P R E F A C E

This new Twelfth Edition of Foundations of College Chemistry presents chemistry
as a modern, vital subject and is designed to make introductory chemistry ac-
cessible to all beginning students. The central focus is the same as it has been
from the first edition: to make chemistry interesting and understandable to
students and teach them the problem-solving skills they will need. In prepar-
ing this new edition we considered the comments and suggestions of students
and instructors to design a revision that builds on the strengths of previous edi-
tions. We have especially tried to relate chemistry to the real lives of our stu-
dents as we develop the principles that form the foundation for the further
study of chemistry, and to provide them with problem-solving skills and prac-
tice needed in their future studies.

Course Options

Foundations of College Chemistry, 12th Edition, is intended for

students who have never taken a chemistry course or those who have had a
significant interruption in their studies but plan to continue with the general
chemistry sequence. Since its inception this book has helped define the
preparatory chemistry course and has since developed a much wider audience.
In addition to preparatory chemistry, our text is used extensively in one-
semester general purpose courses (such as those for applied health fields) and
in courses for nonscience majors.

Alternate Editions

For the convenience of instructors and to accommodate

the various lengths of academic terms, two versions of this book are available.
Foundations of College Chemistry, 12th Edition, includes 20 chapters and is our
main text. Foundations of College Chemistry, Alternate 12th Edition, provides a
shorter, 17 chapter text in paperback with the same material, but without the
nuclear, organic, and biochemistry chapters.

Development of Problem-Solving Skills

We all want our students to develop real skills in solving problems. We believe
that a key to the success of this text is the fact that our problem-solving ap-
proach works for students. It is a step-by-step process that teaches the use of
units and shows the change from one unit to the next. Students learn concepts
most easily in a step-by-step process. In this edition we continue to use exam-
ples to incorporate fundamental mathematical skills, scientific notation, and
significant figures. Painstaking care has been taken to show each step in the
problem-solving process and to give alternative methods for solutions where ap-
propriate. These alternative methods give students flexibility in choosing the
one that works best for them. We continue to use four significant figures for

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atomic and molar masses for consistency and for rounding off answers appro-
priately. We have been meticulous in providing answers, correctly rounded, for
students who have difficulty with mathematics.

Fostering Student Skills

Attitude plays a critical role in problem solving. We

encourage students to learn that a systematic approach to solving problems is
better than simple memorization. Throughout the book we encourage students
to begin by writing down the facts or data given in a problem and to think their
way through the problem to an answer, which is then checked to see if it makes
sense. Once we have laid the foundations of concepts, we highlight the steps
so students can locate them easily. Important rules and equations are high-
lighted for emphasis and ready reference.

Student Practice

Practice problems follow the examples in the text, with an-

swers provided at the end of the chapter. The end of each chapter begins with
a new Chapter Review and Review Questions section, which help students review
key terms and concepts, as well as material presented in tables and figures.
This is followed by Paired Exercises, covering concepts and numerical exercises,
where two similar exercises are presented side by side. The final section,
Additional Exercises, includes further practice problems presented in a more
random order. In our new edition we have changed a significant number of
exercises per chapter, and added new “Challenge Exercises.” Throughout,
challenging questions and exercises are denoted with an asterisk. Answers for
selected questions and exercises appear in Appendix VI, and answers for Putting
It Together review exercises appear in Appendix VII.

Emphasis on Real-World Aspects

We continue to emphasize the less theoretical aspects of chemistry early in the
book, leaving the more abstract theory for later. This sequence seems especially
appropriate in a course where students are encountering chemistry for the very
first time. Atoms, molecules, and reactions are all an integral part of the chemi-
cal nature of matter. A sound understanding of these topics allows the student
to develop a basic understanding of chemical properties and vocabulary.

Step 1

Assume a definite starting quantity (usually 100.0 g) of the compound,
if not given, and express the mass of each element in grams.

Step 2

Convert the grams of each element into moles using each element’s
molar mass. This conversion gives the number of moles of atoms of
each element in the quantity assumed in Step 1. At this point these
numbers will usually not be whole numbers.

Step 3

Divide each value obtained in Step 2 by the smallest of these values.
If the numbers obtained are whole numbers, use them as subscripts
and write the empirical formula. If the numbers obtained are not
whole numbers, go on to Step 4.

Step 4

Multiply the values obtained in Step 3 by the smallest number that
will convert them to whole numbers. Use these whole numbers as the
subscripts in the empirical formula. for example, if the ratio of A to B
is 1.0:1.5, multiply both numbers by 2 to obtain a ratio of 2:3. The
empirical formula the is A

2

B

3.

Practice 3.1

Identify the physical state of each element listed below at room tempera-
ture (20

°C).

H, Na, Ca, N, S, Fe, Cl, Br, Ne, Hg.

Hint: You may need to use a resource (such as the internet or a chemical
handbook) to assist you.

Practice 3.2

Identify each of these elements as a nonmetal, metal or metalloid

Na, F, Cr, Mo, Kr, Si, Cu, Sb, I, S

Problem-Solving Steps

Practice Problems

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Chapters 1 through 3 present the basic mathematics and the language of

chemistry, including an explanation of the metric system and significant fig-
ures. In Chapter 4 we present chemical properties—the ability of a substance
to form new substances. Then, in Chapter 5, students encounter the history
and language of basic atomic theory.

We continue to present new material at a level appropriate for the beginning

student by emphasizing nomenclature, composition of compounds, and reac-
tions in Chapters 6 through 9 before moving into the details of modern atom-
ic theory. Some applications of the Periodic Table are shown in early chapters
and discussed in detail in Chapters 10 and 11. Students gain confidence in their
own ability to identify and work with chemicals in the laboratory before tackling
the molecular models of matter. As practicing chemists we have little difficulty
connecting molecular models and chemical properties. Students, especially
those with no prior chemistry background, may not share this ability to connect
the molecular models and the macroscopic properties of matter. Those instruc-
tors who feel it is essential to teach atomic theory and bonding early in the
course can cover Chapters 10 and 11 immediately following Chapter 5.

New to This Edition

In this Twelfth Edition we have tried to build on the strengths of the previous
editions. We have worked to update the language and to provide students with
clear explanations for concepts and useful ways to solve chemistry problems.
We continually strive to keep the material at the same level so students can
easily read and use the text to learn chemistry. Some specific changes in the text
are highlighted below:

• Chapter 1 has been rewritten to include a discussion of matter and physi-

cal and chemical changes. This new material engages the students immedi-
ately into the vocabulary of chemistry and the particulate nature of matter.
We have added new end-of-chapter review material and exercises so that stu-
dents immediately begin to review and practice what they are learning.

• Chapter 3 has been revised for a greater emphasis on classification of mat-

ter and to include an introduction to the periodic table. This introductory
material supports laboratory work and presents an overview of how the pe-
riodic table provides the big picture for how the elements are related.

• Chapter 13 has been reorganized to move the discussion of hydrogen bond-

ing and hydrates forward to complete the discussion of liquids. The informa-
tion on water has been collected in a new section called Water, a Unique Liquid
and serves to discuss water and its properties as an example of a unique liquid.

• Molecular art: Learning chemistry requires the ability to connect the

macroscopic world of everyday life to the microscopic world of atoms and
molecules. In this edition we have added molecular art to macroscopic pic-
tures to emphasize this connection.

• Chapter Reviews have been reformatted to include key terms and to review

each section in a bulleted format similar to what a student might use to re-
view the material. We have included summary art from the chapter in this
section to aid visual learners. Review Questions are included in the Chapter
Reviews to encourage students to restate concepts from the chapter and to
apply Tables and Figures to new situations.

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• Design and Illustration Program: This edition has a fresh new design, en-

hanced by an updated art and photo program. New photos appear throughout.

• Problem Solving: Because the development of problem-solving skills is es-

sential to learning chemistry, in this new design the sections on problem solv-
ing are highlighted throughout for easy student reference.

• New Exercises: 8 to 12 new end of chapter exercises have been added in

most chapters. Challenge Exercises have also been added to most chapters.

• Math Skills Learning Aids: A Review of Mathematics is provided as

Appendix I for students who need assistance.

• New Book Companion Web Site: This site supplies a number of helpful

resources for students and instructors, including Interactive Learningware
problems, Online Quizzing, and Power Point Lecture Slides.

• Each chapter opens with a color photograph relating the chapter to our daily

lives. A chapter outline assists students in viewing the topics covered in the chap-
ter, and the introductory paragraph further connects the chapter topic to real life.

• Chemistry in Action sections, a number new to this edition, show the im-

pact of chemistry in a variety of practical applications. These essays cover a
range of relevant topics and introduce experimental information on new
chemical discoveries and applications.

• Important statements, equations, and laws are highlighted for emphasis.

A Glossary is provided to help students review key terms, with section num-
bers given for each term to guide the student to the contextual definition.
The margins of the glossary pages are color tinted to provide ready access.
Glossary terms are also printed in bold type in the text.

• End of chapter exercises, including 8 to 12 new exercises in most chapters,

provide practice and review of the chapter material. Paired exercises present two
parallel exercises, side by side, so the student can solve one problem, check the
answer in Appendix VI, and use the same problem-solving skills with the sec-
ond exercise. Additional exercises are provided at the end of most chapters,
arranged in random order, to encourage students to review the chapter mate-
rial. Answers to selected questions and exercises are given in Appendix VI.

• Putting It Together review sections appear after every 2 to 4 chapters and

include additional conceptually oriented exercises for effective self-review.
These review sections are printed on colored pages for easy reference and
provide students with a helpful summary of the preceding material. An-
swers to Putting It Together review sections are given in Appendix VII.

• Directions on using a calculator to solve problems are given in Appendix II,

Using a Scientific Calculator.

• Units of measurement are shown in table format in Appendix IV and in the

endpapers.

Learning Aids

To help the beginning student gain the confidence necessary to master tech-
nical material we have refined and enhanced a series of learning aids:

• Important terms are set off in bold type where they are defined, and are print-

ed in blue in the margin. Most glossary terms are also defined in the glossary.

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• Worked examples show students the how of problem solving before they

are asked to tackle problems on their own.

• Practice problems permit immediate reinforcement of a skill shown in

the example problems. Answers are provided at the end of the chapter to
encourage students to check their problem solving immediately.

• Marginal notations help students understand basic concepts and problem-

solving techniques. These are printed in green ink to clearly distinguish them
from text and vocabulary terms.

Learning Aids: Math Skills

For students who may need help with the mathe-

matical aspects of chemistry, the following learning aids are available:
• A Review of Mathematics, covering the basic functions, is provided in

Appendix I.

• Math Survival Guide: Tips and Tricks for Science Students, 2nd Edition,

by Jeffrey R. Appling and Jean C. Richardson, a brief paperback summary of
basic skills that can be packaged with the text, provides an excellent resource
for students who need help with the mathematical aspects of chemistry.

Supplements Package and Companion Web Site

For the Student

Study Guide by Rachael Henriques Porter is a self-study

guide for students. For each chapter, the Study Guide includes a self-
evaluation section with student exercises, a summary of chapter concepts,
one or more “challenge problems,” and answers and solutions to all Study
Guide exercises.
Solutions Manual by Morris Hein, Susan Arena, and Kathy Mitchell includes
answers and solutions to all end-of-chapter questions and exercises.
Math Survival Guide: Tips and Tricks for Science Students, 2nd Edition,
a paperback summary of basic skills with practice exercises in every chapter.
Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory, 12th Edition, by Morris
Hein, Judith N. Peisen, Leo R. Best, and Robert L. Miner includes 28 exper-
iments for a laboratory program that may accompany the lecture course. Fea-
turing updated information on waste disposal and emphasizing safe laboratory
procedures, the lab manual also includes study aids and exercises.

Student Companion Web Site

The Student Companion Web Site includes a

number of helpful tools and materials to enhance student learning:
• Interactive Learningware: a step-by-step problem-solving tutorial pro-

gram that guides students through over 40 interactive problems.

• The website also features Online Quizzing for additional practice.

For the Instructor

Test Bank, by Anthony Stellato. Includes chapter tests

with additional test questions, and answers to all test questions.
Computerized Test Bank. The test bank contains true-false, multiple-choice,
and open-ended questions, and is available in two formats.
WileyPLUS is a powerful online tool that provides instructors with an integrated
suite of resources, including an online version of the text, in one easy-to-use
website. Organized around the essential activities you perform in class, Wiley-
PLUS allows you to create class presentations, assign homework and quizzes for
automatic grading, and track student progress.

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For the Laboratory

Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory, 12th

Edition, by Morris Hein, Judith Peisen, Leo Best, and Robert Miner,
has been completely updated and revised to reflect the most current terminol-
ogy and environmental standards. Instructors can customize their own lab man-
ual to meet the distinct needs of their laboratory by selecting from any of the
28 experiments, adding their own experiments or exercises.
Instructor’s Manual for Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory,
12th Edition, includes valuable and important information on the manage-
ment of the lab, evaluation of experiments, notes for individual experiments, a
list of reagents needed, and answer keys to each experiment’s report form and
to all exercises.

Instructor’s Companion Web Site

Instructors have access to all student Web

Site features and the following:
• Digital Image Library: images from the text are available online in JPEG

format. Instructors may use these to customize their presentations and to
provide additional visual support for quizzes and exams.

• Test Bank: contains true-false, multiple-choice, and free-response questions.
• Power Point Lecture Slides: created by Eugene Passer, these slides con-

tain lecture outlines and key topics from each chapter of the text, along with
supporting artwork and figures from the text.

Acknowledgments

Books are the result of a collaborative effort of many talented and dedicated peo-
ple. We are grateful for the many helpful comments from colleagues and students
who, over the years, have made this book possible. We hope they will continue to
share their ideas for change with us, either directly or through our publisher.

We are especially thankful for the support, friendship, and constant encourage-

ment of our spouses, Edna and Steve, who have endured many lost weekends and
been patient and understanding through the long hours of this process. Their op-
timism and good humor have given us a sense of balance and emotional stability.

Our sincere appreciation goes to the following reviewers who were kind

enough to read and give their professional comments.

Eric Antonelli
Ocean County College
Yelda Hangun Balkir
California University of Pennsylvania
Godfrey Barlatt
Atlantic Cape Community College
Frank Cange
Southwestern Illinois College
Jing-Yi Chin
Suffolk County Community College
Douglas Cody
Nassau Community College

Brahmadeo Dewprashad
Borough of Manhattan
Community College
Saul Grunfeld
Oakland Community College
Kathleen Harter
Community College of Philadelphia
Tom Higgins
Harold Washington College
Peter Krieger
Palm Beach Community College
Juan Lozano
University of Wisconsin–Rock County

Kathy Mitchell
St. Petersburg College
Kathy Nebril
Wilbur Wright College
James Pazun
Pfeiffer University
Anthony Stellato
Suffolk County Community College
John Stenger-Smith
Cerro Coso Community College
Kaveh Zarrabi
Community College of Southern Nevada

Morris Hein and Susan Arena

For the 12th Edition:

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