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I

NTERNATIONAL

E

NVIRONMENTAL

S

TANDARDS

H

ANDBOOK

Scott S. Olson

CRC Press

Boca Raton

New York

London

Tokyo

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Olson, Scott S.
International environmental standards handbook / Scott S.
Olson.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-270-4 (alk. paper)
1. Environmental management. 1. Title.
GE300.038 1999
363.7'05-dc2l 99-13383

CIP

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is

quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references am listed. Reasonable efforts have
been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for
the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use,

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording. or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new
works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton. Florida 33431.

Trademark

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only

for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number 1-56670-270-4
Library of Congress Card Number 99-13383
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

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“If Delicate Arch has any significance it lies, I will venture, in the
power of the odd and unexpected to startle the senses and surprise the
mind out of their ruts of habit, to compel us into a reawakened
awareness of the wonderful—that which is full of wonder.”

Edward Abbey

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Author

Scott Olson is Director of the Colorado Environmental Training Center and former Chair of the
Environmental, Health and Safety Department at Red Rocks Community College in Lakewood,
Colorado. He is a faculty instructor and coordinator of the Water Quality Management and Envi-
ronmental and Safety Technology Degree programs. Mr. Olson is also a program chair and instructor
for the Rocky Mountain Education Center, OSHA Training Institute at Red Rocks Community
College. He is a member of the Board of Directors for the Rocky Mountain Hazardous Materials
Association representing training and education. His company, Altitude Training Associates, pro-
vides environmental, health and safety training to a variety of organizations.

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Contents

Part I–Introduction to International Environmental Standards

Chapter 1

Introduction

Part II–International Conventions, Treaties, and Agreements

Chapter 2

An Introduction to International Environmental Controls

An Overview of International Conventions and Agreements
The Relationship Between International Trade and Environmental Controls
NEPA Influence on International Environmental Controls
New Tools for Providing Proactive Environmental Control
Conclusion
References

Chapter 3

The Influence of Command and Control Regulations

Introduction
References

Chapter 4

Key International Agreements

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Objectives of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Summary of the Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (As Agreed Upon

by the Three Parties)

Treaty of Rome, 1952, Single European Act, 1987, and the Maastricht Treaty, 1992
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972)

Text of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human

Environment (1972)

The Rio Declaration On Environment And Development (1992)

Text of the Rio Declaration

World Charter for Nature (1982)

Text of the World Charter for Nature

References

Chapter 5

Media-Specific Conventions, Agreements and Standards

Introduction
Media-Specific Regulations for Selected Countries

Australia
Austria
Belarus
Bermuda
Canada (Federal)

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China
Czech Republic
France
Germany
India
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Mexico
The Netherlands
Poland
Russian Federation
Singapore
South Korea
Ukraine
United Kingdom

Air Pollution

U.S.-Canada Bilateral Air Quality Agreement, 1991
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979
Other Agreements (actions by the UNEP and EU)
British Standards Institute (BSI)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Water Resources

Protection of Freshwater Resources
Protection of the Oceans and the Marine Environment
The European Union
European Union Directives
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Specific ASTM Water Standards (partial list)

Waste

The Basel Convention (UNEP) on the Control of Transboundary, 1989
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
U.S. Bilateral Agreements
EU Directives
ASTM Standards
Additional Standards

International Treaties Relating to the Environment

Air Pollution and the Ozone Layer
Oceans and the Marine Environment
Listing of International Treaties Relating to the Environment
International Treaties Relating to the Environment (alphabetical)
International Treaties Relating to the Environment (North America)

Part III–Environmental Standards

Chapter 6

An Introduction to International Standards Organizations and the
Development Process

Standards Organizations in the United States
International Standardization Activities of ASTM
International Standardization Activities of ISO

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Responsibilities for the Technical Work of ISO
Current International Standardization Activities of ANSI
Development of International Environmental Laws
Development of European Union Directives
Development of National Law

Chapter 7

Guiding Principles and Practices for Business

Introduction
Bellagio Principles
CERES Principles

Protection of the Biosphere
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
Reduction and Disposal of Wastes
Energy Conservation
Risk Reduction
Safe Products and Services
Environmental Restoration
Informing the Public
Management Commitment
Audits and Reports

Responsible Care
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), World Business Organization

The Business Charter for Sustainable Development

The PERI Guidelines

Professional Codes

World Federation of Engineering Organizations, Code of Ethics
References

Chapter 8

Programs of the United Nations

Introduction
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

Introduction
UNCED Collection
Agenda 21

United Nations Environment Program

Programs of the United Nations
UNEP Environmental Guidelines

The World Health Organization (WHO)

Regional and Other Offices
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Conventions for which UNEP Provides Secretariat
Sources of Additional Information

References

Chapter 9

Environmental Management Systems

Introduction to Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems

Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) Environmental Management
Introduction to ISO 14001
ISO 14001: A Recommended Approach

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Other ISO Standards

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, EU Directive
British National Standard, BS 7750, British Standards Institution (BSI)
Environmental Auditing
U.S. Regulatory Policy Toward EMSs and ISO 14001

U.S. Regulatory Setting, Background, and History
The Impact of USEPA’s Regulatory Reinvention Efforts
The USEPA/NEIC Compliance Focused EMS

Major Federal Agency EMS/ISO Initiatives

The Department of Energy (DOE)
Department of Defense (DOD)
Industry Response to ISO 14000 in the United States
Emerging Trends in Strategic Environmental Management

EPA Position Statement on Environmental Management Systems and ISO14001 and a

Request for Comments on the Nature of the Data to be Collected from Environmental
Management System ISO14001 Pilots
Environmental Protection Agency

Important Organizations and Terms for Environmental Management Systems (terms

from ISO 14001)

Agencies and Organizations Conducting EMS Activities

Environmental Management Secretariat for Latin America and the Caribbean
Federal Agencies of the United States, Initiatives for Environmental Management
U.S. States (Includes Pollution Prevention Programs)

Sources of Additional Information

Documents and Publications
Internet sites for European Union Institutions

References

Chapter 10

The European Union

EU Directives and Environmental Programs

Examples of EU Directives
EU Environmental Programs
Europe and Sustainable Development
European Consultive Forum on the Environment and Sustainable Development
IMPEL Network of Authorities in the Member States
Environmental Policy Review Group

EU Standards for the Safety of Machinery

European Community Legislation on Machinery
Summary of the Essential Health and Safety Requirements Relating to the Design

and Construction of Machinery

Directory of Community Legislation in Force Relating to the Environment
References

Part IV–Environmental Protection in the United States

Chapter 11

U.S. Laws and Regulations

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
Historic, Scientific, and Cultural Resources

Historic Sites Act (1935), 16 USC
National Historic Preservation Act (1966), 16 USC

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Preservation of Historical and Archeological Data (1960), 16 USC
Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment (1971)
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA)

Basic Goals of TSCA
How EPA Can Regulate Chemical Substances Under TSCA
Items Not Covered By TSCA
Basic Requirements
Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Clean Air Act

History
Provisions of the Law
Hazardous Air Pollutants
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
Other Provisions
Summary of the 1990 CAA Amendments
Example of State Air Regulation: Colorado, U.S.
Air Quality Control Commission (AQCC)
Air Pollution Control Division (APCD)
State Implementation Plan
Local Planning Commission (LPC)
Colorado Programs
Clean Air Act of 1990
Reporting HAPs on Air Pollution Emission Notices in the State of Colorado
State Implementation Plans
Permits (Title V)
Acid Deposition Control (Title IV)
Stratospheric Ozone Protection

Water Resources

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act)
Wetlands
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), Public Law 93-523

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Goals of RCRA
Four Main Programs Under RCRA
Definition of Solid and Hazardous Wastes (40 CFR 261)
Regulations Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste
Transportation Emergencies Involving Hazardous Waste
Land Disposal Restrictions
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (Subtitle C Parts 264 and 265)
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) and Emergency Planning and

Community Right-to-Know Act TITLE III
General Provisions
Emergency Planning
Emergency Release Notification (Section 304, 40 CFR Part 355)
Community Right-to-Know Reporting Requirements (Sections 311, 312,

40 CFR Part 370)

Toxic Chemical Release Reporting (Section 313, 40 CFR Part 372)
Making Sense of SARA Title III Regulatory Citations

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

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Summary of the Regulation
Additional Information

References

Part V–Sources of Additional Information

Chapter 12

Directory of Organizations and Agencies

Environmental Agencies of the World

Albania
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Caribbean Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD)
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica
Cote D’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
European Commission, Directorate General XI: Environment, Nuclear Safety

and Civil Protection

European Environment Agency
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guyana
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Kazakstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia

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Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldovia
Mongolia
Mozambique
Mynamar (Burma)
Namibia
Nepal
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North Korea
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Samoa
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sudan

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Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Institutions of the EU
U.S. State Environmental Agencies

Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi

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Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Environmental Standards and Management Organizations

Austria, EU Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC)
Environmental Management Secretariat for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Quality Management Systems/Environmental Management Systems (QMS/EMS)
Sustainable Development Networking Programme (SDNP)
World Bank

U.S. EPA Voluntary Standards Network Coordination of ISO 14001 Activities

USEPA

Chapter 13

List of Relevant Documents and Publications

Publications for U.S. Environmental Regulations

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Underground Storage Tanks
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
Wetlands
Environmental Auditing
Free Publications Available from the EU
Selected Titles in International Environmental Law and Management
Other Titles

Suppliers of Environmental, Health, and Safety Resource Materials (books, manuals,

standards, periodicals, training materials, software, videos)
Environment, General

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Environmental, International
Environmental Law/Compliance
Environmental Management
Environmental Science/Engineering/Conservation
Hazardous Materials
International (Environmental Standards and Technical Publications)
Safety
Standards
Water and Wastewater (Treatment and Resources)
Periodicals
Videos

Chapter 14

Information Available on the Internet

Organizations and Associations
Government Agencies

Australia
Canada
Denmark
Europe
France
Georgia
Germany
Hong Kong
Hungary
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Luxembourg
New Zealand
Norway
Republic of Mauritius
South Africa
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States

Environmental Organizations
Universities and Student Organizations
Other Sites

Chapter 15

Information Available on the Internet

Organizations and Associations
Government Agencies

Australia
Brazil
Canada
Denmark

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Europe
France
Georgia
Germany
Hungary
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Luxembourg
Mexico
Norway
New Zealand
Peru
Republic of Mauritius
Sweden
South Africa
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela

Environmental Organizations
Universities and Student Organizations
Other Sites

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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACM

Asbestos Containing Material

ACP

Area Contingency Plan

AEPS

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program

AIR

Automobile Repair and Inspection

AIRS

Aerometric Information Reporting System

ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

APEN

Air Pollution Emission Notice

ASQC

American Society of Quality Control

AST

Above Ground Storage Tank

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

ATP

Anaerobic Thermal Processor

BAT

Best Available Technology

BATNEEC

Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost

BS

British Standard

BSI

British Standards Institute

CAA

Clean Air Act

CAAA

Clean Air Act Amendments (of 1990)

CAS

Chemical Abstract System

CBT

Chemical and Biological Treatment

CDPHE

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

CDPS

Colorado Discharge Permit System

CE

Categorical Exclusion

CEI

Continuous Environmental Improvement

CEN

Comite European de Normalisation

CEQ

Council on Environmental Quality

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

CERCLIS

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Information
System

CERES

Coalition on Environmentally Responsible Economies

CFC

Chloroflurocarbon

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

CHMR

Center for Hazardous Materials Research

CIA

Chemical Industries Association

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

CMA

Chemical Manufacturers Association

CORACT

RCRA Corrective Action Records

CSO

Combined Sewer Overflows

CWA

Clean Water Act

CZM

Coastal Zone Management

DIN

Deutches Institut for Normung e.V.

DIS

Draft International Standards

DOT

Department of Transportation

DRT

Disaster Recovery Team

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EA

Environmental Assessment

EC

European Community

EEA

European Environment Agency

EEZ

Exclusive Economic Zone

EHS

Environmental Health and Safety

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

EINECS

European Register of Chemical Substances

EIS

Environmental Impact Statement

EMAS

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

EMINWA

Environmentally Sound Management of Inland Water

EMS

Environmental Management Systems

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EPADKT

EPA Civil Enforcement Docket

EPCRA

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

ER

Emergency Response

ERNS

Emergency Response Notification System

ERT

Emergency Response Team

EU

European Union

FDSITE

Federal Site Information

FINDS

EPA Facility Index System

FONSI

Finding Of No Significant Impact

FR Federal

Register

GAC

Granular Activated Carbon

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GCPA

Global Climate Protection Act (U.S.)

GEMS

Global Environment Monitoring System

GRID

Global Resource Information Database

HAP

Hazardous Air Pollutant

HAZWOPER

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

HFC

Hydrofluorcarbons

HMTUSA

Hazardous Materials Transportation and Uniform Safety Act

HMW

Hazardous Material and Hazardous Waste

HR

Human Resources

IARC

International Agency for the Research on Cancer

IC

Incident Commander

ICOLP

Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection

ICS

Incident Command System

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission

IECA

International Erosion Control Association

IGO

Intergovernmental Organization

ILEV

Inherently Low-Emitting Vehicles

I/M

Inspection/Maintenance

IPC

Integrated Pollution Control (Ireland, England)

IPM

Integrated Pest Management

IPPC

Intergrated Pollution Prevention and Control (EC)

IRPTC

International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

ITFM

Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring (Water Quality)

JTPC

Joint Technical Programming Committee

LCA

Life Cycle Assessment

LD50

Lethal Dose 50% (median lethal dose)

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LDR

Land Disposal Restrictions

LEPC

Local Emergency Planning Committee

LSA

List of CFR Sections Affected

LUST

Leaking Underground Storage Tank

MAC

Maximum Admissible Concentration (European Union)

MARPOL

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and
Other Matter

MCL

Maximum Contaminant Level (U.S.)

MMPA

Marine Mammal Protection Act

MRL

Maximum Residue Limits

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet

NAAQS

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

NCP

National Contingency Plan

NCPDI

National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory

NEFCO

Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation

NEP

National Estuaries Program

NEPA

National Environmental Policy Act

NESHAP

National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

NIOSH

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NGO

Nongovernmental Organization

NOEL

No Observable Effect Level

NOV

Notice of Violation

NPDES

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

NPLDSC

National Priorities List Descriptions

NTP

National Toxicology Program

NWI

National Wetlands Inventory

OCS

On-Scene Coordinator

ODC

Ozone Depleting Compound

ODS

Ozone Depleting Substances

OHSMS

Occupational Health and Safety Management System

OPA

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

ORD

EPA’s Office of Research and Development

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSHAIR

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Inspection Reports

PA

Preliminary Assessment

PACM

Presumed Asbestos Containing Material

PAH

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

PBB

Polybrominated Biphenyls

PEL

Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA)

PERT

Project Evaluation and Review Technique

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

ppm

Parts Per Million

PRP

Potentially Responsible Party

PSM

Process Safety Management

QC

Quality Control

RAB

Registration Accreditation Board

RACT

Reasonably Achievable Control Technology

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RCRIS

Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System

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REA

Registered Environmental Assessor

RIFS

Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study

RMHMA

Rocky Mountain Hazardous Materials Association

RMPP

Risk Management Prevention Plan

ROD

Record of Decision

RODS

EPA Superfund Record of Decision

RRT

Regional Response Team

RQ

Reportable Quantity

SACM

Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model

SAGE

Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment

SARA

Superfund Authorization and Reauthorization Act

SBUV

Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet

SC

Subcommittee For ISO 14000

SCBA

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

SDWA

Safe Drinking Water Act

SEA

Single European Act

SEM

Strategic Environmental Management

SERC

State Emergency Response Commission

SHEMS

Safety, Health and Environmental Management Systems

SI

Site Investigation

SIP

State Implementation Plan

SITE

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation

SME

Solar Mesospheric Explorer

SONS

Spills of National Significance

SOP

Standard Operating Procedure

SUB TAG

Sub Technical Advisory Group for ISO 14000

SWCP

State Wetland Conservation Plans

TAG

Technical Advisory Group

TC

Technical Committee

TC

Toxicity Characteristic

TCDD

Tertrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin

TCLP

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

TLV

Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH)

TMB

Technical Management Board

TOMS

Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

TPQ

Threshold Planning Quantity

TSCA

Toxic Substance Control Act

TQ

Threshold Quantity

TQEM

Total Quality Environmental Management

TRI

Toxic Release Inventory

TRIS

Toxic Release Information System

TSDF

Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility

UN

United Nations

UNCED

United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

USC

United States Code

USEPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency

UST

Underground Storage Tank

UV

Ultraviolet (radiation)

VOC

Volatile Organic Compound

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WG

Working Group for ISO 14000

WHO

World Health Organization

WRI

World Resources Institute

WTO

World Trade Organization

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