Chapter II

COMMAND AND CONTROL

1. Background

e. Communicates subordinate requirements to higher authorities.

This chapter provides an overview of the C2 system, principles of C2, and 4. Principles of C2

responsibilities for C2 communications. It also describes the C2 organizations and The basis for C2 of integrated Army-facilities

and C2 communications

Marine forces proceeds from the JFC’s architecture of both the DRB and MEF

application of the following principles: (FWD). It concludes with a detailed discussion of techniques and procedures that a. Clear command relationships.

facilitate the C2 of the joint force.

b. Assignment of missions and tasks 2. Terminology

consistent with the capabilities of the respective AMCI forces.

The joint lexicon features a variety of terms and acronyms that define the concept c. Missions and tasks simply stated and of C2. Throughout ensuing discussions, to the point.

�ścommand” refers to the JFC’s vested authority as defined in Joint Pub 1-02, d. Missions, tasks, and resources in Department of Defense Dictionary of Military reasonable balance.

and Associated Terms. C2 indicates the process that JFCs use to plan, direct, e. Functional responsibilities for all coordinate, and control forces to accomplish players in the C2 process clearly defined.

assigned missions. C2 system; command, control and communications (C3) system; or f. Continuous coordination among staff command, control, communications, and elements and with the JFC.

computer (C4) system consist of those integrated systems of doctrine, procedures, g. Essential elements of information organizations, personnel, equipment, integrated into information management and facilities, and communications that support communications systems.

the JFC’s C2 of the joint force.

3. C2 System

h. Detailed plans prepared for both combat operations and for transitions from An effective C2 system�"

combat to other military operations.

a. Provides the JFC accurate, timely 5. C2 Communications

information for developing feasible courses of action and making logical decisions.

C2 communications encompass the means by which the command transmits and b. Translates the JFC’s decisions into receives information and orders. The JFC

plans and orders.

must

understand the capabilities,

limitations, and vulnerabilities of the c. Communicates those plans and orders communications systems supporting and to subordinates.

operating

within

t h e j o i n t

force.

Communications planning must accom-d. Supervises the execution of plans and modate potential collateral interference from orders.

friendly units as well as interference from II-1

e n e m y f o r c e s t h a t u s e t h e s a m e (5) Passed to Passing. In a rearward electromagnetic spectrum and the effects of passage of lines, the passed (in-place) unit terrain and atmospheric conditions.

establishes communications with the passing unit.

a. Service Responsibilities. Service C2

responsibilities normally parallel other (6) Lateral Communications. Re-command relationships and assigned sponsibility for establishing lateral responsibilities. With regard to specific C2

communications between adjacent units may responsibilities, services�"

be fixed by the next higher commander or by standing operating procedures (SOP).

(1) Provide, operate, and maintain the When responsibility is not fixed by orders, C2 facilities organic to their own tactical commanders establish communications on a forces, including organic service elements.

spatial basis from left to right and from the rear forward.

(2) Provide, operate, and maintain terminal equipment on defense com-6. Army C2

munications system access circuits, circuits required for communications with elements The Army’s perspective on the C2 of forces of other services, and associated circuit centers on a conceptual framework known as facilities that may be assigned or mutually battle command. Battle command embodies agreed.

the art of decisionmaking, leading, and motivating soldiers and their organizations (3) Provide, operate, and maintain to accomplish mission and includes the interoperable and compatible C2 systems for components of both command and control.

distress, disaster, emergency, and safety as directed by proper authority.

a. Decisionmaking. The Army ascribes to a systematic tactical decisionmaking process b. Joint Force Responsibilities. The JFC

described in FM 101-5, Staff Organization defines specific communications related and Operations, and in the US Army responsibilities for elements of the joint force.

Command and General Staff College’s, The Typical responsibilities for establishing and Tactical Decisionmaking Process.

maintaining communications include�"

b. Command. In exercising battle com-

(1) Senior to Subordinate. A senior mand, the commander envisions the actions unit establishes and maintains com-over time and space that will achieve the munications with subordinate units, desired end state. During the fight, the including attachments of any size.

commander makes adjustments to create or exploit opportunities and selects the critical (2) Supporting to Supported. A sup-time and place to act to achieve decisive porting unit establishes communications results.

with the supported unit.

c. Control. Unlike the art of command, (3) Reinforcing to Reinforced. A rein-control reflects an empirical approach to forcing unit establishes communications with warfighting that falls largely within the the reinforced unit.

purview of staffs. Control implies the science of computing requirements to fight and (4) Passing to Passed. In a forward sustain the battle, identifying variances from passage of lines, the passing unit establishes initial calculations, correcting deviations communications with the passed (in-place) from guidance, and measuring, analyzing, unit.

and reporting performance. The ultimate II-2

objective of control is to provide the (3) The Forward Area Air Defense commander with the systems and tools Command, Control, Communications, and needed to command the force.

Intelligence (FAAD C3I) System provides the automated interface between the Forward 7. Army Tactical C2 System (ATCCS) Area Air Defense System (FAADS) and the a. ATCCS is an integrated, ground C2 nodes within the ATCCS. Functional mobile, and fixed deployable network of applications include�"

common hardware and software for echelons at corps and below. Its purpose is to assist (a) Alerting supported field forces commanders and their staff to obtain a near of impending air action.

real-time access to command critical information requirements (task organization, (b) Providing hostile aircraft maneuver, engineer, NBC, signal, Army cueing to forward area air defense (FAAD) airspace C2, fire support, air defense, units.

intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW), CSS, resources, and enemy situation) (c) Providing rapid dissemination through a force level database.

and acknowledgment of air battle management information.

b. The ATCCS architecture includes five constituent battlefield functions analysis (d) Providing exchange, pro-systems:

cessing, and display of air defense command information.

(1) The Maneuver Control System (MCS) is the primary automated decision (e) Providing an automated de-support/information system supporting the cision support for the planning, coordinating, tactical commander and staff. The MCS

controlling, and executing of air defense provides the functional applications support.

necessary to access and manipulate the force level information (FLI) database to satisfy (4) The Combat Service Support all stated commander’s critical information Control System (CSSCS) provides critical, requirements (CCIR) for a specific operation, timely, integrated, and accurate automated to effect timely control of current combat logistical information to include all classes operations (deep, close, and rear), and to of supply and combat health support (CHS), effectively develop and distribute plans and personnel and movement information to CSS, estimates in support of future operations.

maneuver, theater commanders, and logistic (2) The All Source Analysis System and special staffs.

(ASAS) is the intelligence and EW component of the ATCCS. It is a mobile, tactically (5) The Advanced Field Artillery deployable, computer-assisted intelligence Tactical Data System (AFATDS) provides and EW, analysis, reporting, and technical automated decision support for the fire control system. ASAS receives and rapidly support (FS) function, to include joint and processes

large volumes of combat

combined fires. The AFATDS provides a fully information and sensor reports from all integrated FS C3 system, giving the FS

sources to provide timely and accurate coordinator automated support for planning, targeting information, intelligence products, coordinating, controlling, and executing and threat alerts such as collection close support, counterfire, interdiction, and management, intelligence processing and SEAD systems. AFATDS performs all the reporting, high value/high payoff target FS operational functions, to include processing and nominations, and com-automated allocation and distribution of fires munications processing and interfacing.

based on target value analysis.

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8. DRB C2 Organization and Facilities of S2, S3, fire support, ALO, aviation, air defense, and other personnel as required.

The DRB commander commands and The TAC CP operates well forward in the controls the brigade through an echeloned DRB’s area of operations (AO), typically organizational structure that includes the within several kilometers of the forward edge command group, tactical command post (TAC

of the battle area (FEBA) or forward line of CP), main CP, and rear CP. Tables II-1

own troops (FLOT), depending on the

through II-4 describe the functions and

situation. It affords the commander the characteristics of each of these organizations.

capabilities of exercising C2 over the DRB

and planning close operations.

a. Command Group. The DRB command group consists of the commander and staff c. Main CP. The main CP or tactical deemed necessary to help command and operations center (TOC) provide continuity control the fight. Personnel typically include for DRB operations by synchronizing the the intelligence staff officer (S2), operations entire C2 system. The main CP monitors the staff officer (S3), fire support coordinator close fight, plans future operations, conducts (FSCOORD), and air liaison officer (ALO).

deep operations, and coordinates combat, CS, METT-T may dictate inclusion of the brigade and CSS requirements to support ongoing engineer, air defense officer, aviation officer, and future operations. The main CP includes subordinate commanders, or special staff current operations, plans, intelligence, fire officers. Because the command group fights support, communications, and Army airspace the battle from the location of the command and control (A2C2) sections.

commander, it is a small, highly mobile d. Rear CP. The rear CP sustains the organization that displaces with the ebb and force during current operations, forecasts flow of the tactical situation.

future CSS requirements, and conducts rear operations. The personnel or manpower staff b. TAC CP. The TAC CP conducts on-officer (S1) controls the rear CP and normally going close operations. The TAC CP provides collocates with the forward support battalion the commander with a small staff composed (FSB) CP in the brigade support area.

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9. DRB Communications Architecture DRB’s headquarters and headquarters company (HHC).

Two sources provide communications b. Signal Section. A signal section that support for the DRB: the communications is nonorganic and resourced from divisional platoon organic to the brigade headquarters assets also provides communications support and a signal section provided by the parent to the DRB. The section augments the divisional signal battalion.

capabilities of the brigade signal platoon and provides the DRB access and connectivity into a. DRB Communications Platoon. Table

the MSE network. Table II-6 describes the

II-5 describes the capabilities arid limitations capabilities and limitations of the signal of the communications platoon organic to the section.

II-5





10. USMC C2 Philosophy

commanders and staffs. Reconnaissance generally pulls the MAGTF (recon pull) and To defeat the enemy, the MAGTF’s allows it to exploit enemy weaknesses decision and execution cycle must be faster quickly in order to shatter morale and than the enemy’s. Therefore, the ultimate physical cohesion.

objective of Marine Corps C2 is to achieve unity of effort and increase the tempo of 11. MEF (FWD) C2 Facilities operations.

Unity of effort and tempo

integrate

maneuver,

firepower, and

MEF (FWD) combat operations centers sustainment to generate the decisive combat (COCs) are the facilities (e.g., buildings, power required by Marine warfare doctrine.

structures, tents, and vehicles) used by the An increased tempo of operations requires commander and staff at each echelon to shorter decision cycles and the need to plan, direct, control, and coordinate decentralize the command structure: operations of assigned forces.

a. Maneuver warfare requires sub-a. The Main Echelon. The primary ordinate commanders make decisions on interests of the main echelon are directing their own based on their understanding of current operations and planning future the commander’s intent. Individual initiative operations. The main COC is organized into and responsibility are of paramount two sections: the current operations staff importance.

and future operations staff.

b. C2 is decentralized, flexible, and (1) Current operations staff�"

dynamic.

(a) Supervises mission execution c. Mission orders and plans are brief and (Army or Marine Corps component their execution relies on the judgment and operations staff officer [G-3]).

initiative of subordinate commanders.

(b) Coordinates combat opera-

In MAGTF operations, the commander tions (G-3).

determines which tasks need personal supervision during the execution of orders (c) Coordinates required combat/

and the priority of each task. Control is service support (Army or Marine Corps implemented through deputy MAGTF

component logistics staff officer [G-4]).

II-6

(d) Handles close and deep situational awareness. Typically, the operations occurring within 12-72 hours (G-3, tactical echelon consists of the commander Army or Marine Corps component intelligence and representatives from the intelligence, staff officer [G-2]).

operations, and communications staff sections. The tactical echelon must have the (2) Future operations staff�"

mobility and C2 support commensurate with its stated purpose.

(a) Plans future, close, and deep operations beyond 72 hours (G-3, Army or 12. MEF (FWD) Communications Marine Corps component civil affairs staff officer [G-5]).

a. Organization. The organization charged with the overall responsibility of (b) Coordinates the C2 organization MAGTF C3 is the CE. Just as the other and support system (G-3, Army or Marine elements of the MAGTF are made up of Corps component signal staff officer [G-6]).

subordinate units that perform various missions and functions, the CE of a notional (c) Monitors continuity of MAGTF

MEF (FWD) consists of a number of operations.

command support organizations as required, but traditionally include�"

(d) Determines friendly/enemy possible courses of action (G-3, G-2).

(1) A headquarters company.

(e) Develops execution plans with (2) The general staff sections.

key decision points and alternate plans (G-3, G-5).

(3) A Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group (SRIG) detachment (f) Ensures synchronization of

(discussed in Chapter III).

operating systems in operation plans, branches, and sequels (all staff).

(4) A reinforced direct support communications company.

The DS

b. The Rear Echelon. The rear echelon’s communications company of the MEF

primary mission is to provide support to forces (FWD) comes from the communications conducting combat operations. The rear battalion found at the MEF. The company echelon is located close enough to perform is tasked organized to support the functions duties without engaging in close combat. The discussed later.

rear COC provides C2 over rear-area security operations, terrain management within the b. Functions. The elements of the MEF

rear area, sustainment operations, control of (FWD) must be supported with com-administrative moves, and other associated munications resources whether afloat or functions. The rear echelon is often positioned ashore.

When sea-based, the Navy

near major ports, airfields, or tele-amphibious task force provides termination communications facilities, or it can remain into the Naval Telecommunications System sea-based.

(NTS). When ashore, the MEF (FWD) provides entry into the NTS or the Defense c. The Tactical Echelon. The primary

Communications System (DCS). Table II-7

purpose of the tactical echelon (commonly shows communications capabilities and referred to as the command group) is to limitations associated with the DS

provide the commander with freedom of communications company assigned to the movement and the information critical to MEF (FWD) CE.

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II-8

13. Command Relationships exercise those responsibilities unless otherwise specified in the establishing In general, JFCs establish any of four directive. TACON is typically exercised by basic command relationships to facilitate functional component commanders over their C2 of the joint force. These include military capability or forces made available operational control (OPCON), tactical control for tasking that are not assigned or attached (TACON), support, or attachment a s to the functional component.

discussed below:

c. Support.

a. OPCON. OPCON may be exercised at any echelon at or below the level of the (1) A support relationship is established by a superior commander combatant command. OPCON is inherent between subordinate commanders when one in combatant command (COCOM) and is the organization should aid, protect, com-authority to perform those functions of plement, or sustain another force. The command over subordinate forces involving National Command Authorities (NCA) organizing and employing commands and establish such relationships between forces, assigning tasks, designating combatant commanders when deployment objectives, and giving authoritative direction and execution orders are issued to ensure the necessary to accomplish the mission.

combatant commander tasked to achieve OPCON includes authoritative direction over national objectives receives the support all aspects of military operations and joint needed from other combatant commanders.

training necessary to accomplish assigned JFCs may establish support relationships missions.

within the joint force to enhance unity of effort for given operational tasks, emphasize (1) OPCON is normally exercised or clarify priorities, provide a subordinate through service component commanders.

with an additional capability, or combine the OPCON in and of itself does not include effects of similar assets.

authoritative direction for logistics or matter of administration, discipline, internal (a) Mutual Support. Mutual

organization, or unit training. OPCON does support is the action that units render each include the authority to delineate functional other against an enemy because of their responsibilities and geographic AORs of assigned tasks, position relative to each other subordinate commanders.

and to the enemy, and inherent capabilities.

(2) OPCON is also exercised by (b) General Support. General

functional component commanders over support is the action that is given to the assigned and attached forces and other forces supported force as a whole rather than to a as established by JFCs.

particular subdivision thereof b. TACON. TACON may be exercised by (c) Direct Support. Direct support commanders at any echelon at or below the is a mission requiring a force to support level of combatant command. TACON is the another specific force’s request for detailed and usually local direction and assistance.

control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish assigned missions or (d) Close Support. Close support tasks. TACON provides sufficient authority is the action of the supporting force against for controlling and directing the application targets or objectives that are sufficiently near of force or tactical use of combat support the supported force as to require detailed assets. TACON does not provide for integration or coordination of the supporting administrative and logistic support; the action with fire, movement, or other actions commander of the parent unit continues to of the supported force.

II-9

(2) Establishing supported arid instructions to be issued by the forces being supporting relationships between com-supported or by other authority in the action ponents is a useful option to accomplish areas.

needed tasks. For example, some naval operations, when conducted to enable or d. Attachment.

Attachment is the

enhance air and land operations, can temporary placement of a unit into another dramatically increase the successes achieved organization. Subject to limitations placed by the supported forces. This concept applies by the attachment order, the receiving equally to all dimensions of the joint force.

commander has the same degree of C2 and Each subordinate element of the joint force the same responsibilities for logistics and can be supported by other elements.

administration over the unit(s) received as over organic units. The attachment order (3) As defined in Joint Pub 0-2, Unified should specify the supply and maintenance Action Armed Forces (UNAAF), �śUnless requirements in terms of what the receiving limited by the establishing directive, the and parent unit(s) will provide.

commander of the supported force will have the authority to exercise general direction of the supporting effort.” General direction 14. Organization of Forces includes the designation of targets or objectives, timing, duration of the supporting Once the JFC has established command action, and other instructions necessary for relationships at the joint force level, the coordination and efficiency. The supporting receiving MEF or corps commander may commander has the responsibility to exercise several options in organizing their ascertain the needs of the supported forces. In addition to the recommended commander and take such action to fulfill options described below, the JFC may also them within existing capabilities, consistent elect to establish TACON or support with priorities and requirements of other relationships in organizing the joint force.

assigned tasks.

a. Army DRB to MEF Control. Regarding (4) The establishing directive establishing a command relationship indicates the purpose in terms of the effect between an Army DRB and the MEF, three desired and the scope of the action to be recommended options exist for the MEF

taken. It should include�"

commander designated as JFC:

(a) The strength of forces allocated (1) Attach the brigade to the MEF for to the supporting mission.

employment by the MEF commander as a separate ground combat element.

(b) The time, place, and duration of the supporting effort.

(2) Attach or provide the brigade (c) The priority of the supporting OPCON to the MEF GCE commander as a mission relative to the other missions of the separate maneuver force.

supporting force.

(3) Attach or provide the brigade (d) The authority, if any, of the OPCON to a designated MARDIV to be supporting force to depart from its supporting employed within that division commander’s mission in the event of exceptional scheme of maneuver. In a multidivision MEF, opportunity or an emergency.

the MEF commander may act as the GCE

commander or may designate a subordinate (e) The general or special

MARDIV commander as the GCE

authority for any operational or other commander.

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b. MEF (FWD) to Army Control. Based 15. Liaison

on authority prescribed in governing directives and METT-T analysis, the Army Liaison requirements are specifically commander designated as the JFC may also discussed in detail because of their exercise three basic options when task importance in contributing to successful organizing the MEF (FWD) with Army forces: integrated operations and reducing instances of fratricide. To be effective, liaison teams must be properly trained, planned for, and (1) Attach the MEF (FWD) to a corps integrated into all major headquarters’

or echelon above corps (EAC).

elements. In joint operations, robust liaison has provided critical linkage between (2) Attach the MEF (FWD) to an Army supported, supporting, and adjacent division.

commands and has contributed to the success of those operations. Liaison provides current (3) Place the MEF (FWD) OPCON to expertise and representation for critical an Army division.

planning, coordination, and execution. (See

Tables II-8 through II-11.)

c. Transfer of Units. Army and Marine Corps forces are structured to operate most a. Types of Liaison. The two types of efficiently using service doctrine and TTP.

liaisons are command and staff liaisons.

However, there will be situations where Command liaison can enhance command circumstances dictate the need to transfer relationships more effectively than a reliance units at levels below the DRB or MEF (FWD) on official communications alone. Staff in order to optimize the capabilities of the liaison is essential for integrating, joint force and accomplish the mission.

coordinating, and executing operations.

Desert Storm offers one such example: Liaison may be performed by a single Marine or soldier or, if appropriate, a team with appropriate administrative and communications support.

Historical Perspective:

b. Duties. Liaison officers (LNOs) advise Army-Marine Corps Integration During the sending and receiving commanders. The OPERATION DESERT STORM

sending commander is assisted in determining requirements, priorities, and

"At the peak of the fight, the Brigade had required allocations. The receiving 5500 soldiers under its command. I had our commander is advised on capabilities and three battalions: 3-41 Infantry, 1-67 Armor, doctrine/tactics of the sending command. The and 3-67 Armor. I also had Marine light status of the sending and receiving armor infantry cavalry squadron [sic], the commands is monitored to maintain a basis 1-3 Field Artillery, a reinforcing Marine for advising. LNOs act as a 2-way conduit to battalion, the 502d Support Battalion, 142

coordinate and facilitate the flow of support Signal Battalion, A Company, 17th Engineers and information between commands.

plus another Marine engineer company, and B Battery, 4th Battalion, 5th Air Defense c. AMCI L i a i s o n R e q u i r e m e n t s .

Artillery from 1st Cav. I think that's all, but it was quite an operation...."

Commanders must ensure their liaison teams are adequately manned and equipped Colonel John Sylvester

to execute 24-hour operations and can Commander, "Tiger Brigade"

communicate with their parent elements.

The following tables provide recommended liaison exchanges between Army and Marine units during AMCI operations.

II-11





II-12





16. AMCI Communications

nonsecure modes.

At the brigade/

regiment level and below, the Army and In order to C2 forces effectively, the the Marine Corps use similar equipment commander and staff rely on a com-

(see Table II-12). Communications munications system that facilitates the challenges include interoperability issues, passing of information among echelons communications procedures, and com -

quickly and accurately, in both secure and munications security (COMSEC).

II-13

a. Interoperability. USMC and Army (b) HF Voice. Upon arrival in the units use SC FM radios to communicate at AOR, the DRB or MEF (FWD) should lower unit levels. Both services make use of activate the HHQ (MEF or Army Corps) SC

UHF tactical satellite (UHF TACSAT), HF circuits. The DRB or MEF (FWD) should although the Marine Corps has fewer bring mobile and portable equipment for TACSAT assets than the Army. The Army internal and external uses. Use KY-99s and employs MSE extensively and when ICP COMSEC. Frequencies and call signs operating with Marine Corps units should are assigned in accordance with (IAW) the consider providing MSE to Marine units at operation

p l a n i n c o n c e p t f o r m a t critical interface points.

Experience,

(CONPLAN) or JTF joint communications-including that of the �śTiger Brigade” working electronic operating instructions (JCEOI)/

with Marine forces during the Gulf War, has joint signal operating instructions (JSOI).

shown that providing MSE to the DRB in addition to SC communications greatly (c) UHF/VHF Voice. Upon arrival enhances C2 during integrated operations.

in the AOR, the DRB or MEF (FWD) should One technique, as recommended in the activate the HHQ (MEF or Army Corps) SC

Army’s white paper on armor support to the UHF/VHF circuits. The DRB or MEF (FWD) Marine Corps, is to augment the DRB with a should bring mobile and portable equipment signal communications company (-) from the for internal and external uses. Use ICP

division signal battalion to provide MSE

COMSEC. Frequencies and call signs are connectivity between the TOC and brigade assigned IAW the CONPLAN or JTF JCEOI/

support area (BSA) and their MAGTF

JSOI.

counterparts.

(d) SINCGARS. Upon arrival in the b. Communications Procedures and AOR, the DRB or MEF (FWD) activates the HHQ or JTF SINCGARS circuits. ICP trunk Considerations.

encryption key (TEK), transmission security key (TSK), and hopsets are required. The NET

(1) Planning.

During this phase,

IDs are IAW the CONPLAN or JCEOI/JSOI.

coordination between Army and Marine If ICP TSK and hopsets are not available, the forces with respect to communications is HHQ or JTF must send the DRB or MEF

imperative. Procedural planning coordi-

(FWD) a data transfer device (CYZ-1O) for nation deconflicts interoperability problems direct transfer of SINCGARS FH data; that may prevent initial C2 effectiveness.

complete a file transfer with the FH data via a Both services have procedures and secure means such as a STU-III; and physically equipment that are peculiar to their transport the file/disk.

organizations.

Discussed below are

interoperability-specific procedures that (e) Transmission Systems and

assist in effective C2 execution: Telephone Switched Networks. Use SC radio communications throughout the operation (a) �śUHF Voice SATCOM. Upon

between Army and Marine units; however, arrival in the AOR, the DRB or MEF (FWD) major subordinate command staffs use should activate the higher headquarters telephones to accomplish most coordination.

(HHQ) or JTF (MEF or Army Corps) SC

Although interoperable, the Tri-service SATCOM circuits. The DRB or MEF (FWD) Tactical Communications Program (TRI-should bring SC SATCOM assets for internal TAC) unit level circuit switches (ULCS) and external uses. Intertheater Communi-employed by Marine units (SB-3865/TTC-42) cations Security

Packages (ICPs) are

and the MSE employed by the Army (TTC-required. The satellite access authorization 46/47/48/39D) require planners to employ message will assign 5 or 25 kilohertz (kHz) specific techniques and procedures to channels.

overcome equipment incompatibilities.

II-14

�ó T h e f i r s t p l a n n i n g c o n -

employment of area codes. The MSE switches sideration is the trunk group data rate used are capable of crossing the area code by MSE and ULCS. ULCS will support both boundary between the ULCS (TRI-TAC) and modulo 8 (256/512 kilobits per second [kbps]) MSE networks to one gateway switch. In and 9 (288/576 kbps) trunk group rates. MSE

order to connect the MSE network to another will only support modulo 8 rates.

UCLS switch, the system requires that the Additionally, the Marine Corps MRC-142

second UCLS switch be in a separate area UHF LOS multichannel radio will transmit code. The TTC-42 (UCLS) is only capable of only CX-11230 modulo 9 trunk groups.

being programmed to accommodate its own area code and two others. With MSE, UCLS, and defense switched network (DSN) each

�ó The second planning consider-being in separate area codes, this is a critical ation is the interswitch trunk signaling limitation. The TEP will help alleviate this formats utilized by MSE and ULCS. Both concern by allowing UCLS and MSE switches use the CCIS format between large and to reside within the same area code.

medium switches (TTC-39, 42, 46, 47) but use different forms of digital in-band interswitch trunk signaling (DIBITS) to small switches (2) Although there are many ways to (TTC-48, SB-3865). ULCS cannot directly accommodate the planning considerations connect to a SEN (TTC-48). The TTC-42 can listed, the techniques described below can be directly connect to a TCC-39D, TTC-46, or employed quickly to provide telephone TTC-47. The SB-3865 can directly connect service between Army and Marine units: only to a TTC-42 or TTC-39D.

(a) During the initial phases of an

�ó The third planning con-

operation, Marines can establish a MRC-142

sideration is the type of transmission path link to the Army and provide long local used for the interswitch trunk. In addition telephone service using remote multiplayer combiner (RMC) and DSVT/DNVT telephones.

to the limitation of the MRC-142 modulo 9

trunk rate, greatly modulated frequency (GMF) satellite (AN/TSC-85/93) will not (b) The Army can provide a LOS

receive a call from MSE if there is a radio link to the Marines and provide long terrestrial link. At present, the flood search locals from the MSC network.

routing utilized by the MSE switches (c) A TRC-170 link can be

precludes the use of a GMF and terrestrial established between Army and Marine units path simultaneously. This is due to a time using the TD-1235 to provide long local delay encountered by MSE flood search calls service in both directions. This will be over GMF paths that causes a call to be particularly useful when the ULCS switch is routed over terrestrial paths. When fielded, the SB-3865 that cannot directly be the circuit switch task execution plan (TEP) connected to the MSE SEN, LEN, or net will reduce the impact of this limitation by control station (NCS).

allowing MSE switches to direct calls down GMF paths. However, once a terrestrial path (d) If the TTC-42 is employed by is established, the GMF path will not be used the Marines and the Army employs a NCS, by MSE originated calls and will serve only LEN, or TTC-39, an interswitch CCIS trunk ULCS originated calls.

group can be established directly between switches.

�ó The fourth planning con-

(e) If Marine units are operating sideration is the number of area codes within LOS distance of an Army remote utilized to support the telephone switched access unit (RAU), the Army can provide network.

Presently both MSE and ULCS

mobile subscriber radio terminals (MSRTs) equipment pose

limitations on the

to the Marines.

II-15

c. Communications Security. Marine c. Guidance and restrictions governing battalions and regiments have COMSEC

the authority, use, reporting, marking, and accounts but generally have only Marine/

clearing of mines and munitions with high Navy versions of COMSEC software.

submunition dud rates.

Battalions and regiments do not hold joint software packages like the ICP; however, d. Policy regarding naval surface fire these packages are available at the MAGTF

support during amphibious operations to GE. Consequently, the receiving organi-ensure safety of amphibious shipping and zation (corps or MEF) must provide joint forces operating in the amphibious applicable

COMSEC software and

objective area (AOA).

subsequent �śfills” throughout the duration of the AMCI operation. This may necessitate e. Policy regarding use of special the acquisition of COMSEC materials above munitions and fuses (e.g., variable time fuse).

the normal holdings of the receiving force.

f. Weapons employment restrictions.

17. Fratricide Prevention

g. Target identification and engagement Given the complexity inherent in combat criteria.

operations in general and in integrated h. Prohibited targets.

operations in particular, commanders at all levels must consciously and deliberately i. Implementation of positive clearance reduce the potential for fratricide. Specific of fire procedures for indirect fire systems measures for implementation include but are and positive identification of ground targets not limited to�"

before engagement by air crews.

a. Development and disciplined use of The primary mechanisms for minimizing common operational graphics and associated the risk of fratricide are disciplined execution control and fire support coordination of operational plans and SOP; close vertical measures (FSCM) throughout the joint force.

and horizontal coordination among components and subordinate forces and b. Development and disciplined use of an echelons of the joint force; and acute equipment marking system effective during individual and collective situational all visibility conditions.

awareness.

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