Handling Arguments with while and shift (Unix Power Tools, 3rd Edition) 35.22. Handling Arguments with while and shift A for loop (Section 35.21) is great if you want to handle all of the command-line arguments to a script, one by one. But, as is often the case, some arguments are options that have their own arguments. For example, in the command grep -f filename, filename is an argument to -f; the option and its argument need to be processed together. One good way to handle this is with a combination of while (Section 35.15), test (Section 35.26), case (Section 35.10), and shift. Here's the basic construct: while [ $# -gt 0 ] do case "$1" in -a) options="$options $1";; ... -f) options="$options $1" argfile="$2" shift ;; *) files="$files $1";; esac shift done The trick is this: shift removes an argument from the script's argument list, shifting all the others over by one ($1 disappears, $2 becomes $1, $3 becomes $2, and so on). To handle an option with its own argument, do another shift. The while loop uses test (Section 35.26) to check that $# -- the number of arguments -- is greater than zero and keeps going until this is no longer true, which only happens when they have all been used up. Meanwhile, all the case has to do is to test $1 against the desired option strings. In the simple example shown above, we simply assume that anything beginning with a minus sign is an option, which we (presumably) want to pass on to some program that is being invoked by the script. So all we do is build up a shell variable that will eventually contain all the options. It would be quite possible to do something else instead, perhaps setting other shell variables or executing commands. We assume that anything without a minus sign is a file. This last case could be written more robustly with a test to be sure the argument is a file. Here's an example of a simple script that uses this construct to pass an option and some files to pr and from there to a program that converts text to PostScript and on to the print spooler (or you could convert SGML or XML files to PDF, whatever): while [ $# -ne 0 ] do case $1 in +*) pages="$1" ;; *) if [ -f "$1" ]; then files="$files $1" else echo "$0: file $1 not found" 1>&2 fi;; esac shift done pr $pages $files | psprint | lpr This approach is perhaps obsolete if you have getopts (Section 35.24) (it's built into bash, for instance), since getopts lets you recognize option strings like -abc as being equivalent to -a -b -c, but I still find it handy. [In this example, it's essential. The pr option +page-list starts with a plus sign. getopt and getopts don't support those old-style options. -- JP] --TOR and SJC 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop35.23. Loop Control: break and continue Copyright © 2003 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.