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Anatomia PC.
Wydanie X
Autor: Piotr Metzger
ISBN: 83-246-0093-0
Format: B5, stron: oko³o 1100
oprawa twarda
Zawiera DVD
Kompendium wiedzy o architekturze komputerów PC
• Procesory
• Zarz¹dzanie pamiêci¹
• Magistrale i z³¹cza
• Obs³uga urz¹dzeñ zewnêtrznych
Ka¿dy serwisant, programista i projektant urz¹dzeñ wspó³pracuj¹cych z komputerami musi znaæ
architekturê wspó³czesnych komputerów PC. Wiedza na ten temat mo¿e siê przydaæ tak¿e zwyk³emu
u¿ytkownikowi komputera, który chcia³by samodzielnie znaleŸæ przyczyny nieprawid³owego dzia³ania
sprzêtu, oraz wszystkim osobom zainteresowanym dzia³aniem pecetów. Szczegó³owe informacje
o komponentach komputera s¹ niestety trudno dostêpne i rozproszone w wielu dokumentach,
specyfikacjach i schematach.
Ksi¹¿ka "Anatomia PC. Wydanie X" to kompletne opracowanie, zawieraj¹ce wyczerpuj¹ce informacje
o architekturze komputerów PC i ich komponentów. Dziesi¹te ju¿ wydanie tej klasycznej i ciesz¹cej siê
ogromn¹ popularnoœci¹ pozycji jest, podobnie jak poprzednie wydania, prawdziwym kompendium wiedzy
o wspó³czesnych pecetach, opisuj¹cym zarówno rozwi¹zania klasyczne, jak i nowoœci z ostatnich
miesiêcy. Dziêki niej poradzisz sobie z wszystkimi problemami sprzêtowymi, zdiagnozujesz usterki
i zaprojektujesz urz¹dzenia poprawnie wspó³pracuj¹ce z komputerem. Ksi¹¿ka opisuje nastêpuj¹ce
zagadnienia:
• mikroprocesory rodziny x86 wraz z najnowszymi Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, koprocesory
i rozszerzenia, takie jak MMX, 3DNow, SSE, SSE2 i HT,
• procesory dwurdzeniowe,
• architektury komputerów PC XT, AT, 386, 486 i Pentium, systemów jedno-
i wieloprocesorowych oraz komputerów przenoœnych,
• uk³ady pamiêciowe stosowane w komputerach PC -- SIMM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2
oraz zasady ich obs³ugi,
• chipsety Intel, VIA, SiS, i865/875, obs³uga przerwañ, magistrala PCI i kana³ DMA, mostkowanie
PCI-E -- AGP,
• obs³uga stacji dyskietek i dysków twardych -- organizacja i odczyt danych, praca kontrolera,
macierze RAID,
• z³¹cza ATA, SCSI i FireWire,
• karty grafiki, przetwarzanie obrazu, kompresja MPEG, generowanie grafiki 3D i magistrala AGP,
• najnowsze uk³ady graficzne,
• obs³uga klawiatury,
• z³¹cza szeregowe, równoleg³e, USB i IrDA,
• system oszczêdzania energii,
• noœniki optyczne,
• karty dŸwiêkowe,
• sieci i technologia BlueTooth,
• zasilacze awaryjne,
• BIOS.
Ponadto w ksi¹¿ce znajdziesz informacje o diagnozowaniu usterek komputera za pomoc¹ Linuksa, opisy
mikroprocesorów firm Intel, AMD i Cyrix, w tym tak¿e najnowszych jednostek 64-bitowych, oraz adresy
witryn internetowych producentów sprzêtu i oprogramowania diagnostycznego.
Rozdział 1. Mikroprocesor ...................................................................................... 19
Przetwarzanie rozkazów ..........................................................................................................21
RISC i CISC ......................................................................................................................21
Przetwarzanie potokowe ....................................................................................................22
Techniki przyspieszania .....................................................................................................25
Dostęp do pamięci ....................................................................................................................32
Adresowanie ......................................................................................................................34
Stronicowanie ....................................................................................................................35
Pamięci podręczne ...................................................................................................................37
Topologie ...........................................................................................................................39
Organizacja pamięci podręcznej ........................................................................................41
Strategie .............................................................................................................................42
Pamięć podręczna procesora 80386 ...................................................................................43
Obsługa przestrzeni adresowej I/O ..........................................................................................47
Procesor 8086 ....................................................................................................................48
Procesory 80386 i 80486 ...................................................................................................48
Pentium ..............................................................................................................................49
Funkcje kontrolne i sterujące ...................................................................................................49
BIST ...................................................................................................................................49
Kontrola TLB .....................................................................................................................50
Kontrola pamięci podręcznej .............................................................................................50
Przejście w stan wysokiej impedancji ...............................................................................50
JTAG ..................................................................................................................................50
Częstotliwość taktowania .........................................................................................................52
Zasilanie ...................................................................................................................................54
Jak rozpoznać typ procesora? ..................................................................................................56
Czy procesor jest zgodny z układem 80286 lub lepszym? ................................................57
Procesor 8086/88 czy 80186/88? .......................................................................................57
Procesor 80286 ..................................................................................................................58
Procesor 80386 ..................................................................................................................58
Procesor 486 czy Pentium? ................................................................................................58
Koprocesory .............................................................................................................................58
Koprocesor 8087 ................................................................................................................61
Koprocesor 80287 ..............................................................................................................62
Koprocesor 80387 ..............................................................................................................62
Koprocesor i487SX ...........................................................................................................63
4 Anatomia
PC
Rozszerzenia ............................................................................................................................63
MMX .................................................................................................................................63
3DNow! .............................................................................................................................76
SSE ....................................................................................................................................76
SSE2 ..................................................................................................................................80
SSE3 ..................................................................................................................................82
Hyper-Threading (HT) .......................................................................................................84
Przetwarzanie 64-bitowe ..........................................................................................................89
Metoda firmy Intel: Itanium ..............................................................................................89
Metoda firmy AMD: Opteron ............................................................................................92
Przyszłość przetwarzania 64-bitowego ..............................................................................94
Rozdział 2. Architektury komputerów PC ................................................................ 97
Model PC/XT ...........................................................................................................................97
Procesor 8086 ....................................................................................................................97
Procesor 8088 ..................................................................................................................100
Dostęp do pamięci i przestrzeni wejścia-wyjścia ............................................................101
Kontroler 8288 .................................................................................................................102
Magistrala ISA 8-bitowa ..................................................................................................107
Model AT ...............................................................................................................................109
Procesor 80286 ................................................................................................................111
Magistrala ISA 16-bitowa ................................................................................................113
Komputery z procesorami 386, 486 i Pentium ......................................................................115
EISA ................................................................................................................................117
MCA ................................................................................................................................118
VESA ...............................................................................................................................120
PCI, PCI-X i PCI Express ................................................................................................123
Architektury systemów wieloprocesorowych ............................................................................123
Architektura MPP ............................................................................................................124
Architektura UMA ...........................................................................................................125
Architektura NUMA ........................................................................................................128
Specyfikacja MP (Intel) ...................................................................................................130
Zastosowania praktyczne .................................................................................................137
Architektura komputerów przenośnych .................................................................................145
Złącze PCMCIA ..............................................................................................................145
Rozdział 3. Układy pamięciowe PC ....................................................................... 147
Pamięci dynamiczne ..............................................................................................................148
Tryb konwencjonalny (Page Mode) ................................................................................149
FPM (Fast Page Mode) ....................................................................................................149
EDO (Extended Data Out) ...............................................................................................152
BEDO (Burst EDO) .........................................................................................................152
Porównanie ......................................................................................................................154
SDRAM ...........................................................................................................................154
Moduły pamięciowe ...............................................................................................................163
Moduły SIMM-30 (SIP) ..................................................................................................164
Moduły SIMM PS/2 ........................................................................................................166
Moduły DIMM 168-stykowe ...........................................................................................170
Odświeżanie ...........................................................................................................................184
RAS Only .........................................................................................................................186
CBR (CAS before RAS) ..................................................................................................186
Hidden ..............................................................................................................................188
Wykrywanie błędów i ich korekcja .......................................................................................189
Błędy powtarzalne (HE) ..................................................................................................189
Błędy sporadyczne (SE) ..................................................................................................189
Spis treści
5
Kontrola parzystości ........................................................................................................190
Kontrola ECC ..................................................................................................................191
Rozszerzenia standardu magistrali PC-66 ..............................................................................192
Parametry modułów .........................................................................................................194
Pamięć konfiguracyjna (SPD) .........................................................................................195
Moduły buforowane .........................................................................................................198
DDR SDRAM ........................................................................................................................201
Systemy dwukanałowe ....................................................................................................209
DDR2 SDRAM ................................................................................................................210
Moduły DIMM DDR2 .....................................................................................................211
RDRAM .................................................................................................................................217
VC-SDRAM ..........................................................................................................................224
HSDRAM ..............................................................................................................................226
Porównanie parametrów pamięci ...........................................................................................227
LVTTL .............................................................................................................................228
SSTL_2 ............................................................................................................................229
SSTL_18 ..........................................................................................................................229
RSL ..................................................................................................................................229
Identyfikacja producentów chipów pamięciowych ................................................................230
Rozdział 4. Układy otoczenia procesora (chipset) .................................................. 233
Zakres funkcji ........................................................................................................................233
Magistrala FSB ................................................................................................................235
Obsługa pamięci operacyjnej i magistrali pamięciowej ..................................................239
Obsługa pamięci podręcznej (Cache) ..............................................................................241
Zakres pokrywany przez pamięć podręczną ....................................................................243
Układy obsługi podstawki typu Socket 7 ...............................................................................246
Układy współpracujące z magistralą GTL+ i AGTL+ ..........................................................248
Układy do obsługi procesorów AMD ....................................................................................259
Rodzina K7 ......................................................................................................................259
Rodzina Hammer .............................................................................................................264
Układy ze zintegrowaną kartą graficzną ................................................................................264
Wewnętrzne magistrale międzyukładowe .............................................................................273
PCI ...................................................................................................................................273
Hub-Interface, V-Link i MuTIOL ...................................................................................274
RapidIO ............................................................................................................................274
HyperTransport (LDT) ....................................................................................................279
Rozdział 5. Magistrala PCI ................................................................................... 283
Gniazda magistrali PCI ..........................................................................................................293
Obsługa przerwań ..................................................................................................................295
Pamięć konfiguracyjna urządzeń PCI ....................................................................................297
Identyfikator producenta (Vendor ID) .............................................................................297
Identyfikator urządzenia (Device ID) ..............................................................................297
Rejestr poleceń (Command) ............................................................................................298
Rejestr stanu (Status) .......................................................................................................299
Numer wersji urządzenia (Revision ID) ..........................................................................301
Kod klasy urządzenia (Class Code) .................................................................................301
Rozmiar linii pamięci podręcznej (Cache Line Size) ......................................................301
Minimalny czas transmisji (Latency Timer) ....................................................................301
Typ nagłówka (Header Type) ..........................................................................................304
BIST (Build-in Self-test) .................................................................................................305
Adres bazowy (Base Address Registers) .........................................................................305
Wskaźnik CardBus CIS (CardBus CIS Pointer) ..............................................................306
6 Anatomia
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Dodatkowy identyfikator producenta (Subsystem Vendor ID)
i dodatkowy identyfikator urządzenia (Subsystem ID) .............................................307
Adres bazowy rozszerzenia ROM (Expansion ROM Base Address) ..............................307
Wskaźnik do listy możliwości (Capabilities Pointer) ......................................................308
Linia IRQ (Interrupt Line) ...............................................................................................308
Linia INT (Interrupt Pin) .................................................................................................308
Długość transmisji (Min_Gnt) .........................................................................................309
Częstość (Max_Lat) .........................................................................................................309
Mechanizmy dostępu do pamięci konfiguracyjnej ................................................................309
Pierwszy mechanizm dostępu do pamięci konfiguracyjnej .............................................310
Drugi mechanizm dostępu do pamięci konfiguracyjnej ..................................................310
PCI BIOS .........................................................................................................................311
Autokonfiguracja urządzeń PCI .............................................................................................311
Rozwój PCI i inne magistrale ................................................................................................312
PCI-32/66 MHz i PCI-64 .................................................................................................313
PCI-X ...............................................................................................................................313
PCI-Express .....................................................................................................................317
Rozdział 6. Kanał DMA ......................................................................................... 325
Układ scalony 8237A .............................................................................................................326
Tryby pracy kontrolera DMA ................................................................................................328
Tryb spoczynkowy „I” (Idle) ...........................................................................................328
Tryb „S” (Single) .............................................................................................................329
Tryb „B” (Block) .............................................................................................................329
Tryb „D” (Demand) .........................................................................................................329
Tryb „C” (Cascade) .........................................................................................................329
Tryb „V” (Verify) ............................................................................................................329
Kaskadowe łączenie układów 8237A ....................................................................................330
Programowanie kontrolerów DMA .......................................................................................330
Adresy portów kontrolerów DMA w komputerze IBM PC/XT ............................................331
„Sztuczne” porty komputera PC/XT ...............................................................................332
Adresy portów kontrolerów DMA w komputerze IBM PC/AT ............................................332
„Sztuczne” porty komputera PC/AT ...............................................................................333
Budowa rejestrów wewnętrznych ..........................................................................................334
Rejestr żądań (port 009h w PC/XT, 009h i 0D2h w PC/AT) ..........................................334
Rejestr stanu (port 008h w PC/XT, 008h i 0D0h w PC/AT) ...........................................334
Rejestr rozkazów (port 008h w PC/XT, 008h i 0D0h w PC/AT) ....................................334
Rejestr maski kanału (port 00Ah w PC/XT, 00Ah i 0D4h w PC/AT) ............................335
Rejestr maskujący (port 00Fh w PC/XT, 00Fh i 0DEh w PC/AT) .................................335
Rejestr trybu (00Bh w PC/XT, 00Bh i 0D6h w PC/AT): ................................................336
Przebieg transmisji .................................................................................................................337
Komputery IBM PC i IBM PC/XT ..................................................................................337
Komputer IBM PC/AT ....................................................................................................338
Układ odświeżania pamięci ...................................................................................................340
DMA a współczesne magistrale rozszerzające ......................................................................341
Rozdział 7. System obsługi przerwań sprzętowych ................................................. 343
Układ scalony 8259A (PIC) ...................................................................................................344
Cykl przyjęcia zgłoszenia ......................................................................................................346
Kaskadowe łączenie kontrolerów przerwań ..........................................................................347
Fazy obsługi przerwań pochodzących od układu Slave ..................................................349
Programowanie kontrolera przerwań .....................................................................................349
Inicjowanie pracy układu .................................................................................................350
Polling ....................................................................................................................................354
Przerwanie niemaskowalne (NMI) ........................................................................................354
Spis treści
7
Obsługa przerwań z magistral ISA, PCI i AGP .....................................................................355
Kontroler APIC ......................................................................................................................358
Strona sprzętowa ..............................................................................................................360
Obsługa APIC przez OS ..................................................................................................363
Rozdział 8. Obsługa stacji dyskietek ..................................................................... 367
Fizyczna organizacja danych na dyskietce ............................................................................369
Programowanie operacji dyskowych .....................................................................................372
Programowanie operacji dyskowych z poziomu systemu MS-DOS ...............................372
Przerwanie 25h ................................................................................................................373
Przerwanie 26h ................................................................................................................374
Przerwanie 21h ................................................................................................................374
Obsługa dysków za pomocą funkcji BIOS-u ...................................................................375
Bezpośredni dostęp do kontrolera napędu dysków elastycznych ....................................384
Cykl rozkazowy kontrolera ....................................................................................................387
Faza przygotowawcza ......................................................................................................387
Faza przekazywania rozkazu ...........................................................................................387
Budowa przykładowego rozkazu — rozkaz RS (Read Sector) .......................................388
Alternatywne metody transmisji danych .........................................................................393
Uwzględnianie mechanicznych własności napędu ................................................................394
Zabezpieczanie danych — kod CRC .....................................................................................396
Rozdział 9. Obsługa dysku twardego ..................................................................... 399
Budowa kontrolera .................................................................................................................399
Systemy kodowania MFM i RLL ..........................................................................................400
Fizyczna organizacja danych i formatowanie ........................................................................402
Formatowanie wysokiego poziomu .................................................................................403
Formatowanie niskiego poziomu .....................................................................................404
Wykrywanie i korekcja błędów .............................................................................................406
Standard AT-BUS ..................................................................................................................409
Wstęp ...............................................................................................................................410
Złącze fizyczne ................................................................................................................412
Dostęp CPU do dysku AT-BUS ......................................................................................414
Cykl programowania kontrolera ......................................................................................421
Rozszerzenia standardu pierwotnego .....................................................................................425
Wzrost pojemności dysków ...................................................................................................428
Ograniczenia wnoszone przez BIOS ...............................................................................429
Ograniczenia wnoszone przez systemy operacyjne .........................................................439
Obsługa dużych dysków ..................................................................................................442
Podnoszenie pasma przepustowego magistrali ......................................................................443
Tryby PIO ........................................................................................................................444
Tryby DMA .....................................................................................................................446
Tryb Ultra DMA/33 .........................................................................................................447
Tryb Ultra DMA/66 .........................................................................................................450
Tryby Ultra ATA/100 i Ultra ATA/133 ..........................................................................452
Blok informacyjny .................................................................................................................453
Realizacja rozkazu Identify Device .................................................................................453
Lista rozkazów .......................................................................................................................459
Funkcje oszczędnościowe ......................................................................................................460
System PM .......................................................................................................................460
System APM ....................................................................................................................462
Funkcje akustyczne ................................................................................................................463
Dostęp do funkcji AAM ..................................................................................................463
8 Anatomia
PC
Wykorzystanie powierzchni dyskowej ..................................................................................465
Proces ładowania systemu operacyjnego .........................................................................465
MBR i PT .........................................................................................................................466
System danych i FSBR ....................................................................................................467
Specyfika wybranych systemów operacyjnych ...............................................................469
Przypisywanie oznaczeń literowych ................................................................................474
Programy BM ..................................................................................................................475
Macierze dyskowe ..................................................................................................................476
Poziomy RAID ................................................................................................................477
Kontrolery RAID .............................................................................................................480
Rozwiązania programowe z poziomu systemu operacyjnego .........................................481
Tryby macierzowe zestawów układów sterujących firmy Intel ......................................482
SMART ..................................................................................................................................483
Struktura systemu ............................................................................................................483
Aplikacje współpracujące ze SMART .............................................................................486
Wielowątkowy dostęp przez Serial ATA ...............................................................................486
Zarządzanie kolejką .........................................................................................................487
Rozpędzanie dysku ..........................................................................................................488
Optymalizacja ruchu głowicy ..........................................................................................488
Opóźnienie w ruchu obrotowym .....................................................................................489
Korzyści i wspomaganie Native Command Queuing ......................................................489
Jak aplikacje mogą korzystać z kolejkowania .................................................................490
Pamięci USB ..........................................................................................................................492
Interfejs ............................................................................................................................492
Cechy pamięci USB .........................................................................................................493
Wydajność .......................................................................................................................494
Rozdział 10. Magistrala szeregowa ATA ................................................................. 495
Specyfikacja ...........................................................................................................................497
Sterowanie ..............................................................................................................................497
Okablowanie ..........................................................................................................................498
Urządzenia .............................................................................................................................499
Protokół i transmisja ..............................................................................................................500
Serial ATA II .........................................................................................................................506
Kolejkowanie rozkazów .........................................................................................................506
Powielacze portów .................................................................................................................507
Backplane ...............................................................................................................................508
Rozdział 11. Standard SCSI .................................................................................... 513
Realizacja magistrali ..............................................................................................................516
Organizacja protokołu ............................................................................................................519
Fazy pracy magistrali .......................................................................................................520
Transfer danych w fazach informacyjnych ......................................................................533
Sytuacje wyjątkowe .........................................................................................................540
Rozkazy systemowe .........................................................................................................544
Informacja statusowa .......................................................................................................548
Komunikaty (Messages) ..................................................................................................549
System wskaźników .........................................................................................................554
Przykładowa wymiana danych ........................................................................................556
SCSI w komputerach PC ........................................................................................................560
Host-Adapter ....................................................................................................................561
Okablowanie ....................................................................................................................565
Terminatory .....................................................................................................................567
Rozszerzenia SCSI ...........................................................................................................569
Spis treści
9
Rozdział 12. Złącze 1394 (Fire Wire) ..................................................................... 583
Ogólne założenia standardów 1394-1995 i 1394a-2000 ........................................................584
Tryby i prędkość transmisji .............................................................................................584
Topologia .........................................................................................................................585
Okablowanie ....................................................................................................................585
Gwarantowane pasmo transmisyjne ................................................................................587
Rozszerzenia 1394b ...............................................................................................................587
Klasy prędkości ...............................................................................................................588
Okablowanie ....................................................................................................................588
Protokół ............................................................................................................................591
Rozdział 13. Karty graficzne ................................................................................... 593
Przegląd kart graficznych .......................................................................................................593
Omówienie kart graficznych EGA, VGA i SVGA ................................................................597
Tryby tekstowe ................................................................................................................600
Tryby graficzne ................................................................................................................601
Rozdzielczość obrazu ......................................................................................................601
Tryby zapisu i odczytu pamięci obrazu ...........................................................................602
Schemat działania karty graficznej ..................................................................................603
Standard VESA ......................................................................................................................605
Pamięć lokalna akceleratora ...................................................................................................605
Frame Buffer ....................................................................................................................606
Bufor Z/W ........................................................................................................................607
Pamięć tekstur ..................................................................................................................609
Rozmiar pamięci i organizacja ........................................................................................610
Rodzaje pamięci kart graficznych ...................................................................................613
RAMDAC ..............................................................................................................................617
Przegląd nowych procesorów graficznych ............................................................................620
Dopasowanie monitora do karty ............................................................................................624
Parametry karty ................................................................................................................624
Jakość monitora ...............................................................................................................626
Kanał informacyjny VESA DDC ....................................................................................628
Złącza cyfrowe .......................................................................................................................629
TMDS ..............................................................................................................................629
P&D (EVC) .....................................................................................................................631
DFP ..................................................................................................................................631
DVI ..................................................................................................................................632
Rozdział 14. Przetwarzanie obrazów wideo ............................................................. 635
Formaty MPEG ......................................................................................................................638
MPEG-1 ...........................................................................................................................638
MPEG-2 ...........................................................................................................................639
MPEG-4 ...........................................................................................................................640
Format DivX ..........................................................................................................................641
Rozdzielczość ..................................................................................................................641
Bitrate w filmach DivX ...................................................................................................642
Smart Bitrate Control i Constant Bitrate Control ............................................................642
Profile kompresji .............................................................................................................643
Następca formatu DivX .........................................................................................................643
Rozwiązania programowe na platformie PC .........................................................................645
Kodery .............................................................................................................................646
Odtwarzacze ....................................................................................................................648
Wspomaganie sprzętowe ........................................................................................................650
Interfejs programowy .............................................................................................................652
10 Anatomia
PC
Rozdział 15. Grafika 3D ......................................................................................... 655
Schemat przetwarzania obiektów 3D .....................................................................................656
API .........................................................................................................................................658
Geometry Engine ...................................................................................................................660
Tłumaczenie opisu środowiska ........................................................................................660
Oświetlenie i tekstura ......................................................................................................660
Przekształcenia geometryczne .........................................................................................661
Strefa widoczności ...........................................................................................................661
Przekazanie parametrów do jednostki rasteryzującej ......................................................662
Rendering Engine ...................................................................................................................662
Teksturowanie ..................................................................................................................665
Korekcja perspektywy .....................................................................................................666
Nakładanie mapy .............................................................................................................667
Mieszanie kolorów ...........................................................................................................672
Efekty specjalne ...............................................................................................................673
Podział mocy obliczeniowej ..................................................................................................674
Rozdział 16. Magistrala AGP .................................................................................. 677
Architektura komputera z magistralą AGP ............................................................................677
Sygnały magistrali AGP .........................................................................................................681
Szyna adresów i danych ...................................................................................................683
Sygnały PCI .....................................................................................................................684
Sygnały kontroli przepływu .............................................................................................685
Sygnały obsługi żądań AGP ............................................................................................685
Linie statusowe ................................................................................................................685
Sygnały kluczujące ..........................................................................................................686
Sygnały USB ...................................................................................................................686
System zarządzania zużyciem energii .............................................................................686
Sygnały specjalne ............................................................................................................687
Linie zasilające ................................................................................................................687
AGP w teorii ..........................................................................................................................687
Kolejkowanie ...................................................................................................................688
Magistrala SBA ...............................................................................................................690
GART ..............................................................................................................................691
DIME ...............................................................................................................................692
AGP w praktyce .....................................................................................................................694
Wymagania sprzętowe i programowe .............................................................................694
Kontrola działania ............................................................................................................695
AGP PRO ...............................................................................................................................698
AGP 3.0 ..................................................................................................................................701
Pasmo przepustowe .........................................................................................................701
Poziomy napięć ................................................................................................................701
Nowe sygnały i przedefiniowania ...................................................................................702
Sygnały zegarowe ............................................................................................................703
Transakcje ........................................................................................................................704
Pobór prądu ......................................................................................................................704
Zgodność w dół ................................................................................................................704
Implementacja w chipsetach ............................................................................................705
Przyszłość standardu AGP ...............................................................................................705
Rozdział 17. System odmierzania czasu .................................................................. 707
Układ 8253/8254 ....................................................................................................................707
Tryb 0 ...............................................................................................................................709
Tryb 1 ...............................................................................................................................709
Tryb 2 ...............................................................................................................................710
Spis treści
11
Tryb 3 ...............................................................................................................................710
Tryb 4 ...............................................................................................................................710
Tryb 5 ...............................................................................................................................711
Programowanie generatora 8253/8254 ..................................................................................711
Zegar systemowy ...................................................................................................................714
Układ odświeżania pamięci dynamicznej ..............................................................................715
Obsługa głośnika ....................................................................................................................717
Drugi układ 8254 i jego zastosowanie ...................................................................................719
Rozdział 18. Pamięć CMOS-RAM ............................................................................ 721
Organizacja pamięci CMOS ..................................................................................................722
Rejestr A (offset 0Ah) .....................................................................................................724
Rejestr B (offset 0Bh) ......................................................................................................724
Rejestr C (offset 0Ch) ......................................................................................................725
Rejestr D (offset 0Dh) .....................................................................................................726
Rejestr E (offset 0Eh) — Diagnostic Status Byte ............................................................726
Rejestr F (offset 0Fh) — Shutdown Byte ........................................................................727
Konfiguracja napędów dyskietek (offset 10h) .................................................................728
Konfiguracja dysków twardych (offset 12h) ...................................................................728
Pamięć (offset 15h) ..........................................................................................................729
Suma kontrolna ................................................................................................................730
Bajt konfiguracji sprzętowej (Equipment Byte) ..............................................................730
Funkcje BIOS-u obsługujące pamięć konfiguracji ................................................................730
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................731
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................731
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................731
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................732
Funkcja 04h .....................................................................................................................732
Funkcja 05h .....................................................................................................................733
Funkcja 06h .....................................................................................................................733
Funkcja 07h .....................................................................................................................733
Bezpośredni dostęp do pamięci CMOS .................................................................................734
Rozdział 19. Obsługa urządzeń wejściowych ........................................................... 735
Klawiatura ..............................................................................................................................735
Mapa klawiatury ..............................................................................................................737
Organizacja obsługi klawiatury przez BIOS ...................................................................743
Funkcje przerwania 16h BIOS-u .....................................................................................748
Bezpośrednie programowanie klawiatury .......................................................................752
Mysz .......................................................................................................................................762
Moduły dostosowujące a podłączanie myszy ..................................................................763
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................765
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................765
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................766
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................766
Funkcja 04h .....................................................................................................................766
Funkcja 05h .....................................................................................................................767
Funkcja 06h .....................................................................................................................767
Funkcja 0Bh .....................................................................................................................768
Manipulator ............................................................................................................................768
Funkcja 84h .....................................................................................................................770
Urządzenia bezprzewodowe ..................................................................................................771
Transmisja w paśmie podczerwieni .................................................................................771
Transmisja radiowa ..........................................................................................................772
Bluetooth ..........................................................................................................................772
12 Anatomia
PC
Rozdział 20. Łącze szeregowe ................................................................................ 775
Asynchroniczna transmisja szeregowa ..................................................................................775
Układ scalony 8250 ................................................................................................................777
Interfejs RS-232C ..................................................................................................................780
Tryb simpleksowy ...........................................................................................................782
Tryb półdupleksowy ........................................................................................................783
Tryb dupleksowy .............................................................................................................783
Dostęp do łącza szeregowego z poziomu systemu MS-DOS ................................................785
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................785
Funkcja 04h .....................................................................................................................786
Funkcja 3Fh .....................................................................................................................786
Funkcja 40h .....................................................................................................................786
Funkcje BIOS-u obsługujące łącze szeregowe ......................................................................787
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................789
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................790
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................791
Funkcja 03h .....................................................................................................................791
Bezpośrednie programowanie rejestrów UART ....................................................................792
Przerwania generowane przez łącze szeregowe ..............................................................793
Prędkość transmisji ..........................................................................................................796
Sygnały sterujące .............................................................................................................796
Układ UART 16450 .........................................................................................................799
Rozdział 21. Łącze równoległe ............................................................................... 801
Terminologia programu konfiguracyjnego BIOS-u ...............................................................803
Tryby podstawowe .................................................................................................................804
Tryb standardowy ............................................................................................................804
Tryb półbajtowy ...............................................................................................................810
Tryb bajtowy (PS/2) ........................................................................................................811
Tryb EPP ..........................................................................................................................811
Tryb ECP .........................................................................................................................814
Realizacja portu równoległego w ramach architektury PC ....................................................819
Dostęp do łącza równoległego poprzez funkcje BIOS-u .......................................................820
Funkcja 00h .....................................................................................................................820
Funkcja 01h .....................................................................................................................822
Funkcja 02h .....................................................................................................................822
Dostęp do łącza równoległego z poziomu systemu MS-DOS ...............................................824
Funkcja 05h .....................................................................................................................824
Funkcja 40h .....................................................................................................................824
Ogólne zastosowanie łącza równoległego ...............................................................................825
Rozdział 22. Złącze USB ........................................................................................ 831
Specyfikacja ...........................................................................................................................831
Topologia ...............................................................................................................................832
Okablowanie ..........................................................................................................................834
Protokół ..................................................................................................................................836
Pakiety ....................................................................................................................................837
Sterowanie w trybach LS/FS (USB 1.1) ................................................................................839
Sterowanie w trybie HS (USB 2.0) ........................................................................................840
USB w praktyce .....................................................................................................................843
Windows 95 .....................................................................................................................845
Windows 98/98SE ...........................................................................................................845
Windows NT ....................................................................................................................846
Windows 2000/XP/2003 ..................................................................................................846
USB 2.0 ............................................................................................................................846
Spis treści
13
Urządzenia USB .....................................................................................................................847
Klawiatury .......................................................................................................................847
Myszy ..............................................................................................................................847
Kontrolery gier .................................................................................................................848
Dyski twarde ....................................................................................................................848
Moduły pamięci Flash EEPROM ....................................................................................849
Napędy optyczne .............................................................................................................849
Czytniki kart pamięci i aparaty cyfrowe ..........................................................................849
Skanery ............................................................................................................................850
Drukarki ...........................................................................................................................850
Sieci komputerowe ..........................................................................................................850
Rozdział 23. Złącze bezprzewodowe wykorzystujące fale podczerwieni (IrDA) .......... 851
Protokoły komunikacyjne IrDA .............................................................................................851
Standard IrDA-CONTROL .............................................................................................852
Standard IrDA-DATA .....................................................................................................853
IrDA w praktyce .....................................................................................................................855
Windows 95 .....................................................................................................................857
Windows 98 .....................................................................................................................858
Windows ME ...................................................................................................................858
Windows NT ....................................................................................................................858
Windows 2000 .................................................................................................................858
Windows XP ....................................................................................................................859
Rozdział 24. System ograniczania zużycia energii (ACPI) ........................................ 861
Model warstwowy ACPI ........................................................................................................862
Przegląd stanów energetycznych ...........................................................................................865
Wskazówki praktyczne ..........................................................................................................867
Windows 98 .....................................................................................................................867
Windows 2000 .................................................................................................................868
Kontrola sterowników .....................................................................................................871
Rozdział 25. Nośniki optyczne ................................................................................ 873
Organizacja fizyczna danych .................................................................................................874
Przetwarzanie danych audio ............................................................................................874
Przetwarzanie danych cyfrowych ....................................................................................877
Informacja subkanałowa ..................................................................................................878
Subkanał Q i TOC ...........................................................................................................880
Sesja i ścieżka ..................................................................................................................882
Formaty ..................................................................................................................................883
Specyfikacje ...........................................................................................................................887
Płyta CD-R .............................................................................................................................888
Płyta CD-RW .........................................................................................................................891
Technologia DVD ..................................................................................................................892
Kodowanie .......................................................................................................................893
Korekcja błędów ..............................................................................................................893
Formaty ............................................................................................................................894
DVD-R .............................................................................................................................894
DVD-RW .........................................................................................................................895
DVD+R/+RW ..................................................................................................................896
Płyty dwuwarstwowe — Dual Layer ...............................................................................897
DVD-RAM ......................................................................................................................897
Płyta DVD .......................................................................................................................899
HD DVD ..........................................................................................................................902
14 Anatomia
PC
Czytniki i nagrywarki .............................................................................................................905
OPC ..................................................................................................................................908
BURN-Proof i pochodne .................................................................................................908
MultiRead ........................................................................................................................909
Mount Rainier ..................................................................................................................909
Audio Master ...................................................................................................................910
Urządzenia kombinowane z DVD ...................................................................................910
Badanie formatu nośnika .......................................................................................................914
Standard Blu-ray Disc ............................................................................................................916
Osiągnięcie większej gęstości zapisu ..............................................................................917
Wytwarzanie płyt Blu-ray Disc .......................................................................................920
Kompatybilność ze starszymi formatami ........................................................................923
Zabezpieczenie przed kopiowaniem ................................................................................923
Kasety na dyski Blu-ray ...................................................................................................924
Samodzielna diagnostyka .......................................................................................................924
Technologia LightScribe ........................................................................................................926
Rozdział 26. Nowoczesne magistrale szerokopasmowe ........................................... 929
Fibre Channel .........................................................................................................................930
Topologie .........................................................................................................................931
Sterowanie .......................................................................................................................931
Protokół ............................................................................................................................933
Systemy złączy i okablowanie FC ...................................................................................933
Dyski ze złączem FC .......................................................................................................935
Infini Band .............................................................................................................................937
Architektura .....................................................................................................................938
Sterowanie linii ................................................................................................................938
Protokół ............................................................................................................................939
Okablowanie IBA ............................................................................................................940
Rozdział 27. Karta dźwiękowa ................................................................................ 943
Synteza FM ............................................................................................................................944
Synteza WaveTable ................................................................................................................949
Digitalizacja i obróbka cyfrowa (DSP) ..................................................................................952
Przetworniki ADC i DAC ................................................................................................953
Standard MIDI .......................................................................................................................955
Protokół MIDI .................................................................................................................956
MIDI od strony sprzętowej ..............................................................................................957
Modelowanie przestrzenne ....................................................................................................959
Wyprowadzenia zewnętrzne ..................................................................................................964
Sygnały analogowe i mikser ............................................................................................964
Sygnały cyfrowe ..............................................................................................................965
Wykorzystanie zasobów systemowych ..................................................................................968
„Sound on Board” według specyfikacji AC’97 .....................................................................969
Schemat blokowy systemu AC’97 ...................................................................................970
Układ scalony Codec AC’97 ...........................................................................................972
Rozdział 28. Modemy ............................................................................................. 975
Implementacje modemów analogowych ................................................................................975
Modulacja sygnału .................................................................................................................978
AM i QAM ......................................................................................................................978
FSK ..................................................................................................................................979
PM i PSK .........................................................................................................................979
PCM .................................................................................................................................979
TCM .................................................................................................................................979
Spis treści
15
Standardy ...............................................................................................................................980
Standardy Bell .................................................................................................................981
V.21/V.22/V.22bis/V.23 ..................................................................................................981
V.32/V.32bis/V.32turbo ..................................................................................................981
V.34 (V.Fast, V.34+, V.FC) ............................................................................................981
V.42 (MNP)/V.42bis .......................................................................................................981
V.90 .................................................................................................................................982
V.92 .................................................................................................................................984
Dalsze perspektywy .........................................................................................................984
Polecenia AT ..........................................................................................................................985
Łańcuchy inicjalizujące ..........................................................................................................986
Zestaw układów sterujących modemu ...................................................................................987
Konfiguracja i diagnostyka modemów ..................................................................................988
Środki własne OS ............................................................................................................988
Programy dodatkowe .......................................................................................................988
Modemy cyfrowe ISDN .........................................................................................................992
Protokół ISDN .......................................................................................................................994
Warstwa fizyczna .............................................................................................................995
Warstwa łącza danych .....................................................................................................995
Warstwa sieci ...................................................................................................................996
Rozszerzenia funkcjonalności .........................................................................................999
Modemy xDSL .......................................................................................................................999
Technologia transmisji ...................................................................................................1000
Modemy HiS ........................................................................................................................1002
Rozdział 29. PC w sieci lokalnej ........................................................................... 1005
Model OSI ............................................................................................................................1006
Warstwa fizyczna (L1) ..................................................................................................1006
Łącze (L2) ......................................................................................................................1007
Sieć (L3) ........................................................................................................................1007
Transport (L4) ................................................................................................................1008
Sesja (L5) .......................................................................................................................1008
Warstwa prezentacji (L6) ..............................................................................................1008
Warstwa użytkowa (L7) ................................................................................................1008
Ethernet i TCP/IP .................................................................................................................1008
Kapsułkowanie do ramki Ethernet .................................................................................1009
Protokół TCP/IP .............................................................................................................1011
Karta sieciowa ......................................................................................................................1013
Komunikacja z pamięcią i buforowanie ........................................................................1014
Formowanie ramki .........................................................................................................1015
Konwersja szeregowo-równoległa .................................................................................1016
Kodowanie i dekodowanie ............................................................................................1016
Dostęp do medium i wykorzystanie pasma ...................................................................1017
Chipset karty ..................................................................................................................1017
Wyposażenie, diagnostyka, konfiguracja ......................................................................1018
Realizacje sieci Ethernet ......................................................................................................1019
Okablowanie ........................................................................................................................1022
Konstrukcja kabli ...........................................................................................................1022
Kategorie i klasy ............................................................................................................1024
Połączenia PC i proste sieci .................................................................................................1027
Wybór karty sieciowej i okablowania ...........................................................................1028
System operacyjny i sterowniki protokołów .................................................................1029
Przesyłanie danych ........................................................................................................1033
Netio Benchmark ...........................................................................................................1034
16 Anatomia
PC
Monitorowanie ruchu sieciowego na poziomie pakietów .............................................1035
Nadzorowanie aktywnych połączeń ..............................................................................1037
Sieci bezprzewodowe ...........................................................................................................1037
Specyfikacje ...................................................................................................................1038
Topologie .......................................................................................................................1042
Ramka ............................................................................................................................1043
Uwierzytelnienie ............................................................................................................1043
Bezpieczeństwo .............................................................................................................1044
Rozdział 30. Bluetooth ......................................................................................... 1047
Założenia ogólne i specyfikacje ...........................................................................................1048
Protokoły ..............................................................................................................................1048
Warstwa fizyczna .................................................................................................................1050
Sieć .......................................................................................................................................1051
Pakiety ..................................................................................................................................1053
Bezpieczeństwo ....................................................................................................................1055
Wykrywanie błędów ............................................................................................................1057
Korekcja błędów ..................................................................................................................1058
Przykłady zastosowań ..........................................................................................................1058
Co nowego znajdziemy w Bluetooth V1.2? ............................................................................1060
Przyszłość Bluetooth ............................................................................................................1060
Rozdział 31. Zasilacz ........................................................................................... 1061
Zasilacz standardu ATX .......................................................................................................1063
Specyfikacja ATX/ATX12V ................................................................................................1066
Dobór zasilacza ....................................................................................................................1068
Przykładowe rozwiązania ....................................................................................................1070
Zasilacze dużej mocy ...........................................................................................................1070
ATXGES (AMD) ...........................................................................................................1070
EPS12V (Intel) ...............................................................................................................1073
Rozdział 32. Zasilacze awaryjne ........................................................................... 1077
Źródła zakłóceń ....................................................................................................................1078
Chwilowe zaniki napięcia ..............................................................................................1078
Spadki o średniej długości .............................................................................................1078
Długotrwałe spadki napięcia ..........................................................................................1079
Przepięcia .......................................................................................................................1079
Pakiety ...........................................................................................................................1079
Wysokie harmoniczne ...................................................................................................1079
Całkowity zanik napięcia ...............................................................................................1079
Zasilacz PC jako odbiornik prądu zmiennego w sieci .........................................................1080
Budowa układów UPS .........................................................................................................1082
Baterie ............................................................................................................................1083
Elementy kontrolne i regulacyjne ..................................................................................1084
Czas buforowania ..........................................................................................................1085
Topologie .......................................................................................................................1086
Zakres napięć wejściowych ...........................................................................................1089
Programy obsługujące urządzenia UPS ...............................................................................1089
Środki systemu operacyjnego ........................................................................................1089
Programy własne producentów UPS .............................................................................1090
Rozdział 33. BIOS i jego program konfiguracyjny .................................................. 1093
Organizacja systemu bezpieczeństwa ..................................................................................1094
Możliwości omijania systemu bezpieczeństwa .............................................................1096
System ochrony przed wirusami atakującymi MBR ............................................................1100
System ładowania wartości predefiniowanych ....................................................................1100
Spis treści
17
Mechanizm opuszczania programu konfiguracyjnego ........................................................1101
Ogólna konstrukcja blokowa ...............................................................................................1101
Programy pseudo-BIOS-SETUP .........................................................................................1102
Aktualizacja BIOS-u ............................................................................................................1102
Wstęp .............................................................................................................................1102
Niebezpieczeństwo ........................................................................................................1102
Aktualizacja ...................................................................................................................1102
W razie niepowodzenia — reanimacja ..........................................................................1104
Nowe możliwości — aktualizacja w środowisku Windows ..........................................1104
Nowe trendy w programach BIOS .......................................................................................1105
Obrazki w BIOS-ie ........................................................................................................1105
Podwójny BIOS .............................................................................................................1106
POST on Board ..............................................................................................................1106
Voice Diagnostic ...........................................................................................................1107
Auto-Overclocking ........................................................................................................1107
Soft Menu ......................................................................................................................1107
Bibliografia .......................................................................................................... 1151
Literatura polskojęzyczna ....................................................................................................1151
Literatura anglojęzyczna ......................................................................................................1156
Wydawnictwa .......................................................................................................................1157
Skorowidz ........................................................................................................... 1159
Dodatek A
Przegląd architektury mikroprocesorów ...................................... DVD-ROM
Dodatek B
Systemy oznaczeń scalonych układów pamięciowych .................. DVD-ROM
Dodatek C
Baza adresów internetowych ...................................................... DVD-ROM
Dodatek D
Przykład współpracy z magistralą ISA ......................................... DVD-ROM
Dodatek E
Rejestry sterowników EGA/VGA ................................................. DVD-ROM
Dodatek F
Funkcje BIOS-u obsługujące karty graficzne ................................. DVD-ROM
Dodatek G
Linux w zastosowaniach ............................................................ DVD-ROM
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