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World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques

Profile

For Basque nationalists Euskadi, the Basque Country, takes in the four Spanish provinces of
Álava, Guipúzcoa, Navarra and Vizcaya, and the French pays of Labourd, Soule and Lower
Navarra. More Basques live in Spain than on the French side of the Pyrenees, but Basque
separatists consider the Basque country to cover both regions.

There are six main dialects, three in Spain (Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese) and three
in France (Lower Navarrese, Lapurdian and Zuberoan), but the dialect boundaries do not follow
the political boundaries. A seventh dialect is standardized Basque, Batua, which is based on
Gipuzkoan. There are around 600,000 people in the País Vasco and Navarra in Spain for whom
Basque is the first language. But just under half the population of each, thus about 1.2 million,
have some knowledge of Basque. The País Vasco is the second most industrialized region of
Spain, after Catalunya, and the wealthiest region of Spain. The majority of jobs in Navarra are in
tourism and other services but the region is much poorer.

Historical context

Basques are the long‐established inhabitants of the region on either side of the western
Pyrenees. Their language is distinct from other Indo‐European languages and has survived
without incorporating much of the latter.

The Duchy of Vasconia was established in the seventh century. In the ninth century the territory
had shrunk to the present‐day Basque Country as the Kingdom of Pamplona, later known as the
Kingdom of Navarre. The Spanish provinces of the present‐day Basque Country joined Castile in
1200. War between Castile and France led to the division of Basque territory between France and
Spain in 1513. The Statutes of Vizcaya gave a certain measure of autonomy to the Spanish
regions in raising finance and deciding their own laws. The Statutes were revoked in 1839 and
abolished in 1876 following the defeat of the Basque Country in the two Carlist wars.

The Basque nationalist movement was born in opposition to the central government. At the same
time the Basque country was industrializing and its mining and shipbuilding industries brought
large‐scale immigration from poorer areas of Spain. This led to the alienation of rural Basques.
Sabina Arana‐Goiti, the first Basque ideologue, defined Basques anthropologically and
linguistically, forbade 'intermarriage' and opposed Spanish immigration and immigrants. In 1895
he founded the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, or PNV).

In October 1936, on the eve of the Civil War, the Second Republic approved the Basque autonomy
statute. Basques supported and fought with the Republicans in the Civil War, and their region
suffered viciously at the hands of the Nationalists, whose German allies bombed Guernica, the
ancient Basque capital. Franco's victory and the Republicans' defeat unleashed a tide of revenge
against Basques. Some 21,000 Basques died in the aftermath of the war; thousands more went
into exile or were imprisoned. Under the Franco regime all traces of self‐government were lost;
the Basque language was banned; and teachers unable to demonstrate 'political reliability' were
removed from Basque schools. The PNV formed a government in exile in France.

In 1959 Basque Homeland and Freedom (Euskadi Ta Azkatasuna, or ETA) was formed. Its aim is
an independent socialist Basque state uniting the Basque provinces of Spain and France. Unlike
the PNV it advocated class struggle, the overthrow of the dictatorship and solidarity with Spanish
immigrants. According to ETA, anyone who sold their labour in the Basque Country was entitled to
be considered Basque. ETA's war against the Spanish state – involving bank robberies,
kidnappings and assassinations – had a huge impact. The government replied with repressive
police tactics, including illegal detention and mistreatment of prisoners. In 1968 the government
declared a state of emergency. ETA was at the forefront of the struggle against Franco, and in
1973 it assassinated the Prime Minister and Franco's self‐appointed heir, Admiral Carrero Blanco.

With Franco's death in 1975 Basque nationalists demanded full independence. Rejecting the 1978
Spanish Constitution, they called for sovereignty, self‐determination and measures to improve
the working and living conditions of the working class. The PNV accepted the 1979 autonomy
statute but continued to press for greater autonomy (avoiding the word 'independence'). ETA
proceeded with its bombing campaigns, experiencing a rise in popularity during the next decade.
A new Basque left‐wing alliance, Herri Batasuna (United People), which rejected working within
the Spanish state system, also gained support. According to recent allegations, during the 1980s
government‐financed units waged a 'dirty war' on ETA in which more than two dozen Basques
were killed.

During the first half of the 1990s support for both the Spanish Socialist Party, which was voted
out of national office in 1996, and for ETA – which has been accused of perpetrating
indiscriminate violence – declined among Basques. In January 1995, 150,000 people took part in a
silent march against terrorism in Bilbao. But Basque nationalism remained vibrant and ETA
continued its bombing campaign. ETA was wrongly accused of the Al Qaeda Madrid bombs in
March 2004. These tragic events were followed by national elections which returned the anti ‐Iraq
war Socialists to power. In March 2006 ETA called a ceasefire and the government planned peace
talks. But no progress was made and ETA broke its ceasefire with a car bomb at Madrid's Barajas
airport in late December 2006.

The Basque language has official status with Castilian Spanish in the autonomous region of the
País Vasco and in the Basque‐speaking and mixed areas of Navarra. The 1982 Language
Standardization Law in País Vasco and 1986 Ley Foral del Euskera in Navarra set out the use of
the Basque language.

In the País Vasco several organizations were set up to promote the Basque language, including
the Secretariat‐General for Linguistic Policy, the Consultative Council for the Basque Language,
the Basque Institute of Public Administration and the Institute for the Promotion of Literacy and
Renewed Knowledge of Basque among Adults and for the Regulation of the Euskaltegis Adult
Basque Training Organization. The Basque language was introduced into the education system in
1983 and a 1993 law defines more closely how Basque and Spanish are taught. Basque Radio and
Television (EITB) was set up in 1983. In 1989 there was an agreement on the funding of the
Academy of the Basque Language Euskaltzaindia. Other new regulations included the 1981 rules
for teaching Basque to adults and the 1989 standardization plan for the use of Basque by the
various public administrative bodies.

In Navarra the Academy of the Basque Language is the consultative institution for linguistic
standards. Statutory Decree 159/89 established four linguistic models through which Basque can
be given its place in the education system. In 1990 the government of Navarre assumed full
powers over education policy.

Current issues

The use of Basque or Euskerra is growing among young people, in public administration, the mass
media and in general in País Vasco. It is expected to continue increasing on account of active
policies to promote the language and willingness on the part of the public to use it. Although
fluency in Basque is not required in employment, except for the civil service, it is an important
consideration in recruitment, especially for jobs requiring contact with the public. In Navarra,
although there are few speakers for whom it is the first language, there are a growing number
who understand Basque, and again this trend is expected to continue on account of policy and
public support.

Basque is a compulsory subject at all levels of school in País Vasco. It is the language of
instruction in some pre‐primary and primary schools. Basque is taught in colleges and is the
teaching language in certain university faculties in both País Vasco and Navarra. In Navarra
Basque is either the teaching medium or taught as a subject in schools in the Basque‐speaking
areas. There are also private Basque‐language schools, the ikastolas, run by pupils' parents on a
cooperative basis.

The only daily newspaper published entirely in Basque, Egunkaria, was closed in 2003 by the
Spanish Civil Guard who deemed it too close to terrorists, especially ETA. ETA's own daily
newspaper, Egin, was closed in 1998. The radical Basque daily Gara is published in Spanish and
Basque. Other daily newspapers are published in Spanish and have some Basque content. There
are weekly newspapers, monthly and quarterly magazines published in Basque.

Basque Radio and Television (EITB) has four TV channels and five radio stations broadcasting to
about 1 million viewers and listeners a day. There are several private radio stations broadcasting
in Basque. The regional network of Spanish public broadcaster TVE has transmitted some TV
programmes in Basque since 1992.

here is Basque language book and music publishing in País Vasco. All film makers who receive
subsidies from the regional government must produce a copy of their film dubbed into Basque.

Copyright notice: © Minority Rights Group International. All rights reserved.

Title

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques

Publisher

Minority Rights Group International

Publication Date

2008

Cite as

Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous

Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques, 2008, available at:

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749caa23.html [accessed 14 November

2009]

Page generated in 0.033 seconds

Home

 

Topics

Population groups

Basques

 

  

Last Updated: Friday, 13 November 2009, 15:48 GMT

unhcr.org Partners Help Contact Site Map

Search 

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Categories  

Browse by 

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Enter a word or phrase

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© UNHCR 2009  

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World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques

Profile

For Basque nationalists Euskadi, the Basque Country, takes in the four Spanish provinces of
Álava, Guipúzcoa, Navarra and Vizcaya, and the French pays of Labourd, Soule and Lower
Navarra. More Basques live in Spain than on the French side of the Pyrenees, but Basque
separatists consider the Basque country to cover both regions.

There are six main dialects, three in Spain (Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese) and three
in France (Lower Navarrese, Lapurdian and Zuberoan), but the dialect boundaries do not follow
the political boundaries. A seventh dialect is standardized Basque, Batua, which is based on
Gipuzkoan. There are around 600,000 people in the País Vasco and Navarra in Spain for whom
Basque is the first language. But just under half the population of each, thus about 1.2 million,
have some knowledge of Basque. The País Vasco is the second most industrialized region of
Spain, after Catalunya, and the wealthiest region of Spain. The majority of jobs in Navarra are in
tourism and other services but the region is much poorer.

Historical context

Basques are the long‐established inhabitants of the region on either side of the western
Pyrenees. Their language is distinct from other Indo‐European languages and has survived
without incorporating much of the latter.

The Duchy of Vasconia was established in the seventh century. In the ninth century the territory
had shrunk to the present‐day Basque Country as the Kingdom of Pamplona, later known as the
Kingdom of Navarre. The Spanish provinces of the present‐day Basque Country joined Castile in
1200. War between Castile and France led to the division of Basque territory between France and
Spain in 1513. The Statutes of Vizcaya gave a certain measure of autonomy to the Spanish
regions in raising finance and deciding their own laws. The Statutes were revoked in 1839 and
abolished in 1876 following the defeat of the Basque Country in the two Carlist wars.

The Basque nationalist movement was born in opposition to the central government. At the same
time the Basque country was industrializing and its mining and shipbuilding industries brought
large‐scale immigration from poorer areas of Spain. This led to the alienation of rural Basques.
Sabina Arana‐Goiti, the first Basque ideologue, defined Basques anthropologically and
linguistically, forbade 'intermarriage' and opposed Spanish immigration and immigrants. In 1895
he founded the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, or PNV).

In October 1936, on the eve of the Civil War, the Second Republic approved the Basque autonomy
statute. Basques supported and fought with the Republicans in the Civil War, and their region
suffered viciously at the hands of the Nationalists, whose German allies bombed Guernica, the
ancient Basque capital. Franco's victory and the Republicans' defeat unleashed a tide of revenge
against Basques. Some 21,000 Basques died in the aftermath of the war; thousands more went
into exile or were imprisoned. Under the Franco regime all traces of self‐government were lost;
the Basque language was banned; and teachers unable to demonstrate 'political reliability' were
removed from Basque schools. The PNV formed a government in exile in France.

In 1959 Basque Homeland and Freedom (Euskadi Ta Azkatasuna, or ETA) was formed. Its aim is
an independent socialist Basque state uniting the Basque provinces of Spain and France. Unlike
the PNV it advocated class struggle, the overthrow of the dictatorship and solidarity with Spanish
immigrants. According to ETA, anyone who sold their labour in the Basque Country was entitled to
be considered Basque. ETA's war against the Spanish state – involving bank robberies,
kidnappings and assassinations – had a huge impact. The government replied with repressive
police tactics, including illegal detention and mistreatment of prisoners. In 1968 the government
declared a state of emergency. ETA was at the forefront of the struggle against Franco, and in
1973 it assassinated the Prime Minister and Franco's self‐appointed heir, Admiral Carrero Blanco.

With Franco's death in 1975 Basque nationalists demanded full independence. Rejecting the 1978
Spanish Constitution, they called for sovereignty, self‐determination and measures to improve
the working and living conditions of the working class. The PNV accepted the 1979 autonomy
statute but continued to press for greater autonomy (avoiding the word 'independence'). ETA
proceeded with its bombing campaigns, experiencing a rise in popularity during the next decade.
A new Basque left‐wing alliance, Herri Batasuna (United People), which rejected working within
the Spanish state system, also gained support. According to recent allegations, during the 1980s
government‐financed units waged a 'dirty war' on ETA in which more than two dozen Basques
were killed.

During the first half of the 1990s support for both the Spanish Socialist Party, which was voted
out of national office in 1996, and for ETA – which has been accused of perpetrating
indiscriminate violence – declined among Basques. In January 1995, 150,000 people took part in a
silent march against terrorism in Bilbao. But Basque nationalism remained vibrant and ETA
continued its bombing campaign. ETA was wrongly accused of the Al Qaeda Madrid bombs in
March 2004. These tragic events were followed by national elections which returned the anti ‐Iraq
war Socialists to power. In March 2006 ETA called a ceasefire and the government planned peace
talks. But no progress was made and ETA broke its ceasefire with a car bomb at Madrid's Barajas
airport in late December 2006.

The Basque language has official status with Castilian Spanish in the autonomous region of the
País Vasco and in the Basque‐speaking and mixed areas of Navarra. The 1982 Language
Standardization Law in País Vasco and 1986 Ley Foral del Euskera in Navarra set out the use of
the Basque language.

In the País Vasco several organizations were set up to promote the Basque language, including
the Secretariat‐General for Linguistic Policy, the Consultative Council for the Basque Language,
the Basque Institute of Public Administration and the Institute for the Promotion of Literacy and
Renewed Knowledge of Basque among Adults and for the Regulation of the Euskaltegis Adult
Basque Training Organization. The Basque language was introduced into the education system in
1983 and a 1993 law defines more closely how Basque and Spanish are taught. Basque Radio and
Television (EITB) was set up in 1983. In 1989 there was an agreement on the funding of the
Academy of the Basque Language Euskaltzaindia. Other new regulations included the 1981 rules
for teaching Basque to adults and the 1989 standardization plan for the use of Basque by the
various public administrative bodies.

In Navarra the Academy of the Basque Language is the consultative institution for linguistic
standards. Statutory Decree 159/89 established four linguistic models through which Basque can
be given its place in the education system. In 1990 the government of Navarre assumed full
powers over education policy.

Current issues

The use of Basque or Euskerra is growing among young people, in public administration, the mass
media and in general in País Vasco. It is expected to continue increasing on account of active
policies to promote the language and willingness on the part of the public to use it. Although
fluency in Basque is not required in employment, except for the civil service, it is an important
consideration in recruitment, especially for jobs requiring contact with the public. In Navarra,
although there are few speakers for whom it is the first language, there are a growing number
who understand Basque, and again this trend is expected to continue on account of policy and
public support.

Basque is a compulsory subject at all levels of school in País Vasco. It is the language of
instruction in some pre‐primary and primary schools. Basque is taught in colleges and is the
teaching language in certain university faculties in both País Vasco and Navarra. In Navarra
Basque is either the teaching medium or taught as a subject in schools in the Basque‐speaking
areas. There are also private Basque‐language schools, the ikastolas, run by pupils' parents on a
cooperative basis.

The only daily newspaper published entirely in Basque, Egunkaria, was closed in 2003 by the
Spanish Civil Guard who deemed it too close to terrorists, especially ETA. ETA's own daily
newspaper, Egin, was closed in 1998. The radical Basque daily Gara is published in Spanish and
Basque. Other daily newspapers are published in Spanish and have some Basque content. There
are weekly newspapers, monthly and quarterly magazines published in Basque.

Basque Radio and Television (EITB) has four TV channels and five radio stations broadcasting to
about 1 million viewers and listeners a day. There are several private radio stations broadcasting
in Basque. The regional network of Spanish public broadcaster TVE has transmitted some TV
programmes in Basque since 1992.

here is Basque language book and music publishing in País Vasco. All film makers who receive
subsidies from the regional government must produce a copy of their film dubbed into Basque.

Copyright notice: © Minority Rights Group International. All rights reserved.

Title

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques

Publisher

Minority Rights Group International

Publication Date

2008

Cite as

Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous

Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques, 2008, available at:

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749caa23.html [accessed 14 November

2009]

Page generated in 0.033 seconds

Home

 

Topics

Population groups

Basques

 

  

Last Updated: Friday, 13 November 2009, 15:48 GMT

unhcr.org Partners Help Contact Site Map

Search 

Advanced Search Search Tips

Regions 

Countries 

Categories  

Browse by 

Resources  

Enter a word or phrase

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

­ Select a country ­

Country Information

Legal Information

Policy Documents

Reference Documents

A ­Z Index

Topics

Publishers

Document Types

Special Features

Standards and Training

Information Alerts

Protection Starter Kit

Library

News

Refworld Personalization

External Links

© UNHCR 2009  

About

 

Accessibility

 

Disclaimer

 

Privacy

 

Text size 

Email this document

Printable version

 

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques

Profile

For Basque nationalists Euskadi, the Basque Country, takes in the four Spanish provinces of
Álava, Guipúzcoa, Navarra and Vizcaya, and the French pays of Labourd, Soule and Lower
Navarra. More Basques live in Spain than on the French side of the Pyrenees, but Basque
separatists consider the Basque country to cover both regions.

There are six main dialects, three in Spain (Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese) and three
in France (Lower Navarrese, Lapurdian and Zuberoan), but the dialect boundaries do not follow
the political boundaries. A seventh dialect is standardized Basque, Batua, which is based on
Gipuzkoan. There are around 600,000 people in the País Vasco and Navarra in Spain for whom
Basque is the first language. But just under half the population of each, thus about 1.2 million,
have some knowledge of Basque. The País Vasco is the second most industrialized region of
Spain, after Catalunya, and the wealthiest region of Spain. The majority of jobs in Navarra are in
tourism and other services but the region is much poorer.

Historical context

Basques are the long‐established inhabitants of the region on either side of the western
Pyrenees. Their language is distinct from other Indo‐European languages and has survived
without incorporating much of the latter.

The Duchy of Vasconia was established in the seventh century. In the ninth century the territory
had shrunk to the present‐day Basque Country as the Kingdom of Pamplona, later known as the
Kingdom of Navarre. The Spanish provinces of the present‐day Basque Country joined Castile in
1200. War between Castile and France led to the division of Basque territory between France and
Spain in 1513. The Statutes of Vizcaya gave a certain measure of autonomy to the Spanish
regions in raising finance and deciding their own laws. The Statutes were revoked in 1839 and
abolished in 1876 following the defeat of the Basque Country in the two Carlist wars.

The Basque nationalist movement was born in opposition to the central government. At the same
time the Basque country was industrializing and its mining and shipbuilding industries brought
large‐scale immigration from poorer areas of Spain. This led to the alienation of rural Basques.
Sabina Arana‐Goiti, the first Basque ideologue, defined Basques anthropologically and
linguistically, forbade 'intermarriage' and opposed Spanish immigration and immigrants. In 1895
he founded the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, or PNV).

In October 1936, on the eve of the Civil War, the Second Republic approved the Basque autonomy
statute. Basques supported and fought with the Republicans in the Civil War, and their region
suffered viciously at the hands of the Nationalists, whose German allies bombed Guernica, the
ancient Basque capital. Franco's victory and the Republicans' defeat unleashed a tide of revenge
against Basques. Some 21,000 Basques died in the aftermath of the war; thousands more went
into exile or were imprisoned. Under the Franco regime all traces of self‐government were lost;
the Basque language was banned; and teachers unable to demonstrate 'political reliability' were
removed from Basque schools. The PNV formed a government in exile in France.

In 1959 Basque Homeland and Freedom (Euskadi Ta Azkatasuna, or ETA) was formed. Its aim is
an independent socialist Basque state uniting the Basque provinces of Spain and France. Unlike
the PNV it advocated class struggle, the overthrow of the dictatorship and solidarity with Spanish
immigrants. According to ETA, anyone who sold their labour in the Basque Country was entitled to
be considered Basque. ETA's war against the Spanish state – involving bank robberies,
kidnappings and assassinations – had a huge impact. The government replied with repressive
police tactics, including illegal detention and mistreatment of prisoners. In 1968 the government
declared a state of emergency. ETA was at the forefront of the struggle against Franco, and in
1973 it assassinated the Prime Minister and Franco's self‐appointed heir, Admiral Carrero Blanco.

With Franco's death in 1975 Basque nationalists demanded full independence. Rejecting the 1978
Spanish Constitution, they called for sovereignty, self‐determination and measures to improve
the working and living conditions of the working class. The PNV accepted the 1979 autonomy
statute but continued to press for greater autonomy (avoiding the word 'independence'). ETA
proceeded with its bombing campaigns, experiencing a rise in popularity during the next decade.
A new Basque left‐wing alliance, Herri Batasuna (United People), which rejected working within
the Spanish state system, also gained support. According to recent allegations, during the 1980s
government‐financed units waged a 'dirty war' on ETA in which more than two dozen Basques
were killed.

During the first half of the 1990s support for both the Spanish Socialist Party, which was voted
out of national office in 1996, and for ETA – which has been accused of perpetrating
indiscriminate violence – declined among Basques. In January 1995, 150,000 people took part in a
silent march against terrorism in Bilbao. But Basque nationalism remained vibrant and ETA
continued its bombing campaign. ETA was wrongly accused of the Al Qaeda Madrid bombs in
March 2004. These tragic events were followed by national elections which returned the anti ‐Iraq
war Socialists to power. In March 2006 ETA called a ceasefire and the government planned peace
talks. But no progress was made and ETA broke its ceasefire with a car bomb at Madrid's Barajas
airport in late December 2006.

The Basque language has official status with Castilian Spanish in the autonomous region of the
País Vasco and in the Basque‐speaking and mixed areas of Navarra. The 1982 Language
Standardization Law in País Vasco and 1986 Ley Foral del Euskera in Navarra set out the use of
the Basque language.

In the País Vasco several organizations were set up to promote the Basque language, including
the Secretariat‐General for Linguistic Policy, the Consultative Council for the Basque Language,
the Basque Institute of Public Administration and the Institute for the Promotion of Literacy and
Renewed Knowledge of Basque among Adults and for the Regulation of the Euskaltegis Adult
Basque Training Organization. The Basque language was introduced into the education system in
1983 and a 1993 law defines more closely how Basque and Spanish are taught. Basque Radio and
Television (EITB) was set up in 1983. In 1989 there was an agreement on the funding of the
Academy of the Basque Language Euskaltzaindia. Other new regulations included the 1981 rules
for teaching Basque to adults and the 1989 standardization plan for the use of Basque by the
various public administrative bodies.

In Navarra the Academy of the Basque Language is the consultative institution for linguistic
standards. Statutory Decree 159/89 established four linguistic models through which Basque can
be given its place in the education system. In 1990 the government of Navarre assumed full
powers over education policy.

Current issues

The use of Basque or Euskerra is growing among young people, in public administration, the mass
media and in general in País Vasco. It is expected to continue increasing on account of active
policies to promote the language and willingness on the part of the public to use it. Although
fluency in Basque is not required in employment, except for the civil service, it is an important
consideration in recruitment, especially for jobs requiring contact with the public. In Navarra,
although there are few speakers for whom it is the first language, there are a growing number
who understand Basque, and again this trend is expected to continue on account of policy and
public support.

Basque is a compulsory subject at all levels of school in País Vasco. It is the language of
instruction in some pre‐primary and primary schools. Basque is taught in colleges and is the
teaching language in certain university faculties in both País Vasco and Navarra. In Navarra
Basque is either the teaching medium or taught as a subject in schools in the Basque‐speaking
areas. There are also private Basque‐language schools, the ikastolas, run by pupils' parents on a
cooperative basis.

The only daily newspaper published entirely in Basque, Egunkaria, was closed in 2003 by the
Spanish Civil Guard who deemed it too close to terrorists, especially ETA. ETA's own daily
newspaper, Egin, was closed in 1998. The radical Basque daily Gara is published in Spanish and
Basque. Other daily newspapers are published in Spanish and have some Basque content. There
are weekly newspapers, monthly and quarterly magazines published in Basque.

Basque Radio and Television (EITB) has four TV channels and five radio stations broadcasting to
about 1 million viewers and listeners a day. There are several private radio stations broadcasting
in Basque. The regional network of Spanish public broadcaster TVE has transmitted some TV
programmes in Basque since 1992.

here is Basque language book and music publishing in País Vasco. All film makers who receive
subsidies from the regional government must produce a copy of their film dubbed into Basque.

Copyright notice: © Minority Rights Group International. All rights reserved.

Title

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques

Publisher

Minority Rights Group International

Publication Date

2008

Cite as

Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous

Peoples ‐ Spain : Basques, 2008, available at:

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749caa23.html [accessed 14 November

2009]