem.
procent/o percent, rate.
produkt/i tr produce.
profesi/o profession. ∼a, -al.
profesor /o professor.
profund/a deep, profound. mal∼a, shallow, superficial.
program/o program, list of arrangements, plan. ∼ero,
item, piece.
progres/i nt (make) progress, advance. ∼o, p.,
advance. mal∼i, decline.
projekt
/o project.
proksim/a near, in proximity, close, nigh. ∼e de, near
to. ∼ume, approximately.
promes/i tr, aux; al promise.
prononc/i tr pronounce. ∼o, pronunciation.
propon/i tr, aux; ke propose. ∼o, -al, -ition.
propr/a (one’s) own, belonging to one.
protekt/i tr; al, kontra˘
u protect (against, from)
protest/i kontra˘
u protest, demonstrate. ∼o, p.,
objection.
prov/i tr (put to the) test, try (in this sense).
proviz/i tr provide.
prunt/i tr; al, de 1. al lend. 2. de borrow.
pruv/i tr; ke prove. ∼o, proof. ∼aˆo, evidence.
publik/o the public.
pun/i tr; pro punish, castigate, chastise. ∼o, penalty.
pup/o doll.
pur/a pure, clean. ∼igi, c., p-ify. mal∼a, im-p., dirty.
purpur/a purple.
raci/o reason, judgement, logical faculty, sense. ∼a,
rational. ∼igi, ratnalize.
rad/o wheel.
rajd/i tr; sur ride (animal, bicycle, etc.).
rajt/o right (to s.t.), just claim, prerogative. ∼i nt,
aux , have the r., may.
rakont/i tr; pri, ke tell (a story), narrate, relate. ∼o,
story, tale, narrative.
rapid/a rapid, fast. ∼e, quickly.
raport/i tr; al, pri; ke report, describe; record; inform
(on), tell tales.
rav/i tr (fill w/) delight, ravish, captivate. ∼a,
r-ing,d-ful,c-ing,lovely.
re- re-.
real/a real: factual, material, objective. mal∼a, unreal,
illusory.
redakt/i tr edit. ∼isto, ∼oro, editor.
reg/i tr rule, dominate. ∼ato, subject. ∼istaro,
government.
registr/i tr rgister (of records or music).
regul/o regulation, rule.
reˆ
g/o king. ∼id(in)o, prince(ss). ∼ino, queen.
eks∼iˆ
gi, abdicate.
rekt/a straight, direct (geometrical, moral,
grammatical, etc.). mal∼a, crooked.
relativ /a relative, comparative, not absolute (also
grammatical).
renkont/i tr meet (s.o.). [Not the same as kun/ven/i]
respond/i tr; al, pri, ke answer: reply, reciprocate;
comply w.; correspond.
rest/i nt remain, stay, continue to be. ∼ejo, abode,
stopping place.
55
ret/o net.
rev/i tr; pri dream, be in a reverie, muse. ∼o, d.
∼(em)a, d-y, romantic.
ricev/i tr receive. ∼o, receipt.
riˆ
c/a je rich. mal∼a, poor.
rid/i tr; je, pri, pro laugh (at). ∼eti, smile.
rigard/i tr; al look (at); regard; face.
rilat/i tr; al relate, be -ed, be connected w/, concern.
∼o, -ion; attitude.
rimark/i tr; de remark, notice, observe; make a r. ∼o,
observatn.
rimed/o means, measure, method, opportunity, way.
ripet/i tr; ke repeat, do again, duplicate, reiterate.
river/o river, stream. ∼eto, brook, creek. ∼ujo, r-bed.
rob/o robe, gown, vestment, dress.
rok /o rock, boulder, crag.
roman/o novel, romance, lengthy tale.
romp/i tr break: crack; interrupt; b. down. ∼(ad)o,
fracture. ∼aˆo, bit.
rond/o round: circle, ring; rounds, beat; social circle.
∼a, round.
ronk/i snore.
ruband/o ribbon, band.
ruˆ
g/a red. ∼iˆ
gi, blush. ∼igi, -en.
*rus/o (proper noun) a Russian. ∼ujo/*∼io, Russia.
∼a, Russian.
sabat/o (proper noun) Saturday.
saˆ
g/a wise. ∼ulo, sage. ∼umi, affect wisdom, split
hairs. mal∼a, stupid.
sal/o salt. ∼i tr, s.
salon/o drawing-room, “salon.”
salt/i nt jump, leap, bound; move quickly. ∼eti, hop.
salut/i tr salute: greet, hail; by gesture express respect.
∼on!, hello.
sam/a the same, identical. ∼(manier)e, in the s. way.
∼tempe, simultaneously.
san/a healthy. ∼o, (good) health. mal∼a, sick, ill.
sang/o blood, gore; lineage, race. ∼ero, drop of blood.
sankt/a holy, sacred. ∼ejo, holy place, sanctuary,
shrine. ∼ulo, saint.
sat/a satiated, satisfied, full, replete. mal∼a, hungry.
sav/i tr save: deliver, rescue; spare.
scen
/o scene.
sci/i tr; ke, kie, etc. know: (facts), be aware of; k. how
to. ∼voli, wonder.
scienc/o science.
se (conj ) if. ∼ jes, if so. ∼ ne, if not. [Not “whether,”
ˆ
cu]
sed (conj ) but, however, moreover.
seg/i tr saw. ∼ilo, saw.
seˆ
g/o chair, seat. brak∼o, arm-chair.
sek/a dry. mal∼a, wet.
seks/o sex; (grammatical) gender. in(∼)a, female.
vir∼a, male.
sekund/o second, sixtieth of a minute (time or degree).
∼i, s., abet, promote.
sekur /a secure, safe.
sekv/i tr, abs follow. ∼a, consequent.
semajn/o week.
sen (prep) w/o, free from, minus, with no, sans. sen-,
-less.
senc/o sense; meaning; idea, purport.
send/i tr send.
*sens/o sense (one of the five...). ∼a, sensory. ∼ama,
sensual.
sent/i feel, be conscious of, sense. ∼o, -ing, perceptn,
sense.
sep seven.
septembr/o (proper noun) September.
serˆ
c/i tr search: look for, seek; investigate, research.
seri/o series, sequence of similar things. ∼a, -al.
ses six.
sezon/o season.
si (reflexive pron) refers to the subj of the sentence, but
only if 3rd pn. ∼a, his-(her-its-their-one’s)own. sin-,
self-.
sid/i nt sit. ∼igi, seat, set. kun∼i, hold a meeting
(kunveni).
signif/i tr mean, signify, denote. sen∼a, insignificant,
meaningless.
silent/a silent, tacit. ∼o, silence. ∼i nt, be silent.
simil/a al, je similar (to), (a)like. ∼i, be like, match,
resemble.
simpl/a simple. ∼e, -y, just, merely, only; plainly.
sinjor/o gentleman;Mr.; master; (rel) the Lord; ∼ino,
Mrs. ge∼oj, Mr. and Mrs.
siren/o siren (woman or loud object).
sistem
/o system. ∼a, -atic.
Skandinavi/o Scandinavia. ∼ano, -n.
skatol/o box, tin.
*ski/o ski. ∼(kur)i, s.
sklav/o slave. ∼i, s., drudge.
skrib/i nt, tr (!) write.
societ/o society: community; associatn, club; company,
firm; social circle.
soif/i tr; al thirst (for), be -y. ∼o, t.
sol/a alone, lone.
solv/i tr dissolve; resolve, solve. ∼o, solutn, answer.
∼a, solvent.
somer/o summer.
son/i nt (make) sound, be heard, resound.
sonˆ
g/i, ∼o dream (in sleep).
sorˆ
c/i tr enchant, put a spell on. ∼isto, -er, wizard.
∼istino, witch.
sort/o fate.
spac/o space: area, extent; limitless s.
spec/o kind, sort; brand, variety.
special
/a special, particular, for a def. purpose [Cp
apart/a, precip/e].
*specif/i tr specify; define in detail. ∼o, specificatn.
spegul/o mirror.
56
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
spert/a experienced, adept, competent, conversant,
expert, skilled.
spinac/o spinach.
spit/i defy, flout, spite. ∼e ... -n, ∼e al, in defiance of.
sport/o sport, out-of-door recreatn. ∼ejo, stadium.
sprit/a witty, bright, clever, quick. ∼(ec)o, wit.
mal∼a, inane, folly.
staci/o station: (haltejo; restejo; establaˆo). ∼domo, s.
building.
star/i nt stand: be in upright positn;stay unshaken; be
situated. ∼ema,stable. re∼i, right, stand back up.
stat/o conditn, state; plight, status. ∼i, be in a s.
stel/o star. ∼ul(in)o, “star” (film, etc.)
stil/o style: manner; pattern, shape.
*stop! (intj ) stop!
strang/a strange, odd, peculiar. ∼aˆo, oddity,
peculiarity. ∼ulo, eccentric.
strat/o street, road between buildings.
streb/i nt strive; do one’s best. ∼o, great effort,
struggle.
streˆ
c/i tr stretch, brace, tense, stiffen, strain. ∼e,
fixedly. ∼o, strain. ∼ita, intense, strained. mal∼i,
ease, loosen.
struktur /o structure, constructn, build. ∼a, structural.
stud/i tr study, do research work on. ∼ema, studious.
∼anto, person -ing.
student/o (college) student, undergraduate.
stult/a stupid, foolish, silly. ∼igi, besot, stultify.
sub (prep) under(neath), beneath, below. ∼ulo,
underling.
subit/a sudden, abrupt, unexpected. ∼e, -ly, all at
once.
suˆ
c/i tr suck.
sud/o south. ∼a, southern. ∼en, southwards, to the s.
∼ano,∼ulo, -erner.
sufiˆ
c/a enough, sufficient. ∼e!, enough! ∼i, be e.,
suffice.
suk/o juice, organic fluid, sap.
sukces/i nt; en, pri; aux succeed, have success. ∼o,
success. mal∼i, fail.
sun/o sun. ∼a, solar.
super (prep) above, super-, over. ∼i, beat, exceed,
excel, surpass.
supoz/i suppose, accept as true or possible w/o proof;
assume, imagine, presume.
supr/o top, summit. ∼a, upper. ∼e de, on the t. of.
∼en, up(wards). ∼aˆ
o, surface. mal∼o, bottom.
mal∼e, below. mal∼en, down.
sur (prep) on, upon.
surpriz/i tr surprise. ∼o, s.
*sved/o (proper noun) a Swede. ∼ujo/*∼io, Sweden.
∼a, Swedish.
sving/i tr swing.
*svis/o (proper noun) a Swiss. ∼ujo/*∼io,
Switzerland. ∼a, Swiss.
ˆ
saf/o sheep. Di∼ido, Agnus Dei.
ˆ
sajn/i seem. ∼o, appearance. ∼e, apparently. ver∼e,
probably, presumably.
ˆsanc/o chance. bon∼a, fortunate, lucky.
ˆ
sanˆ
g/i tr change, alter. mon∼o, change.
ˆ
sat/i appreciate, enjoy, think highly of; like (in this
sense). [Don’t use as aux]
ˆ
serc/i nt joke, jest, make fun. mal∼a, serious.
ˆ
si (pron) she. ∼n, her. ∼a, her.
ˆ
sip/o ship, boat. ∼estro, captain, skipper.
ˆ
sir/i tr tear; pull apart, rip. dis∼i, tear up, shred.
ˆ
slim/o slime.
ˆ
slos/i tr lock. ∼ilo, key.
ˆ
snur/o rope, line, cord.
ˆ
spar/i tr save (up), reserve; be sparing of, economize.
∼(em)a, thrifty.
ˆ
srank/o cupboard.
ˆ
stat/o state (realm), nation, form of government.
ˆ
stel/i steal, thieve. ∼aˆo, booty, plunder, loot. ∼o,
theft. ∼isto, thief.
ˆ
stof/o stuff, fabric, textile.
ˆ
stup/o stair, set (of staircase). ∼e, gradually. ∼aro,
staircase, stairs.
ˆ
su/o shoe.
ˆ
suld/i tr owe, be in debt.
ˆ
sultr/o shoulder.
tabl/o table.
tabul/o board, plank. nigra ∼o, black-board.
tag/o day.
*tajp/i type(write). ∼ilo, typewriter. ∼isto, -ist.
∼aˆ
o, type.
tamen (adv, conj ) nevertheless, however, still, though,
yet, howbeit.
task /o task, job, piece of work.
ta˘
ug/i nt be fit for, be of use, serve. ∼a, fitting,
suitable.
te/o tea. ∼ujo, tea-caddy. ∼horo, tea-time. ∼kruˆ
co,
tea-pot.
teatr
/o theater, play-house. ∼aˆ
ca, meretricious. ∼aˆo,
drama, piece, play.
*teknologi/o technology. La Masaˆ
cusetsa Instituto de
Teknologio.
tekst/o text, wording, words (of music).
teler/o plate.
tem/o subject, theme, topic. ∼i, be about, have as a
theme, touch on.
temp/o time. lasta∼e, lately. sam∼a, contemporary.
temperatur /o temperature.
ten/i tr hold, keep. sin∼o, attitude, bearing. ∼ilo,
handle.
ter/o earth: the world; ground, land; soil, dirt. en∼igi,
bury, inter.
*teren/o ground, plot, terrain, tract of land.
terur/o terror, fright, intense fear. ∼a, -ible, -iffying,
awful. ∼i, -ify, appal.
tia of that kind,that kind of a,such a. ∼ˆoj,such things.
∼maniere, so that.
tial accordingly, for that reason, therefore. ∼ ke,
because.
57
tiam (adv ) then, at that time; in that case. ∼a, of that
time, contemporary.
tie (adv ) there, in that place, over there. ∼n, thither. ˆ
ci
∼, here.
tiel (adv ) as, in such a way, like that, so, thus. ∼ ...
kiel, as ... as.
ties
of that, that one’s, his, etc.; the latter’s.
tim/i tr fear, be afraid of, dread. ∼o, fear, -phobia.
tio (pron) that (thing), it. ˆ
ci ∼, this thing.
tiom (da) (adv ) that amount, so many.
tip/o type, character, specimen. ∼a, typical.
tir/i tr draw, pull. al∼i, attract.
tiu (pron) that one, the one; (adj ) that (particular,
individual). ˆ
ci ∼, this (one). ˆ
ci ∼j, these.
toler/i tr tolerate. ∼ema, tolerant, broad-minded,
easy-going.
tond/i tr clip, shear, snip. ∼ilo, scissors, clippers,
shears.
tondr/o thunder.
tra (prep) through: from one end to the other; through
and past; during.
traduk/i tr; el...en... translate. ∼(aˆ)o, -ion,
rendering, version.
traf/i tr hit the goal, reach one’s aim, befall; contact,
meet. ∼o, hit.
*trajn/o train, string, tow: series of objects; railway
train (vagonaro).
trakt/i tr; pri treat of, deal w/, describe; act towards,
deal w/.
tranˆ
c/i tr cut, cleave. ∼o, cut(ting). ∼ilo, knife.
trans (prep) over, across; (pfx) trans-. ∼ruˆ
ga,
infra-red. ∼violo, u.v.
tre (adv ) very (much), strongly.
tri three
trink/i tr drink. ∼o, drink.
tro (adv ) too; (w/ vb) over(much), too much. ∼a,
excessive.
trov/i tr find: discover; receive; succeed in getting;
consider to be.
tru/o hole, break, breach, gap, opening. ∼i tr, h.,
puncture.
tuj (adv ) immediately, at once, forthwith; just, right
(tute apude).
tuk/o a cloth. buˆ
s∼o, napkin. poˆs∼o, naz∼o,
handkerchief.
tuˆ
s/i tr touch: lay hand on; contact; alter; mentn, deal
w.; affect; concern.
tut/a the whole, all the, intact. ∼e, quite, completely.
∼e ne, by no means. ne ∼e, not altogether, not quite.
en∼e, as a whole.
-uj- den.: container, holder; obj in which an actn is
performed; land of; fruittree.
-ul- den. individual: (w/ adj rt) pn characterized by rt;
a type of animal (mam∼o, mammal); (inanimate obj)
triferdek∼o, 3decker.
-um- has no def. meaning, but forms related words
whose sense is defined by the usage or suggested by
context. [In general, one cannot confidently form new
examples and must look up any which have been
formed].
*uni/o union, coalitn.
universal/a universal, world-wide, ecumenical.
universitat/o university.
unu one
urb/o town. ∼a, urban. ∼ego, great city. ∼estro,
mayor. ∼domo, t-hall.
Uson/o The United States of America. ∼ano,
American.
util/a of use; advantageous. ∼i nt, be of use, help.
mal∼a, harmful.
uz/i tr use, employ, utilize.
valor
/o value, worth.
var /o article of commerce, commodity. ∼oj, wares,
goods. ∼ejo, warehouse.
varb/i tr; al, en, por enlist, enroll, gain over, recruit.
varm/a warm. ∼ega, hot. ∼eta, tepid. mal∼a, cool.
mal∼ega, cold.
vast/a vast. dis∼igi, promulgate, spread. mal∼a,
narrow, limited.
ve (intj ) woe! ho ∼!, alas! woe is me!
vek/i tr wake(n), rouse (< sleep). ∼iˆ
gi, awaken.
ven/i nt come. al∼i, arrive at, reach. re∼i return.
kun∼i, convene, meet. kun∼o, meeting.
vend/i tr sell.
vendred/o (proper noun) Friday.
venen/o poison. kontra˘
u∼o, antidote.
venk/i tr, abs conquer, vanquish, beat, defeat, triumph
over. mal∼o, defeat.
vent/o wind.
ventr/o belly, abdomen; womb.
ver/a true, authentic, genuine, real, veritable. ∼o,
truth.
verb/o verb.
verd/a green, verdant.
verk/i tr write, make (by mental labor).
verm/o worm.
verˆ
s/i tr pour out (liquids), discharge.
vesper/o evening; gloaming, twilight, dusk.
vest/i tr clothe, dress, robe. ∼(aˆ)o, article of clothing,
apparel, dress.
veter/o weather.
vetur/i go (travel) by vehicle. ∼ilo, vehicle.
kusen∼ilo, hovercraft.
vi you (sg and pl). ∼a, your(s).
viand/o meat. ∼ejo, butcher’s shop. ∼isto, butcher.
vid/i tr see: behold; realize; understand; visit. ∼o,
sight, view.
vigl/a animated: bright, fresh; lively, nimble; energetic;
alert, vigilant.
vin/o wine.
vintr/o winter.
viol/o violet. ∼a, ∼kolora, v.
vir/o male; man (opp woman); man (opp child); (pfx)
male-. ∼ino, woman, female.
vitr/o glass; obj of glass. okul∼oj, eye-glasses.
viv/i nt live; remain alive, endure; remain in memory;
manage; conduct one’s l.; dwell. ∼o, life.
58
APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH
vizaˆ
g/o face, countenance, visage.
vizit/i tr visit.
voˆ
c/o voice. ∼(don)i, ∼(don)o vote.
voj/o way, path, road. fer∼o, railroad. sur∼e, en
route, on the way.
vojaˆ
g/i nt journey, travel; migrate.
vok/i tr; al call to, cry out; call in; call upon, invite.
vokal/o vowel.
vol/i tr, aux will, choose, determine; desire, like, want.
sci∼i, wonder.
volont/e willingly, w/ pleasure. mal∼e, ne∼e,
reluctantly.
volv/i tr wrap, roll, wind.
vort/o word; speech, mesage; promise. ∼aro,
dictionary. ∼ero, morpheme.
vulp/o fox. ∼ino, vixen.
zorg/i pri; tr care (for), attend to; be anxious about.
∼anto, guardian.
The Esperanto Alphabet
Aa Bb Cc ˆ
Cˆc Dd Ee Ff Gg ˆ
Gˆg Hh ˆ
Hˆh Ii Jj ˆ
Jˆ Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss ˆ
Sˆs Tt Uu ˘
U˘
u Vv Zz
Pronunciation
The vowels are pronounced (approximately):
A
as in Aha!
E
as in bEt
O
as in Oh!
I
as EE
U
as OO
The consonants are pronounced (approximately):
C
as TS
ˆ
C
as CH in CHeck
G
as in Gag (i.e. hard)
ˆ
G
as G in Gem (i.e. soft)
ˆ
H
as CH in BaCH
J
as Y in Yes
ˆ
J
as G in garaGe
R
is ”trilled”
S
as in So (voiceless)
ˆ
S
as SH in SHeep
˘
U
as W in coW
The remaining consonants (bdfhklmnptvz) are pronounced exactly as in English.
The accent always falls on the second to last syllable of the word:
e.g.
esperanto:
es-pe-ran-to
kimono:
ki-mo-no
Excercises
a
afabla, agrabla, barata, anasa, frata, patra, klara, palata
e
bela, letere, necese, legende, serene, vereme, beleta, estas
i
imiti, insisti, inviti, dividi, skribi, ili, fiera, aviado
o
honoro, kolombo, rozo, popolo, odoro, leono, bono, kohero
u
suno, rulu, insultu, sur, murmuru, fluas, surtuto, brulu
aj
ajn, fajro, rajto, ajlo, tajloro, rajdi, fajli, riˆcaj
ej
trejni, vejno, hejmo, plej, kuirejo, lernejo
oj
sojlo, kojno, knaboj, konkoj, gargojlo, fojno
uj
Anglujo, tuja, tiuj, rozujo, monujo
a˘
u
la˘
ubo, la˘
uro, fra˘
ulino, ka˘
uzo, a˘
udi, a˘
uskulti
e˘
u
E˘
uropo, ne˘
uralgio, ne˘
utrala, re˘
umatismo, E˘
ukarista
c
laca, facila, cedi, cento, ofico, ciro, colo, unco
ˆ
c
ˆce, ˆcambro, riˆca, laˆco, lunˆco, pasteˆco, kapuˆco
g
longa, lango, ligi, grati, gento, gruo, granda
ˆ
g
larˆga, ˆgentila, ˆgardeno, ˆgis, reˆgimo, ˆgiro
h
haro, himno, histo, heredi, hardi, herbo, hurli
ˆ
h
eˆho, monaˆho, ˆhimero
j
jaro, Rejno, jes, juna, sinjoro, justa, jen
ˆ
ˆaluza, ˆeti, dolˆcaˆo, ˆurnalo, ˆongli, ˆus
s
sata, ses, sidi, sono, suverena, salti, sendi
ˆ
s
ˆsatas, ˆselo, ˆsildo, groˆso, ˆstupo, ˆsvitas
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