Ethnic Minorities.
At the beginning of the Modern Age, the national State imposed a rigid ethnic, religious and cultural homogenization. After expelling the two most important minorities, the
Jews exiled by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492, and the Moriscos banished by Felipe II in 1609, there remained a religiously homogeneous population that was oblivious
of its ethnic origins (at least until the appearance of the late 19th century Basque nationalism) and easily assimilated the small immigrant minorities (African slaves brought to
Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries and the Germans who settled in the Sierra Morena in the 18th century).
There has always existed some differentiated groups, for example the 'agotes' in Navarra or the 'vaqueiros de alzada' in Asturias, however the only clearly traditional ethnic
minority are the Gypsies, who seemed to have arrived in Spain at the end of Middle Ages.
Their nomadic way of life has dispersed them all over the country, although the greatest number, Gypsy communities, are to be found in Madrid, Barcelona and the larger
southern cities.
As in other countries, Spanish gypsies have for centuries managed to preserve their own culture and social organization, based on classes and lineages. The traditional
pattern of segregation is increasingly difficult to maintain in urban areas, where their integration poses conflicts in schools, neighbourhoods and even in local communities.
Recent immigration is giving rise to new ethnic minorities as of yet not clearly defined. While Europeans have no incorporation problems whatsoever, and the assimilation
of Latin Americans presents few difficulties owing to their cultural affinity to Spanish, the integration of Africans and Asians is more problematical.
Surveys which have been made on this subject show that the level of hostility towards foreign immigrants is Spain is one of the lowest in Europe.